HCI 6-12 PDF

Sheet 6 Q1) Explain Briefly Design Principles By Donald Norman A1) Summary: Donald Norman's design principles aim for intuitive user interfaces. Key principles include: Affordances (design clearly indicating purpose; examples: "play" button, "add to cart"), minimizing the Gulf of Interpretation an...

Sheet 6 Q1) Explain Briefly Design Principles By Donald Norman A1) Summary: Donald Norman's design principles aim for intuitive user interfaces. Key principles include: Affordances (design clearly indicating purpose; examples: "play" button, "add to cart"), minimizing the Gulf of Interpretation and Execution (reducing gaps between user expectations and actions; example: clear instructions), using natural mappings (intuitive controls; examples: trash can icon for delete, swipe gestures), making state visible (keeping users informed of system status; examples: loading spinner, color changes), providing feedback (informing users of action outcomes; examples: success/error messages), and using a clear conceptual model (understandable system workings). These enhance user experience. Q2) Mention the seven stages of Norman's model of interaction and describe them briefly. A2) Summary: Norman's seven stages: 1) Establishing the goal (examples: turning on a light, buying a product online); 2) Forming the intention (examples: planning to press a switch, using website search); 3) Specifying the action sequence (examples: pressing the switch, entering keywords, clicking "Add to Cart"); 4) Executing the action (examples: pressing the switch, interacting with website search); 5) Perceiving the system state (examples: seeing the light turn on, viewing search results); 6) Interpreting the system state (examples: determining if the light works, assessing search results relevance); 7) Evaluating the system state (examples: determining sufficient lighting, confirming product addition to cart). This iterative cycle reflects human-computer interaction. Q3) Analyze the following implications and determine which gulf each one addresses in Norman's model of interaction: Make current state and action alternatives visible Need good conceptual model with consistent system image Interface should include mappings that reveal relationships between stages User should receive continuous feedback Provide affordances A3) Summary: Making current states and actions visible addresses the gulf of interpretation (example: displaying updated shopping cart total). A good conceptual model addresses the gulf of execution (example: consistent social media layout). Mappings revealing relationships between stages address both gulfs (example: visual task relationships in project management). Continuous feedback addresses the gulf of interpretation (example: real-time form submission feedback). Providing affordances addresses the gulf of execution (example: intuitive buttons and icons on an e-commerce site). These minimize misinterpretations and streamline interactions. Q4) Why Design is Hard? A4) Summary: Design complexity stems from: 1) an explosion of controllable elements (many digital and physical elements to manage); 2) a shift to virtual/artificial displays (understanding user interaction with screens); 3) intensifying marketplace pressure (faster development cycles); 4) a growing severity of design errors (higher consequences of mistakes). These factors greatly increase design challenges. Sheet 7 Q1: What are some methods for idea creation in the design process? A1: Summary: Idea generation methods include: finding new uses for objects, adapting objects, modifying objects, magnifying/adding to objects, minimizing/subtracting from objects, substituting similar objects, rearranging aspects, changing viewpoint, and combining data. Example: Instagram started as a photo-sharing app but evolved to include videos, stories, etc., combining social networking with visual content. Q2: What is the importance of providing a good conceptual model in design? A2: Summary A good conceptual model lets users develop a mental model of how a system works. Aligning the design with the user's mental model allows for intuitive interaction and prediction of action effects. Example: Google Search's simple interface aligns with users' mental models of searching, enabling effective information retrieval. Q3: What design principle emphasizes using simple and natural dialogue in the user's language? A3: Summary: This principal advocates for clear, simple language avoiding jargon. It aims for intuitive and understandable user interactions. Example: Apple.com uses clear, concise language accessible to a wide audience. Q4: What is the purpose of striving for consistency (uniformity) in design? A4: Summary: Consistency in design (sequences, actions, layout, terminology) improves usability by reducing cognitive load and enabling knowledge transfer within the system. Example: Facebook's consistent layout and visual language across its platform. Q5: Why is it essential to provide informative feedback in the design of a system? A5: Summary: Informative feedback helps users understand action outcomes and provides a sense of control. It enhances user confidence and reduces uncertainty by confirming actions and alerting to errors. Example: YouTube provides feedback on video