HB&V.pptx

HUMAN BEHAVIOR AND VICTIMOLOGY Prepared by: Randy Jala Lungay, RCrim PSYCHOLOGY Is an academic and applied discipline involving the phenomenological and scientific study of mental processes and behavior. It is the study of mind and behavior. What is Human Development? Human development...

HUMAN BEHAVIOR AND VICTIMOLOGY Prepared by: Randy Jala Lungay, RCrim PSYCHOLOGY Is an academic and applied discipline involving the phenomenological and scientific study of mental processes and behavior. It is the study of mind and behavior. What is Human Development? Human development is the process of a person's growth and maturation throughout their lifespan, concerned with the creation of while leading productive and creative lives in accordance with their interests and needs. Development is about the expansion of choices people have in order to lead lives they value. PSYCHOANALYTICAL THEORY OF HUMAN PERSONALITY Id (Principle of Pleasure) - Unconscious- It contains all the urges and impulses including libido because the satisfaction of it gives enjoyment to the person. Ego (Principle of Reality) - Conscious Reality - It tries to mediate the demands of the Id and prohibition of the superego. Superego - It is the conscience of man which is the unconscious part of our personality. - It may be represented by the voice of God, commandment of the community or self-goodwill and sense of right and wrong. Freud Psychosexual Stages of Development 1. Oral stage/Infancy – This stage covers the period from birth up to the end of 2nd year of life. The mouth is the main source of gratification of the child. The child is learning to deal w/ anxiety by the gratification of oral needs such as sucking, chewing, biting and spitting is normal activities of child. 2. Anal Stage/Toddler – This extends from the end of the 2nd year to the 3rd year. The anus, through controlling and expelling feces, is the major source of gratification for the child. 3. Phallic Stage/Preschool – This covers approximately the end of the 3rd to the 6th year of life. The child finds pleasure by fondling his or her genitals. The child establishes sexual identity/genital stimulation. This stage is called the Fixated Behavior. - Electra Complex – female child develops intimacy with her father and views the mother as the rival. - Oedipus Complex – a male child develops intimacy to his mother and views the father as his rival. 4. Latency/School-age –Starts from the 6th year to age 12. During this period, the child shifts from deriving gratification from his of her body parts to environmental activities like playing and learning. The child gains pleasure by being with his or company. 5. Genital Stage/Adolescence – This starts from puberty and beyond. The individual realizes that other people are not just mere sources of gratification but people to be loved. BEHAVIOR Defined as an organism’s responses to stimulation or environment. The manner of conducting oneself The way in which someone behaves Defined as anything that you do that can be directly observed, measured, and repeated. HUMAN BEHAVIOR Refers to the voluntary and involuntary attitude of a person adopts to fit society’s idea of right and wrong. Determined by heredity and environment, and modified through learning. Range of actions and mannerisms environment,exhibited by humans in conjunction with their internal or responding to various stimuli or inputs, whether or involuntary. Two Basic Types of Behavior INHERITED - Refers to any behavioral response or reflex exhibited by people due to their genetic endowment or the process of natural selection. Known as innate behavior. LEARNED - Involves cognitive adaptation that enhances the human being’s ability to cope with changes in the environment and to manipulate the environment in ways, which improve the chances for survival. Also called as operant behavior.  KINDS OF BEHAVIOR 1. CONSCIOUS OR UNCONSCIOUS  When the person is aware of his actions, classified as Conscious Behavior.  Acts that are embedded in one’s sub consciousness, it is Unconscious or Unaware 2. OVERT OR COVERT Overt Behavior is directly observable, outwardly manifested. Covert Behavior is not visible to the naked eye, hidden. 3. RATIONAL OR IRRATIONAL Rational when it is done with sanity. Irrational when done without knowing the nature and consequences of the action. 4. VOLUNTARY OR INVOLUNTARY Voluntary Behavior is an act done willingly. Involuntary refers to the body activities and processes that we cannot stop even we are sleeping like, breathing, circulation of the blood and metabolism. 5. SIMPLE OR COMPLEX Simple Behavior, less neurons involved in a certain act. Complex Behavior, more number of neurons involved. Common Perspectives in the Study of Human Behavior 1. Neurological View - This perspective emphasizes human actions in relation to events that take place inside the body, especially the brain and the nervous system. 2. Behavioral View - This view focuses on the external activities that can be observed and measured. 3. Cognitive View - This perspective studies how the brain processes and transforms information in various ways. 4. Psychoanalytical View - This view emphasizes unconscious motives stemming from repressed sexual and aggressive impulses in childhood. 5. Humanistic View - This perspective focuses on the subject's experience, freedom of choice, and strong motivation to achieve self- satisfaction. Three Faculties of Man 1. Will – the power of conscious deliberate actions; the faculty by which the rational mind makes choice of its ends of action, and direct energies in carrying out its determination. 