HCI The Human Cont. PDF

INFORMATION STORED IN MEMORY 1) Sensory 2) Short-term 3) Long-term  SENSORY MEMORY Also known as working memory. Buffers for stimuli received through senses. Iconic memory: visual stimuli. Echoic memory: aural stimuli. Haptic memory: tactile memory.  SHORT-TERM...

INFORMATION STORED IN MEMORY 1) Sensory 2) Short-term 3) Long-term  SENSORY MEMORY Also known as working memory. Buffers for stimuli received through senses. Iconic memory: visual stimuli. Echoic memory: aural stimuli. Haptic memory: tactile memory.  SHORT-TERM MEMORY Scratch pad for temporary recall. Rapid access: 70ms. Rapid decay: 200ms.  LONG-TERM MEMORY Repository for all our knowledge. - Slow access. - Slow decay. - Huge/unlimited capacity.  LONG-TERM MEMORY TWO (2) TYPES: 1. Episodic – serial memory of events. 2. Semantic – structured memory of facts, concepts, and skills. Semantic LTM is derived from Episodic LTM.  SEMANTIC MEMORY STRUCTURE It provides access to information. It represents relationships between bits of information. It supports inference -- a conclusion reached on the basis of evidence and reasoning.  MODEL: SEMANTIC NETWORK Inheritance – child nodes inherit properties of parent nodes. Relationships between bits of information explicit and precise. It supports inference through inheritance.  MODELS OF LONG-TERM MEMORY 1. Frames – information organized in data structures. Slots in data structures instantiated with values for instance of data. 2. Scripts – models of stereotypical information required to interpret situation. It has elements that can be instantiated with values of context.  MODELS OF LONG-TERM MEMORY 3. Production rules – representation of procedural knowledge. Condition/Action rules: “If condition is matched, then use rule to determine action.”  LTM – Storage of Information Rehearsal – information moves from STM to LTM. Total time hypothesis – amount retained proportional to rehearsal time, amount of time is equal to amount of learning. Distribution of practice effect optimized by spreading learning over time.  LTM – Forgetting Decay – information is lost gradually but very slowly. Interference Retroactive interference: new information replaces old. Proactive inhibition: old may interfere with new.  LTM – Retrieval Recall – information reproduced from memory can be assisted by cue like categories or imagery. Recognition – information gives knowledge that it has been seen before. It is less complex.  INFORMATION PROCESSED AND APPLIED 1) Reasoning 2) Problem-solving 3) Skill 4) Error  REASONING Deductive reasoning - derive logically necessary conclusion from given premises; logical / reasonable thinking. - when truth and logical validity clash.  REASONING Inductive reasoning - generalizes from cases seen to cases unseen. - assuming; can or cannot be true.  REASONING Abductive reasoning - reasoning from event to cause. - can lead to false explanations.  PROBLEM-SOLVING Process of finding solution to unfamiliar tasks using knowledge. Several theories: 1. Gestalt theory - problem solving form both productive and reproductive. - attractive but not enough evidence to explain insight.  PROBLEM-SOLVING 2. Problem space theory - problem solving involves generating states using legal operators. - operates within human information processing system.  SKILL ACQUISITION Skilled activity characterized by chunking. Conceptual rather than superficial grouping of problems. Information is structured more effectively.  ERRORS TWO (2) TYPES: 1. Slips - right intention, but failed to do it right. - causes poor physical skill. 2. Mistakes - wrong intention, misinterpreted. - causes incorrect understanding.  EMOTION Emotion clearly involves both the cognitive and physical response to stimuli. It is the biological response to physical stimuli called affect – influences how we respond to situations. Positive affect: creative problem-solving. Negative affect: narrow thinking. “Negative affect can make it harder to do even easy tasks; Positive affect can make it easier to do difficult tasks.” -Donald Norman  EMOTION Various theories of how emotion works: 1. James-Lange: Emotion is our interpretation of a physiological response to stimuli. 2. Cannon: Emotion is a physiological response to a stimuli. 3. Schacter-Singer: Emotion is the result of our evaluation of our physiological response, in the light of the whole situation we are in.