upload progress, processing status, and engagement metrics. Q6: What is the principle of minimizing the user's memory load in design? A6: Summary: This principle prioritizes recognition over recall, using descriptions, examples, defaults, and a limited number of commands. Example: An online shopping website saves payment methods to reduce memory load during checkout. Q7: According to George Miller's theory, how many chunks of information can be held in short-term memory? A7: Summary: Miller's theory suggests seven (plus or minus two) chunks of information can be held in short-term memory. Example: A productivity app might limit to-do list items to around seven to avoid cognitive overload. Q8: What is the importance of providing informative feedback in design? A8: Summary: Informative feedback clarifies action outcomes, reduces uncertainty, and gives a sense of control. Good design provides clear feedback on delays or progress; poor design lacks such indication. Q9: How can errors be handled smoothly and positively in design? A9: Summary: Smooth error handling includes clear, helpful messages, suggested solutions, and avoids blame. A good example gives specific instructions; a bad example provides only a generic error message. Q10: What is the concept behind the principle of providing shortcuts in design? A10: Summary: Shortcuts (keyboard shortcuts, abbreviations, etc.) speed up frequent tasks for experienced users. Q11: How can the principle of supporting an internal locus of control be implemented in design? A11: Summary: Internal locus of control empowers users by giving them control over actions and preferences, using user-centric language and prompts. Examples: Using phrases like "Ready for next command" instead of system prompts; allowing users to personalize notification settings. Q12: What are some graphic design principles that contribute to the overall look and feel of an interface? A12: Summary: Principles include metaphor, clarity, consistency, alignment, proximity, and contrast. These create visually appealing and cohesive designs. Example: A photography website using a camera lens metaphor. Q13: Can you provide examples of websites that demonstrate good design principles? A13: Summary: Examples: Schwab.com (clear, clean layout, good symmetry and balance); Apple.com (minimalist design, consistent elements). Q14: Mention the types and properties of long-term memory. A14: Summary: Long-term memory includes episodic memory (events and experiences) and semantic memory (facts and skills). Properties include huge capacity, slow access time, and slow or no decay. Q15: Network, Frames, and Scripts models as theories to model long-term memory. Give examples to elaborate on these models. A15: Summary: Network Model: website navigation like an interconnected node system (bookstore example). Frames Model: using frames to display different aspects of a process (travel booking example). Scripts Model: guiding users through a series of actions (news website commenting example). These models illustrate how information is structured and accessed in long-term memory. Sheet 8 1. What are command line interfaces? A1: Summary: Command-line interfaces (CLIs) use text commands typed at a prompt to interact with a system. They're efficient but demand learning specific commands. Examples: Windows' Command Prompt and macOS' Terminal. CLIs are effective for automation and scripting tasks, but the learning curve can be steep. 2. How can command line interfaces be used in web scripting and document editing? A2: Summary: CLIs are valuable for web scripting and document editing, automating processes. Example: Overleaf, a LaTeX editor, uses CLIs for document compilation, simplifying complex tasks that would be more difficult through a GUI. 3. What are graphical user interfaces (GUIs)? A3: Summary: GUIs employ visual elements like windows, icons, and menus for user interaction, aided by pointing devices (mouse, touchscreen). They enhance usability but can be less efficient than CLIs for specific tasks. Example: The Windows operating system's use of windows, icons, and mouse interactions. 4. How do windows improve the usability of computer displays? A4: Summary: Windows enables simultaneous viewing and task management across multiple screens. Scroll bars provide access to extensive information. Example: Web browsers use multiple tabs/windows for efficient simultaneous website viewing, improving multitasking capabilities. 5. What are some common menu styles in GUIs? A5: Summary: Common menu styles include flat lists, drop-down menus, pop-up menus, contextual menus, collapsible menus, and mega menus. Each offers different approaches to presenting options and has varying levels of space efficiency. Example: A website using a drop-down menu in its navigation bar to organize many sections. 6. How do icons enhance user interaction in interfaces? A6: Summary: Icons serve as visual representations of applications, objects, commands, and tools. They improve learnability and memorability, creating a more intuitive interface. Example: Camera and trash can icons on mobile apps. Well-designed icons should be instantly recognizable and convey their meaning clearly. 