2. Intellect – the faculty of power of perception or thought; or power of understanding. 3. Soul – the rational, emotional, and volitional faculties in man, conceived of as forming and entity distinct from, often existing independently of his body. Two Basic Factors Affecting Behavior 1. Heredity – is the characteristics of a person acquired from birth being transferred from one generation to another. 2. Environment – is the surroundings or condition in which a person, animal, or plant lives or operates as affected by human activity. It may also refer to anything around the person that influences his actions. Aspects of Human Behavior INTELLECTUAL - Refers to the mental processes such as decision making, reasoning and solving problems. SOCIAL - This refers to our interaction and relationship with other people.  EMOTIONAL - This is concern with our feelings, moods, and temper. PSYCHOSEXUAL - This is concern to our state of being whether man or woman because it is referring to our expression of love to another person irrespective of sex. POLITICAL - This aspect of behavior involves our ideology towards government. MORAL - This pertains to our conscience whether the action is good or bad. ATTITUDE/VALUE - This aspect of behavior pertains to our likes and dislike or our interest towards something. Different Environmental Factors Affecting Individual Behavior 1. THE FAMILY BACKGROUND A basic consideration because it is in the family whereby an individual first experiences how to relate and interact with another. 2. THE INFLUENCE OF CHILDHOOD TRAUMA Which affect the feeling of security of a child undergoing development processes 3. PATHOGENIC FAMILY STRUCTURE – those families associated with high frequency of problems such as: A. The inadequate family – characterized by the inability to cope with the ordinary problems of family living. It lacks the resources, physical or psychological, for meeting the demands of family satisfaction. B. The anti-social family – those that espouses unacceptable values as a result of the influence of parents to their children. C. The discordant/disturbed family – characterized by dissatisfaction of one or both parent from the relationship that may express feeling of frustration. This is usually due to vale differences as common sources of conflict and dissatisfaction. D. The disrupted family – characterized by incompleteness whether as a result of death, divorce, separation or some other circumstances. 4. INSTITUTIONAL INFLUENCES such as: peer groups, mass, media, church and school, government institutions, NGO’s etc. 5. SOCIO-CULTURAL FACTORS such as war and violence, group prejudice and discrimination, economic and employment problems and other social changes. 6. NUTRITION OR THE QUALITY OF FOOD that a person intake is also a factor that influences man to commit crime because poverty is one of the many reasons to criminal behavior. Abraham Maslow’s Hierarchy of Human Needs 1. Physiological Needs – food, shelter, clothing, water, sleep, sex, survival needs/basic needs. 2. Safety Needs – security of the body, employment, of resources, of morality, of the family, of health and property. 3. Sense of belongingness/Love Needs – friendship, family, affiliation, acceptance, sexual intimacy. 4. Cognitive Needs – our motivation for learning and exploration. 5. Self-Esteem – confidence, achievements competence, reputation, status, respect of others. 6. Aesthetic Needs – our motivation for beauty and order. 7. Self- Actualization – self-fulfillment, morality, creativity, problem solving, lack of prejudice, acceptance of facts.  PSYCHOSOCIAL STAGES: A SUMMARY CHART AGE CONFLICT IMPORTANT EVENT Infancy (birth to 18 Trust vs. Mistrust Feeding months) Early Childhood (2 to 3 Autonomy vs. Shame and Toilet training years) Doubt Preschool (3 to 5 years) Initiative vs. Guilt Exploration School Age (6 to 11 years) Industry vs. Inferiority School Adolescence (12 to 18 Identity vs. Role Confusion Relationship years) Young Adulthood (19 to 40 Intimacy vs. Isolation Relationship years) Middle Adulthood (40 to Generativity vs. Stagnation Work and Parenthood 65 years) Maturity (65 to death) Ego Integrity vs. Despair Reflection on Life Causes of Human Behavior 1. SENSATION – relates to the feeling of impression or stimulus. Visual – sense of sight Auditory – sense of hearing Gustatory – sense to taste Olfactory – sense of smell Cutaneous – sense of touch 2. PERCEPTION – deals with the person’s knowledge of a given stimulus which largely help to determine the actual behavioral response in a given situation. 3. AWARENESS – concerned with psychological activity based on the interpretation and experience of object or stimulus. Classification of Behavior 1. Normal Behavior (adaptive or adjusted behavior) The standard or totally accepted behavior because they follow the standard or norms of the society. a. efficient perception of reality b. self-knowledge c. ability to exercise voluntary control over his behavior d. ability to form affectionate relationship with others. 2. Abnormal Behavior (maladaptive or maladjusted behavior) A group of behaviors that are deviant from social expectations because they go against the norms or standard behavior of society. a. behavior that is socially unacceptable b. When a person fails to meet the criteria enumerated in normal behavior, he is deemed to be an abnormal person. Psychopathology Study of mental, emotional, and behavioral disorder. It is the scientific study of mental disorders, including efforts to understand their genetic, biological psychological, and social causes; effective classification schemes (nosology); course across all stages of development; manifestations: and treatment. It is also defined as the origin of mental disorders, how they develop, and the symptoms they might produce in a person. Insanity – refers to a mental faculty which cannot judge between right and wrong. Rule of Intelligence in Criminal Case 1. McNaughten Rule A person is exempted to a crime if he/she does not know what is right from what is wrong. 