7. What considerations should be taken when designing icons? A7: Summary: Icon design must ensure clear mapping to their underlying referents. Similar icons should be visually consistent. Detailed and animated icons can be more appealing. Example: Consistent use of speech bubbles for comments and hearts for likes on social media platforms. 8. How can multimedia be utilized in interfaces? A8: Summary: Multimedia interfaces combine different media types (graphics, text, audio, video) for interactive experiences and effective information presentation. Example: Educational websites or apps that use videos, images, and interactive quizzes. Multimedia provides diverse ways to engage users and cater to different learning styles. 9. What are some advantages and considerations of using multimedia in interfaces? A9: Advantages of multimedia include faster access to information better presentation methods than single mediums enhanced engagement and learning exploration of stories or games. Considerations include user tendency to focus on videos/animations potentially skipping text careful integration of different media types to create a cohesive user experience. Example: A language-learning app using text, audio, images, and quizzes. 10. What are some pros and cons of virtual reality interfaces? A10: Pros of VR interfaces:  immersive experiences sense of presence interaction with virtual environments enabling applications in gaming, training, and virtual tours. Cons include: high costs specialized hardware requirements, potential motion sickness challenges in designing intuitive interactions. Example: VR games providing realistic and engaging experiences. 11. What are the key considerations when designing interfaces for virtual reality? A11: Summary: Key considerations include: creating comfortable and immersive experiences to minimize motion sickness, designing intuitive and easy-to-navigate interfaces optimizing visual fidelity and performance ensuring ergonomic designs for physically comfortable interactions. 12. What are some application areas for virtual reality? A12: Summary: VR has applications in video games, social activities, therapy, training, travel planning, architecture, design, and education. Example: Using VR in architecture for virtual exploration and interaction with designs before construction. The immersive nature of VR allows for unique applications across many fields. Sheet 9 Q1: What is the difference between interaction types and interface styles? A1: Summary: Interaction types describe user actions (instructing, talking, browsing, responding). Interface styles are the methods supporting interaction (command-based, menu- based, gesture-based, voice-based). The interaction type defines what the user is doing, while the interface style defines how they are doing it. Example: On Amazon, using text fields and buttons to search for a product is an "instructing" interaction type implemented with a command-based interface style. Q2: What are the pros and cons of the conversational interaction model? A2: Summary: The conversational model allows people to interact with a system in a familiar way, making them feel comfortable and at ease. However, misunderstandings can arise when the system does not understand or parse what someone says. For example, voice assistants may misunderstand what children say. Example: : A mobile app like Siri, which is a voice assistant, allows users to have conversations with the app to ask questions, set reminders, or perform tasks. Example: Voice assistants may struggle with children's speech. Balancing natural interaction with reliable comprehension is a crucial design challenge Q3: What are the benefits and disadvantages of direct manipulation interaction? A3: Summary: Direct manipulation offers quick learning, efficient task completion, and good retention for infrequent users. It provides immediate feedback, boosts confidence, and offers a strong sense of control. However, the metaphor may be taken literally, not all tasks can be described by objects, and not all actions can be done directly. Example: Canva's drag-and-drop interface. While intuitive for many, direct manipulation isn't always the most efficient approach for complex tasks. Disadvantages: Direct manipulation may be misinterpreted; not all tasks are suitable for this approach; it can be space-consuming; and using a mouse/touchpad can be slower than keyboard shortcuts for some actions. The limitations highlight the need for considering alternative interaction methods for certain tasks. In sheet 10(option2) Q3: What is direct manipulation in human-computer interaction? A3: Summary: Direct manipulation uses physical actions (dragging, selecting, zooming) to interact with virtual objects, mimicking real-world interactions. It provides immediate feedback. Example: Photo editing apps allowing users to pinch to zoom, swipe to rotate, or tap to apply filters. This leverages users' existing knowledge of how they interact with physical objects. Q6: What are the benefits of direct manipulation? A6: Summary: Direct manipulation offers quick learning, efficient task performance, and immediate visual feedback. It reduces the need for error messages, boosting user confidence and control. Example: Graphic design software enabling direct manipulation of objects on the canvas. The intuitive nature leads to ease of use and faster task completion. Q4: What is exploring as an interaction type and what are its examples? A4: Summary: Exploring involves moving through virtual or physical environments. This includes virtually exploring 3D models of cities or buildings or interacting with physical environments containing sensors that trigger digital or physical events. Example: Pokémon Go, where users explore their surroundings to find virtual creatures. The key aspect is the user's active movement through space. Q5: What is meant by system-initiated notifications in the responding interaction type? A5: Summary: System-initiated notifications are alerts triggered by the system, often based on user behavior or context (location, past actions). They proactively inform the user of relevant information. Example: Facebook notifications for new messages or updates. These notifications are distinct from user-initiated requests for information. Q6: What are the considerations for designing websites? A6: Summary: Website design must prioritize clear information structure for easy navigation, balance aesthetics and usability, support various devices (responsive design), use navigation aids like breadcrumbs, and consider infinite scrolling. The goal is a user experience that is both appealing and easy to use. Example: Nike.com uses striking visuals while maintaining easy navigation. Q7: What are the considerations for designing mobile interfaces? A7: Summary: Mobile interface design requires considering varying user dexterity levels, appropriate hit areas (touch targets), screen size, finger accuracy, and Fitts' Law (predicting time needed for target acquisition). Example: The iBeer app, simulating drinking, uses touch-based interactions suited for mobile use. The smaller screen size of mobile devices poses unique challenges for interface design. Q8: What are the considerations for designing interfaces for appliances? A8: Summary: Appliance interfaces prioritize simplicity and ease of use, requiring minimal learning. The design needs to consider the trade-off between soft (touch- sensitive) and hard (physical buttons/dials) controls. Example: A toaster with clearly labeled buttons and a lever for toasting. The emphasis is on direct and immediate control with minimal cognitive load. Q9: How is voice used as an interaction type, and what are its typical uses? A9: Summary: Voice interaction uses spoken language to interact with systems. Typical uses include information requests (flight times) and transaction completion (ticket purchases). Example: Google Assistant for web searches, reminders, and smart home control. Voice interaction is becoming increasingly prevalent due to the improvements in speech recognition technology. Sheet 10 Q1: What is an example of the "instructing" interaction type? A1: Summary: Instructing involves directing a system to perform specific actions. This is common in word processors or vending machines (e.g., telling the time, printing a file). The user is providing explicit commands to the system. Q2: What is conversing in the context of human-computer interaction? A2: Summary: Conversing in HCI mimics human-to-human dialog, ranging from simple voice recognition menus to complex natural language interactions. Examples include chatbots, virtual assistants, and interactive toys designed for conversation. The goal is to create a more natural and less formal interaction Q8: What is the "exploring" interaction type? A8: Summary: Exploring involves navigating virtual or physical environments, potentially including sensor-triggered events. This can encompass exploring virtual 3D models or physically moving through sensor-rich spaces. Example: A VR museum allowing users to navigate halls, interact with artifacts, and access information via audio guides. This highlights the active role of the user in discovering information. Q9: What is a system-initiated notification in human-computer interaction? A9: Summary: System-initiated notifications are alerts triggered by the system based on user behavior or contextual factors (location, repeated actions). They proactively inform users. Example: A weather app notifying of impending rain. These notifications are distinct from user requests for information. Q10: What are the potential drawbacks of system-initiated notifications? A10: Summary: Excessive or inaccurate system-initiated notifications can be annoying or frustrating. Careful consideration should be given to error handling and user control over notification settings. Example: A smart home system sending numerous minor alerts. The value of a notification depends greatly on its relevance and frequency. Q11: What are the main design considerations for website design? A11: Summary: Website design requires considering information architecture for easy navigation, a balance of aesthetics and usability, responsiveness across devices, branding, and navigation aids (breadcrumbs). Example: Nike.com's visually appealing yet navigable website. Veen's three core questions ("Where am I?", "Where can I go?", "What's here?") provide a useful framework for assessing website design. Alternatives: Q: What are Veen's three core questions for website design? A: Veen's three core questions for website design are: Where