2. Durham Rule It explains that accused is not criminally responsible if his unlawful act is the product of mental disease or mental defect.  IQ CATEGORY EQUIVALENT CAPACITY 1 to 20 Idiot A child from 1 to 3 years old 21 to 40 Imbecile A child from 3 to 6 years old 41 to 75 Moron A child from 6 to 8 years old 76 to 90 Dull-minded A child from 9 to 11 years old 91 to 120 Normal (Average A child from 11 to 14 years old 121 to 130 Superior Above average capacity 131 to 140 Talented High Development 141 Above Genius Very High Development CLASSIFICATION OF PERSONALITY DISORDERS a. Compulsive - It is an excessive concern in conforming to the rules and regulations. b. Passive – aggressive - It is characterized by being hostile expressed in indirect and non - violent ways. c. Paranoid - It is characterized by suspicious, rigidity, envy, hypersensitivity, excessive self-importance. d. Hysteria - It is characterized by strong and an uncontrolled behavior of a person. CLASSIFICATION OF NEUROTIC DISORDERS 1. Conversion Neurosis - Emotional distress, which is converted into physical symptoms associated with all parts of the body. 2. Obsessive – compulsive - Actions that are repeated for unexplained reasons. 3. Phobia - Morbid fear of particular object or situation Type of Phobia -Acrophobia ~ high places -Hematophobia ~ blood -Agrophobia ~ open spaces -Mysophobia ~ germs -Malgophobia ~ pain -Monophobia ~ being alone -Astraphobia ~ storm , thunder , -Nyctophobia ~ darkness lightning -Ochlophobia ~ crowds -Gynophobia ~ Dogs -Pyrophobia ~ fire -Claustrophobia ~ closed places -Zoophobia ~ animals Schizophrenia - It is a mental disorder, often characterized by delusions and hallucinations and loss of contact with reality. - It is derived from the Greek term schidzein (split) and phren (mind). Kinds of Schizophrenia 1. Simple Schizophrenia - Gradual deterioration of; intellectual function, emotional disturbances, depression without delusions and hallucinations. 2. Paranoid Schizophrenia - Delusion of persecution or grandeur, hallucination auditory is sometimes present. 3. Hebephrenic- Severe disintegration of personality. Inappropriate giggling and smiling and use of bizarre language. 4. Residual Schizophrenia – Having no motivation or interest in everyday life. 5. Catatonic Schizophrenia – Extremely withdrawn, negative, isolated, and has obvious psychomotor disturbances. 6. Undifferentiated Schizophrenia – People with this kind exhibit the symptoms of more than of the above-mentioned types of schizophrenia, but without a clear predominance of a particular set of diagnostic characteristics. PERSONALITY DIMENSIONS THAT AFFECT HUMAN BEHAVIOR PSYCHOTICISM - Cold, cruelty, social insensitivity, disregard for danger, troublesome behavior, dislike of others, and attraction toward the unusual EXTRAVERSION - dictates condition ability and is therefore the principal factor in anti-social behavior NEUROTISM - reflects an innate biological predisposition to react physiologically to stressful or upsetting events; this represents emotionally MENTAL DISORDERS SOCIOLOGICALLY, this is persistent inability to adapt oneself to the ordinary environment. MEDICALLY, this is prolonged departure of the individual from his natural mental state arising from illness. LEGALLY, covers nothing more than what a person does and the particular act that is the subject of judicial investigation; insanity, lunacy, derangement, aberration, alienation. TYPES OF MENTAL DISORDERS 1.PSYCHONEUROSIS - may have no physical difficulty but may experience lack of sleep loss of appetite becomes emotionally unhealthy; obsessions, fears, or phobias are its characteristics; hysteria belong to this type and manifests itself because of anxiety. 2. PSYCHOSIS - serious mental and emotional disorder that is a manifestation of withdrawal from reality; encephalitis, intoxication, cerebral arteriosclerosis, senile brain disease, mania, dementia praecox, split personality. 3. PSYCHOSOMATIC ILLNESS - It implies an interrelationship of mind, body, and desire. Mental Retardation MR is a condition of limited ability in which an individual has a low IQ, usually below 70 traditional intelligence test, and difficulty adapting to everyday life; he/she first exhibited these characteristics during the so-called developmental period - by age 18. Perception Disorders HALLUCINATION – erroneous perception without an external object or stimulus. a. Visual – seeing things although not present b. Auditory – hearing things which do not exist. ILLUSION – false interpretation of an external stimulus; may be manifested through sight; hearing, taste, touch, and smell. - misrepresentation of real sensory. DELUSION - Is the faulty belief that is motivated primarily by the individual’s needs and washes and in fact, has no basis. Hallucination is manifested in a visual image that is quite vivid and real to the individual who experiences it. a. Erotomanic Type – they believe that someone is in love with them and might try to contact that person. b. Grandiose (Delusion of Grandeur) – believe that he is the great person in the world. c. Jealous Type – belief that partner is unfaithful. d. Persecutory