am I? Where can I go? What's here? Q: Can you provide an example of a fashion brand's website and analyze its design principles? A: An example of a fashion brand's website could be Nike.com or Levis.com. The analysis of the design principles would involve examining how the website addresses the core questions of website design by Veen and whether it provides a positive user experience. Q12: What is the relationship between usability and aesthetics in web design? A12: Summary :Usability focuses on ease of use and efficiency, while aesthetics focuses on visual appeal. A successful website balances both, creating an engaging and effective user experience. Q13: What is the purpose of breadcrumbs in website navigation? A13: Summary: Breadcrumbs show the user's location within a website's hierarchy, providing a trail back to the homepage. They aid navigation and context. (Breadcrumbs help users understand their location within the site, provide context, and allow them to easily navigate back to higher-level pages without relying solely on the browser's "back" button.) Q14: Can you provide examples of different web design styles? A14: Summary: Examples include responsive design (adapting to different screen sizes) infinite scrolling (continuous scrolling without page breaks). Each has its advantages and disadvantages in terms of usability and aesthetics. Q15: What are some research and design considerations for mobile interfaces? A15: Summary: Mobile design must accommodate limitations of handheld devices (small screens, touch input). Key considerations include appropriate target sizes for touch interaction, responsive design, optimizing for touch-based interactions, minimizing cognitive load, and efficient navigation. Example: Instagram's use of large touch targets and responsive layout. The unique characteristics of mobile devices necessitate specialized design considerations. Q16: What is voice interface and how is it typically used? A16: Summary: Voice interfaces use spoken language for interaction, typically for information requests (e.g., flight times) and transactions (e.g., ticket purchases). They are usually reactive, responding to the user's queries. The success of voice interfaces is heavily reliant on accurate speech recognition and natural language understanding. Sheet 11 Q1: What is co-design? A1: Summary: Co-design emphasizes shared creativity and learning, often involving multidisciplinary teams. It prioritizes collaboration and mutual understanding throughout the design process. Q2: Why is prototyping important? A2: Summary: Prototyping allows stakeholders to interact with and evaluate a design, providing opportunities for feedback and iterative improvement. It bridges the gap between abstract ideas and tangible experiences. Q3: Can you give examples of 3D printing applications? A3: Summary: 3D printing applications include model jet engines, custom-made climbing shoes, and sensor-embedded wearable garments. The versatility of 3D printing is reflected in its diverse applications. Q4: What are some examples of interaction design prototypes? A4: Summary: Interaction design prototypes can be screen sketches, storyboards, PowerPoint slide shows, videos, a piece of software with limited functionality or even physical objects like wooden models. The choice of prototyping method depends on the stage of design and the level of detail required. Q5: Can you provide an example of an interaction design prototype? A5: Summary: A paper-based prototype of a handheld device designed for an autistic child is one example. Low-fidelity prototypes are often sufficient for early-stage testing. Q6: What are the benefits of prototyping in interaction design? A6: Summary: Prototyping facilitates evaluation, feedback, communication within design teams, testing of ideas, and supports decision-making. It allows for iterative design refinement based on user feedback. Q7: What is low-fidelity prototyping? A7: Summary: Low-fidelity prototyping uses simple and quick methods (sketches, index cards, storyboards) using materials unlike the final product. It's useful for early- stage exploration of design ideas. Q8: What are storyboards used for? A8: Summary: Storyboards depict how a user might progress through a task using a product, often including scenarios and role-playing. They provide a visual representation of the user journey and help in understanding the user experience. Q9: What is the role of sketching in low-fidelity prototyping? A9: Summary: Sketching is a quick and simple way to visualize design ideas, regardless of artistic skill, in low-fidelity prototyping. Q10: What is index-cards prototyping? A10: Summary: Index card prototyping uses index cards to represent screens or parts of screens (small pieces of cardboard about 3 × 5 inches), supporting low-fidelity prototyping, especially for websites. It allows for quick and inexpensive exploration of design alternatives. Q11: What is wizard-of-oz prototyping? A11: Summary: Wizard-of-oz prototyping simulates an interactive system, where a human responds to user inputs instead of the actual system. It's used early in design to gather user expectations. Q12: What is high-fidelity prototyping? A12: Summary: High-fidelity prototyping uses materials closer to the final