Type – belief that someone close to them are mistreated or planning to harm them. e. Reference Type – false belief of being the matter of conversation. f. Guilt Delusion Type – belief that they have done something terribly wrong. g. Somatic Type – believe that they have physically defect or medical problem. h. Mixed Type – person that have two or more types of delusion. Trait Theory Trait refers to the characteristics of an individual, describing a habitual way of behaving, thinking, and feeling. Trait theories attempt to learn and explain the traits that make up personality, the differences between people in terms of their personal characteristics, and how they relate to actual behavior. Personality Refers to the permanent trait and character of person. Hans Eysenck’s Personality Trait 1. Extrovert - It refers to a person that is sociable, out- going, and active. 2. Introvert - It refers to a person that is withdrawn, quiet, and introspective. 3. Emotionally Unstable - It is a trait that is being anxious, excitable, and easily disturbed. Four Stages of Temperament 1. Sanguine – the person is cheerful, confidently optimistic, and impulsive. 2. Melancholic – the person is depressed, morose, and pessimistic. 3. Choleric – the person is hot-tempered and irritable. 4. Phlegmatic – the person is slow moving, calm, and unexcitable. Kinds of Trait by Goldberg (Big Five or Five Factor Theory) 1. Extraversion - This dimension contrasts such traits as sociable, outgoing, talkative, assertive, persuasive, decisive, and active with more introverted traits such as withdrawn, quiet, passive, retiring, and reserved. 2. Neuroticism - People high on neuroticism are prone to emotional instability. They tend to experience negative emotions and to be moody, irritable, nervous, and prone to worry. 3. Conscientiousness - This factor differentiates individuals who are dependable, organized, reliable, responsible, thorough, hard-working, and preserving from those undependable, disorganized, impulsive, unreliable, irresponsible, careless, negligent and lazy. 4. Agreeableness - This factor is composed of a collection of traits that range from compassion to antagonism towards others. A person high on agreeableness would be a pleasant person, good-natured, warm, sympathetic, and cooperative. 5. Openness to Experience - This factor contrasts individuals who are imaginative, curious, broad-minded, and cultured with those who are concrete-minded and practical, and whose interests are narrow. Personality Disorder Characterized by impairment in self and interpersonal functioning and the presence of pathological personality traits that are relatively inflexible and long-standing. Cluster A (Odd or Eccentric Behavior) a. Paranoid Personality Disorder - A mental health condition marked by a long-term pattern of distrust and suspicion of others without adequate reason to be suspicious. b. Schizoid Personality Disorder – Those with this disorder may be perceived by others as somber, aloof, and often are referred to as “loners”. c. Schizotypal Personality Disorder – This disorder is characterized both by a need for isolation as well as sold, outlandish or paranoid beliefs. Cluster B (Dramatic, Emotional, or Erratic Behaviors) a. Anti-social Personality – characterized by a lack of empathy or conscience, difficulty controlling impulses, and manipulative behaviors. b. Borderline Personality– a mental illness interferes with an individual’s ability to regulate emotion. They are sensitive to rejection, and fear of abandonment may result in frantic efforts to avoid being left alone, such as suicide threats and attempts. c. Narcissistic Personality – characterized primarily by grandiosity, need for the admiration, and lack of empathy. - Exaggerated sense of self-importance and pre- occupation with receiving attention. d. Histrionic Personality – This person exhibits a pervasive pattern of excessive emotionality and attempts to get attention in unusual ways. Cluster C (Anxious, Fearful Behaviors) a. Avoidant Personality – They are often hypersensitive to rejection and unwilling to take social risks. b. Dependent Personality – They exhibit a pattern of needy and submissive behavior and rely on others to make decisions for them. c. Obsessive Compulsive Personality – They are also called Anankastic Personality Disorder, they are so focused of order and perfection that their lack of flexibility interferes with productivity and efficiency. Factors Altering Human Behavior 1. Frustration - It refers to the unpleasant feelings that results the blocking of motive satisfaction. - It is a form of stress, which results in tension. - It is the feeling that is experienced when something interferes with our hopes, wishes, plans and expectations. Most normal persons react to frustration in the following ways: A. Direct approach Can be seen among people who handle their problems in very objective ways. Most practical Produce best method B. Detour When an individual realizes that in finding for the right solution of the problem, he always end up with a negative outcome or result. C. Substitution Most of time are resulted to in handling frustration when an original plan intended to solve the problem did not produce the intended result. Practical way to face the problem. Look for most alternative means. D. Withdrawal or retreat Is corresponding to running away the problem or flight which to some the is the safest way. E. Developing feelings of inferiority Comes when a person is unable to hold on to any solution which gives a positive result. F. Aggression Is a negative outcome of a person’s inability to handle frustration rightly. G. Use of defense and coping mechanism Defense Mechanism - Self- deceiving emotional conflict and anxiety. - Use to prevent a person’s self-image from being damage. - It refers to individual’s way of reacting to frustration Coping Mechanism - Some total of ways in which people deal with minor to major stress and trauma. A. Compromise Reaction a. Compensation - It is a process of balancing inferiority by doing well in another activity, one thinks he could succeed. b. Substitution - It is a process of replacing an unattainable or unacceptable goal by that is attainable or acceptable. c. Sublimation - It is a process of changing unacceptable impulses or needs into socially and culturally acceptable channels d. Intellectualization - use by individual to escape from threat into words. 