product, often integrating existing hardware and software. It provides a more realistic representation of the final product. Q13: Prototyping involves compromises. Explain. A13: Summary: Prototypes often involve compromises due to time constraints. Horizontal compromises prioritize breadth of functionality over detail Vertical compromises prioritize detail for a limited number of functions. Both approaches have their advantages and disadvantages depending on the stage of design and the goals of prototyping. (In the context of website design, a designer might create a series of low-fidelity prototypes using index cards or sketching to represent different features and user interactions. These prototypes help identify potential issues and areas for improvement, but they may not fully represent the final product's functionality and user experience. The designer would then refine the prototypes and iterate on them to create a more polished and robust product) Q14: What is a conceptual model in design? A14: Summary: A conceptual model describes what users can do with a product and the concepts needed to understand its interaction. Q15: How do interface metaphors contribute to user understanding? A15: Summary: Interface metaphors combine familiar knowledge with new knowledge, providing structure, relevance, and ease of understanding. Choosing a metaphor involves understanding functionality, identifying problem areas, and generating metaphors. Q16: How do different interface types provide insight in design? A16: Summary: Different interface types (shareable, tangible, augmented reality) offer unique perspectives on user interaction. Q17: How can the functions of a product be related to each other? A17: Summary: Product functions can be related sequentially or in parallel, or grouped using categorizations (e.g., privacy-related actions on a smartphone). Q18: What factors should be considered in concrete design? A18: Summary: Concrete design in UI/UX encompasses several key considerations to create effective and user-friendly interfaces: 1. Color: Choosing colors that reflect the desired mood, brand identity, and readability. 2. Icons and Buttons: Designing intuitive navigation elements for seamless user interaction. 3. Interaction Devices: Tailoring the design based on how users will interact with the interface (touchscreens, mice, keyboards). 4. User Characteristics: Understanding the target audience’s behaviors and needs to customize the design. 5. Context: Adapting the design for specific environments and situations (e.g., indoor vs. outdoor, quiet vs. noisy). 6. Accessibility: Making the interface usable for individuals with disabilities, in line with guidelines such as WCAG. 7. Localization/Internationalization: Ensuring the design can adapt to various languages and cultural contexts. For instance, a mobile banking app might utilize calming color schemes, clear icons for banking functions, appropriately sized buttons for mobile use, and accessibility features, all while accommodating diverse users and contexts. Q19: How can prototypes be generated from storyboards or use cases? A19: Summary: Prototypes are generated by breaking down storyboards or use cases into steps and creating scenes or cards to represent each interaction element. This is a common method for generating low-fidelity prototypes. Extra question: Q: How can prototyping be used in the design of a mobile app? A: Prototyping can be used to create interactive mock-ups of the mobile app's screens, allowing stakeholders to visualize and test the app's functionality, user interface, and user experience before development begins. Q20: How can a storyboard be generated from a scenario? A20: Summary: A storyboard is created by breaking a scenario into steps and creating a scene for each step, visually depicting interactions. Q21: What is a card-based prototype? A21: Summary: A card-based prototype uses cards to represent each step or element of interaction, often based on a storyboard or use case. This is a quick and simple method for low-fidelity prototyping. Extra question: Q: How can prototyping be used to improve the user experience of a website? A: Prototyping can be used to create interactive wireframes or mock-ups of website interfaces, allowing designers to test navigation, layout, and usability, and gather feedback from users to refine the user experience Q22: Explain the process of mapping the overall user experience. A22: Summary: Mapping the overall user experience (UX) involves creating visual representations (experience maps, customer journey maps) capturing the end-to-end user experience, including actions, thoughts, and emotions. Common representations include wheel diagrams and timelines. User flows are also important for understanding sequential interactions. Q23: What is physical computing in the context of construction? A23: Summary: Physical computing uses electronic components (microcontrollers, sensors) to create interactive physical interfaces. In construction, this involves building and coding prototypes, often using toolkits like Arduino or Raspberry Pi, to create interactive systems that respond to the physical environment. Example: A light sensor controlling LED brightness based on ambient light. Q24: What are SDKs in the