1. Rationalization – make logical reason 2. Isolation – avoid conflict between 2 opposing desires. 3. Undoing – “undo” previous unacceptable act or thought. B. Withdrawal - It is a form of physical flight. a. Repression - It is a process of excluding memories causing pain. b. Regression - It is a process of going back to a pattern of behaving which was proper to an earlier stage of development. (Childish behavior) c. Fantasy - Process of imagining sequence of events that serves to express unconscious conflicts 1. Conquering Hero type - sees himself as confident and successful. 2. Suffering Hero Type or Martyr Type – frequently asserted by the individual who pities himself. d. Nomadism - Process of travelling as a form of withdrawal from the present problem or sad reality of life. e. Reaction Formation - It is a process of doing the opposite of that we do not want to recognize. - It is shown, when an individual is motivated to act in a certain way, but - behaves in the opposite way, and be able to keep his urges and impulses under control. f. Denial of Reality - Refusal to perceive or face reality. C. Aggressive Reaction a. Suicide - It is a process of destroying oneself. b. Displacement - It is a process of directing anger to something other than the one he is somewhat angry at. c. Projection - It is a process of blaming others for one’s own mistake. Other forms of coping mechanisms 1. ACTING OUT – this means literally acting out the desires that are forbidden by the superego and yet desired by the ID. A person who is acting out desires may do it in spite of their conscience or may do it with relatively little thought. 2. AIM INHIBITION – We lower our sights, reducing our goals to something thaw we believe is actually more possible or realistic. 3. ALTRUISM – Avoid your own pains by concentrating on the pain of others. 4. ATTACK – “The best form of defense is attack” is a common saying and is also a common action, and when we feel threatened or attacked, we will attack back. 5. AVOIDANCE – we simply find ways of avoiding having to face uncomfortable situation, thins or activities 6. COMPARTMENTALIZATION – separating thoughts that will conflict with one another. This may happen when there are difference beliefs or even when there are conflicting values. 7. CONVERSION – tensions manifest themselves in physical symptoms. Extreme symptoms may include paralysis, seizure while lesser symptoms includes tiredness, headaches etc. 8. DISSOCIATION – separating a set of thoughts or activities from the main area of conscious mind, in order to avoid the conflict that this would cause 9. EMOTIONALITY – when we become stressed or tension is caused, a number of negative emotions may start to build, including anger, frustration, fear, jealousy and so on. When we display these emotions it can affect others around us, arousing similar or polar feelings. 10. FIGHT OR FLIGHT REACTION - When we perceive a significant threat to us, then our bodies get ready either for a fight to the death or a desperate flight from certain defeat by a clearly superior adversary. 11. HELP-REJECTING COMPLAINING – when helpful suggestions or other comfort is offered, however, they reject his and return to their complaint. 12. IDEALIZATION - It is the over-estimation of the desirable qualities and underestimation of the limitations of a desired thing. We also tend to idealize those things that we have chosen or acquired. 13. IDENTIFICATION - It occurs when a person changes apparent facets of his/her personality such that he/she appears to be more like other people. This process may be to copy specific people or it may be to change to an idealized prototype. 14. INTROJECTION - occurs when we take on attributes of other people who seem better able to cope with the situation than we do. 15. PASSIVE AGGRESSION - A person who uses passive-aggressive method to cope with stresses does this by 'attacking' others through passive means. 16. POST-TRAUMATIC GROWTH - An individual who has suffered a traumatic experience somehow finds ways to turn it into something good. 17. PROVOCATION OR FREE-FLOATING – provoke others into some kind of reaction. The attention can then be put on the other person and away from the originator’s stress. 18. SELF-HARMING – the person physically deliberately hurts himself/herself in some way or otherwise puts themselves at high risk of harm. 19. SOMATIZATION - occurs where a psychological problem turns into physical and subconscious symptoms. This can range from simple twitching to skin rashes, heart problems and worse. 20. SYMBOLIZATION – It is a way of handling inner conflicts by turning them into distinct symbols. Symbols are often physical items, although there may also be symbolic acts and metaphoric ideas. 