context of Construction? A24: Summary: Software Development Kits (SDKs) provide tools and components for developing applications on specific platforms. They include IDEs, documentation, sample code, and APIs, simplifying the development process. Examples: Amazon's Alexa Skills Kit, Apple's ARKit. Q25: What is a prototype and why is it important in product design? A25: Summary: A prototype simulates the final interaction between the user and the interface, enabling testing and evaluation before creating the final product. It helps ensure the design works as intended and is usable. Q26: What are the different types of prototyping? A26: Summary: Prototyping types include low-fidelity (quick, easy, using simple materials), high-fidelity (closely resembling the final product), and coded prototypes (functional, near-final versions). The choice of prototyping method depends on the project's stage and goals. Q27: What are the benefits of low-fidelity prototyping? A27: Summary: Low-fidelity prototyping is Inexpensive Quick collaborative, easily modified allowing for rapid exploration of design ideas It's valuable in early design stages. Q28: What is clickable wireframe? A28: Summary: A clickable wireframe is a visual representation of a product page, used as a simple interactive prototype by linking static wireframes together. It facilitates testing without needing a separate facilitator. Q29: What are the characteristics of high-fidelity prototypes? A29: Summary: High-fidelity prototypes closely resemble the final product in appearance and functionality. They're used for detailed usability testing and final design approval. They require more time and resources to develop than low-fidelity prototypes. Q30: What is digital prototyping & its benefits? A30: Summary: (Word count: ~70) Digital prototyping is the most common form of high-fidelity prototyping. Specialized software enables the creation of visually rich prototypes with interactive effects and animations. Key benefits include:  Device Optimization: Designers can preview prototypes across various devices (web browsers, desktops, mobiles) to ensure optimal layouts. This is particularly important for responsive design, where the layout adapts to different screen sizes. Reduced Clarification Needs: High-fidelity interactivity minimizes the need for clarification during usability testing, allowing designers to focus on observation. Interactive prototypes can demonstrate functionality more effectively than static mockups. Q31: What is a coded prototype and when is it recommended? A31: Summary: (Word count: ~80) A coded prototype is a high-fidelity prototype very close to the final product's functionality. It's essentially a functional, interactive preview of the final product, often built using the same programming languages and frameworks. It resembles a minimally viable product (MVP). A rich interactive sandbox allowing exploration of features is a good example. This approach is best suited for designers proficient in coding. Key benefits include: Platform Familiarity: Coding a prototype provides direct experience with the platform's capabilities and limitations, leading to a more realistic design. Efficiency: Coded prototypes can serve as the foundation for the final product, saving significant development time and effort if the prototype code can be reused. However, the speed of prototyping should always be prioritized over code reusability; the primary goal is to quickly test and iterate on design ideas. In short, while digital prototyping generally provides visually rich prototypes, coded prototypes offer the advantage of functional testing and a head start on the final product's development. The choice between these depends on the project's needs and the team's skills. Sheet 12 Q1: What are some examples of devices that use single touchscreens? A1: Summary: Single-touchscreen devices include ticket machines, ATMs, and walk- up kiosks. These devices typically support simple touch-based interactions. Q2: What are some actions supported by multi-touch surfaces? A2: Summary: Multi-touch surfaces support a variety of actions including swiping, flicking, pinching, pushing, and tapping. This allows for richer and more dynamic interactions than single-touch systems. Q3: How are gestures learned for multi-touch interaction? A3: Summary: Multi-touch gestures must be learned, but a small set of common gestures is preferable for usability. Example: Pinching to zoom in/out on a mobile app. Keeping the number of gestures limited increases the likelihood of users correctly understanding and employing them. Q4: What are some design considerations for touch displays? A4: Summary: Touch display design considerations include assessing the impact of size and orientation on collaboration recognizing that scrolling with finger flicking is faster than other methods using a limited set of gestures, acknowledging that touch typing is slower and more error-prone than using a physical keyboard These considerations aim to create intuitive and efficient interactions, minimizing user frustration and improving overall usability. Q5: How do touchless interfaces work? A5: Summary: Touchless interfaces utilize camera recognition, sensors, and computer vision to interpret hand and arm