21. TRIVIALIZING – one way of trivialize is to make something a joke, laughing it off. Making small what is really something big. When we are faced with a disappointment over something that is important to us, we are faced with the problem of having our expectations and predictions dashed. 22. POSITIVE COPING - There are a number of approaches that we can take to cope in a positive way with problems, including: a. Immediate problem-solving: Seeking to fix the problem that is the immediate cause of our difficulty. b. Root-cause solving: Seeking to fix the underlying cause such that the problem will never recur. c. Benefit-finding: Looking for the good things amongst the bad. d. Spiritual growth: Finding ways of turning the problem into a way to grow 'spiritually' or emotionally. 2. CONFLICT  Simultaneous arousal of two or more incompatible motives resulting to unpleasant emotions.  It is a form of stress, which is result from tention. It is a stressful condition that occurs when a person must choose between incompatible or contradictory alternatives. It is a negative emotional state cause by an inability to choose between two or more incompatible goals or impulses. Types of Conflict 1. Psychological Conflict (Internal Conflict) Psychological conflict could be going on inside the person and no one would know. Freud would say unconscious ID battling SUPEREGO and further claimed that our personalities are always in conflict. 2. Social Conflict 3. Approach-Avoidance - Double Approach Conflict - Approach-Avoidance Conflict - Double Avoidance Conflict - Multiple Approach Avoidance  3. STRESS - A consequence of the failure of a human being to respond appropriately to emotional or physical treat. - stressor – anything that produces stress. Types of Stress 1. Eustress - Good stress - It is the stress that is healthy or gives one a feeling of fulfillment or other positive feelings. 2. Distress - Negative stress - Persistent stress that is not resolved through coping or adaptation, deemed stress, may lead to anxiety or withdrawal behavior. Types and Categories of Stress Acute stress - is what people identify as stress. It felt through tension headaches, emotional upsets, gastrointestinal disturbances, feelings of agitation and pressure. Episodic acute – a more serious and can lead to migraines, hypertension, stroke, heart attack, anxiety, depression and serious gastrointestinal distress. Chronic stress – is the most serious of all. It’s the stress that never ends. It grinds us until our resistance is gone. Traumatic stress – is the result of massive acute stress, the effects of which can reverberate through our systems for years. Short Term Stresses 1. Acute Time - those which come quickly 2. Brief Naturalistic Stress - those stress which are short in duration Long Term Stresses 1. Stressful Event Sequences - single event that start from chain of challenging situation. 2. Chronic Stress - those which are lack of clear end point that may result to a life changing events. 3. Distant Stress - Distant stress may have been initiated in the past but continue to affect the immune system. Distant stressors have long-lasting effects on emotional and mental health. 4. Emotion - Refers to feeling affective responses as a result of physiological arousal, thoughts and beliefs, subjective evaluation and bodily expression. - It is a state characterized by facial expressions, gestures, postures, and subjective feelings. - It is associated with mood, temperament, personality, and disposition. Theories on Emotion 1. James-Lange Theory - emotion occurs after physiological changes 2. Cannon-Bard Theory - emotion and physiological occur simultaneously 3. Two Factor Theory - physiological changes as a result of emotion 5. Depression - It is an illness that causes a person to feel sad and hopeless much of the time. It is an emotion which is different from normal sadness. - It is a common and serious medical illness that negatively affects how you feel, the way you think, and how you act. Different Forms of Depression 1. Major Depressive Disorder – the combination of symptoms that interfere with a person’s ability to work, sleep, study, eat, and etc. 2. Dysthymic Disorder – having persistent but less severe than major depressive disorder. 3. Psychotic Depression – severe depressive illness is accompanied by some form of psychosis, such as with hallucinations. 4. Postpartum Depression – a medical condition that many women get after having a baby. 5. Seasonal Affective Disorder – It is an onset of a depressive illness during the winter months, when there is less natural sunlight. 6. Bipolar Disorder – a mental illness that causes unusual shifts in a person’s mood, energy, activity levels, and concentration. 7. Endogenous Depression – a type of major depressive disorder where the person develop a feeling of depress for no apparent reason. 8. Situational Depression/Reactive Depression – caused by a stressful or traumatic event. It is develop in response to a specific stressful situation or event. 9. Agitated Depression – a type of depression that involves symptoms like restlessness, anger, irritability and insomnia. 6. Anxiety It is an intangible feeling that seems to evade any effort to resolve it. It is also called neurotic fear. It could be intense; It could be low and can be a motivating force. 1. Generalized Anxiety Disorder – involves excessive, unrealistic worry and tension 2. Social Anxiety Disorder – this is also called SOCIAL PHOBIA. The worry often centers on a fear of being judged by others, or behaving in a way that might cause embarrassment or lead to ridicule. 3. Panic Disorder – feelings of terror that strike suddenly and repeatedly with no warning. Symptoms are sweating, chest pain, palpitations 4. Post-traumatic Stress Disorder – can develop following a traumatic and/or terrifying event such as sexual or physical assault. 5. Asthenic Disorders (Neurasthenia) - An anxiety disorder characterized by chronic mental and physical fatigue and various aches and pains. Symptoms include spending too much sleep to avoid fatigue but to no avail, even feel worse upon awake, headaches, indigestion, back pains, and dizziness. 6. Psychastenia – A psychoneurotic condition that is accompanied by a vast range of mental and emotional symptoms that cannot be controlled. Phobic Disorders - These refer to the persistent fear on some objects or situation that present no actual danger to the person. Examples of Phobia: Acrophobia - fear of high places Obsession – this refers to an idea or series of ideas that recur very frequently that they interfere with the ability of an individual to think and/or function normally Compulsion - this is an irresistible tendency to perform an act or ritual, which an individual feels to compelled to carry out although it is recognized as irrational; a person must perform an act and give in to the urge in order to reduce the tension. SOMATOFORM AND DISSOCIATIVE DISORDER A. Somatoform Disorder - a mental health condition that causes an individual to experience physical bodily symptoms that mimic physical disease but not actually exist. 1. Conversion Disorder – it is where a person actually loses a sensory or motor bodily function, resulting in blindness, deafness, paralysis or numbness or sometimes suffers from seizures. - displays neurological symptoms such as numbness, paralysis, or fits, even though no neurological explanation is found and it is determined that the symptoms are due to the patient’s psychological response to stress. 2. Somatization Disorder (Briquet’s Disorder) – A person with this disorder can have can have various physical symptoms related to any body part such as pain, nausea, vomiting, bloating, headaches, sexual dysfunctions, irregular menstruation and balance problems. 3. Hypochondriasis – A person imagine that they suffer from a serious illness when they experience minor symptoms. 4. Pain Disorder – a person suffer from chronic pain in one or more areas and taught to be caused psychological stress. 5. Body Dysmorphic Disorder – excessively concerned about and pre-occupied by a perceived defect in his or her physical features. 6. Undifferentiated Somatoform Disorder – Only one unexplained symptoms is required for atleast 6 months. Included among these disorders are false pregnancy, urinary retention, and mass psychogenic illness. B. Dissociative Disorder It is characterized by a disruption of and/or discontinuity in the normal integration of consciousness, memory, identity, emotion, perception, body representation, motor control and behavior. 1. Dissociative Amnesia – the main symptoms is memory loss that’s more severe than normal forgetfulness and that can’t be explain be a medical condition. 2. Dissociative Identity Disorder – Formerly known as multiple personality disorder, this disorder is characterized by switching to alternate identities. 3. Depersonalization-derealization Disorder – This involves an ongoing or episodic sense of detachment or being outside yourself. Sleep Disorders Types of Sleep Disorders 1. Insomnia - Insomnia refers to the inability to fall asleep or to remain asleep. It can be caused by jet lag, stress and anxiety, hormones, or digestive problems. Three Types Insomnia a. Chronic - It is when insomnia happens on a regular basis for at least one month. b. Intermittent - It is when insomnia occurs periodically. c. Transient - It is when insomnia lasts for just a few nights at a time. 2. Sleep Apnea Sleep apnea is characterized by pauses in breathing during sleep. This is a medical condition that causes the body to take in less oxygen. It can also cause you to wake up during the night. 3. Parasomnias A class of sleep disorders that cause abnormal movements and behaviors during sleep. 4. Narcolepsy Narcolepsy is characterized by “sleep attacks” that occur during the day. This means that you will suddenly feel extremely tired and fall asleep without warning. Proficiency in Managing Individual with Mental and Personality Disorders Substance Use Disorder A treatable mental disorders that affects a person’s brain and behavior, leading to their inability to control their use of substances like legal or illegal drugs, alcohol, or medications. Possible Treatment: - Detoxification - Cognitive Behavioral Therapy - Medication Assisted Therapist Schizophrenia Possible Treatment: - Talking Therapy - Cognitive Behavioral Theory - Medication Post Traumatic Stress Disorder Possible Treatment: - Psychotherapy ( Talk Therapy) - Medication Depression Possible Treatment: - Psychotherapy (Talk Therapy) - Medication (Antidepressants) - Brain Stimulation Therapy - Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) - Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) - Vagus Nerve Stimulation (VNS) SEXUAL DISORDER Human Sexual Response - Excitement Phase – the body prepares for sexual activity by tensing muscles and increasing heart rate and blood pressure. - Plateau Phase – it is the part when breathing becomes more rapid. - Orgasmic Phase – the shortest of the phase and generally lasts only a few seconds. - Resolution Phase Male – Arousal decreases or refractory period Female - Arousal may decrease or additional orgasm may occur Three Categories of Sexual Disorder 1. Sexual Dysfunction 2. Paraphilia 3. Gender Identity Disorders Sexual Dysfunctions Sexual deviance refers to unusual sexual behaviors generally defined in moral, medical or legal terms. A. Dysfunction of Sexual Desire 1. Male Hypoactive Sexual Desire – recurrent lack of sexual interest. 