gestures. Example: A Microsoft Kinect can recognize gestures for manipulating medical images. Touchless interfaces offer a hygienic and potentially more intuitive alternative in certain contexts. However, they can be more complex to implement and may be less accurate than touch-based systems. Q6: How are user gestures recognized and delineated in gesture-based interfaces? A6: Summary: Gesture recognition in gesture-based interfaces typically focuses on start and end points. Deictic gestures (pointing) and hand waving gestures are distinguished. Example: 1. Deictic Gesture (Pointing Gesture): A user points their index finger towards a thermostat while verbally requesting to increase the temperature in a specific room. The smart home system’s camera detects the pointing motion and interprets it as a command to adjust the temperature accordingly. 2. Hand Waving Gesture: In a virtual reality game, a player moves their character forward by making a hand waving gesture with a motion controller. The VR system tracks this continuous motion and recognizes it as a command for the character to advance. Q7: What are multimodal interfaces? A7: Summary: Multimodal interfaces combine different input/output modalities (touch, sight, sound, speech) for richer and more expressive interactions. Example: A virtual assistant app using speech and visual cues. This approach allows for more natural and flexible communication with the system. magine a virtual assistant app called "SmartTask". Users can open the app and perform various tasks using both speech input and visual cues. Here's an example interaction: User: "Hey SmartTask, create a new task." SmartTask: Displays a visual interface with a form for creating a new task User: "Task title: Buy groceries. Due date: Tomorrow." SmartTask: Populates the task title and due date fields based on the user's speech input User: "Add 'milk', 'eggs', and 'bread' to the task." SmartTask: Recognizes the spoken items and adds them as subtasks under the main task Q8: What are some considerations in recognizing and analyzing user behavior in multimodal interfaces? A8: Summary: Analyzing user behavior in multimodal interfaces requires understanding different modalities (speech, gesture, handwriting), calibrating these modalities, evaluating the benefits of combining them, and assessing the naturalness of the interaction. The goal is to gain a complete picture of user behavior rather than focusing on a single input method. Q9: How can a person's movements be tracked in real-time? A9: Summary: Real-time movement tracking can use sensors like RGB cameras (for facial recognition), depth cameras (for movement), and microphones (for speech). This data can create a model of the person, represented as an avatar. This is frequently used in virtual reality systems and applications that demand awareness of the user's position and actions. Q10: What is the difference between goals and tasks in the context of evaluation? A10: Summary: In evaluation, goals are user intentions or desired outcomes, while tasks are the specific actions taken to achieve those goals. This distinction helps in analyzing the effectiveness of the design in assisting users to achieve their objectives. Q11: What are some evaluation techniques used in human-computer interaction? A11: Summary: Evaluation techniques include Goals, Operators, Methods, and Selection (GOMS), Cognitive Complexity Theory (CCT), and Hierarchical Task Analysis (HTA). These techniques are used in task analysis to understand the complexity of the steps users take to achieve their goals. GOMS, CCT, and HTA are techniques for task analysis that help understand the complexity of user processes to achieve their goals: 1. GOMS (Goals, Operators, Methods, and Selection): This model decomposes tasks into their fundamental components, allowing for analysis of the time and effort needed to complete tasks. 2. CCT (Cognitive Complexity Theory): This approach examines the mental processes involved in task completion and how these processes contribute to the overall complexity of the task. 3. HTA (Hierarchical Task Analysis): HTA breaks down tasks into subtasks and operations, illustrating their relationships in a hierarchical diagram. While all three techniques are useful in task analysis, they each emphasize different aspects of the user task process. Q12: What is GOMS (Goals, Operators, Methods, and Selection)? A12: Summary: GOMS breaks down tasks into goals, operators (actions), methods (sequences of actions), and selection (choosing between methods). It helps in modeling and analyzing the time and effort required to complete tasks. Example: Closing a window using either a menu or a keyboard shortcut. This is a widely used technique in human-computer interaction for modelling user behavior. Q13: What is the Keystroke Level Model (KLM)? A13: Summary: KLM, part of GOMS, focuses on the execution phase of user actions. It includes operators related to physical motor actions (keystrokes, pointing, etc.) and mental processes. Execution times for each operator are empirically determined. Example: Estimating the time, it takes to type a message or click a button on a website or mobile app. KLM allows for detailed analysis of task execution and identification of potential bottlenecks.