2. Sexual Aversion Disorder - It is characterized by a desire to avoid genital contact with a sexual partner. It refers to persistent feelings of fear, anxiety, or disgust about engaging in sex. B. Dysfunction of Sexual Arousal 1. Erectile Dysfunctions – inability to attain or maintain erection sufficient for sexual activity 2. Female Sexual Interest/Arousal Disorder – little or no sexual interest or arousal for sexual activity. 3. Penetration disorder – Difficulty with vaginal penetration, fear of pain, tightening of pelvic muscles C. Dysfunction of Orgasm 1. Premature Ejaculation – Ejaculation prior to or within 1 minute after vaginal penetration 2. Delayed Ejaculation – Persistent delay or absence of ejaculation nearly all the time during partnered sex activity. 3. Female Orgasmic Disorder – Persistent delay or inability to attain an organism in nearly all sexual encounters. D. Sexual Pain Disorders 1. Vaginismus - It is the involuntary muscle spasm at the entrance to the vagina that prevents penetration and sexual intercourse. 2. Dyspareunia - It refers to painful coitus that may have either an organic or psychological basis. Abnormal Behaviors involving Sex A. Sexual Reversals 1. Homosexuality – a sexual behavior directed towards the same. 2. Transvestism – the achievement of sexual excitation by dressing as a member of the opposite sex such a man who wears female apparel. 3. Fetishism – sexual gratification is obtained by looking at some body parts, underwear of the opposite sex or other objects associated with the opposite sex. B. Based on Choice of Partner - Pedophilia - sexual desire with child - Bestiality – sexual desire with animals - Auto-sexual – sexual satisfaction without cooperation of others. - Gerontophilia – Sexual desire with an elder person - Necrophilia – sexual desire with a corpse - Incest – sexual relation between persons who, by reason of blood relationship cannot legally marry. - Pygmalionism - It is a sexual deviation whereby a person has sexual desire for statues. C. Based on sexual urge - Satyriasis - excessive desire of men - Nymphomania – excessive desire of women D. Based on mode of sexual expression - Oralism – use of mouth or tongue as a way of sexual gratification - Fellatio – male sex organ to the mouth of women - Cunnilingus – sexual gratification by licking the external female genitalia - Anilism/Anilingus – licking the anus of the sexual partner - Sadism – infliction of physical pain on the sexual partner - Masochism – infliction of pain to oneself - Sado-masochism (Algolagnia) E. Based on part of the body - Sodomy – sexual through the anus of sexual partner - Uranism – sexual gratification is attained through fingering, holding breast and licking part of the body. - Frottage – act of rubbing the sex organ against body parts of another person. - Partialism – it refers to the sexual libido on any part of the body of sexual partner. F. Based on visual stimulus - Voyeurism – commonly called the pepping tom. - Scoptophilia – intentional act of watching people undress or during sexual intercourse. G. Based on number of participants - Troilism – three participants - Pluralism – group of person in sexual orgies. Other sexual abnormalities - Exhibitionism – indecent exposure, the intentional exposure of genitals - Coprolagnia – sexual gratification through feces on the body - Coprolalia – use of obscene language - Don Juanism – act of seducing women as a career without permanency of sexual partner. - Urolagnia – sexual gratification through urinating - Necro sadism – sexual behavior wherein the offenders perform sexual intercourse and then kill the victims. - Incendiarism - It is a sexual deviation whereby a person derives sexual pleasure from setting fire.  VICTIMOLOGY Branch of the study of Criminology, which deals with the victimization of crime, which is considered by political society as any act or omission punishable by law. Victimology is the scientific study of victimization, including the relationships between victims and offenders, victims and the criminal justice system, and victims and other social groups and institutions, such as the media, businesses, and social movements. Routine Activity Theory - it claims that crime is a normal function of the routine activities of modern living. The greater the opportunity for criminals and victims to interact, the greater the probability of crime; the reduced the interaction, the more opportunity for crime to decline.  It argues that when a crime occurs, there are three things happen at the same time; - Suitable target is available - There is lack of a suitable guardian to prevent the crime from happening - There is motivated offender THE LIFESTYLE THEORY - purports that individuals are targeted based on their lifestyle choices, and that these lifestyle choices expose them to criminal offenders and situation in which crimes may be committed. - the main issue is that the crime victim often become victims because of their own choices as to where to live, how to socialize and other lifestyle – related variables. DEVIANT PLACE THEORY - states that greater exposure to dangerous places makes an individual more likely to become the victim of a crime. - in order to lower the chance that one will become the victim of a crime, the individual should avoid the “bad” areas of town where crime rates are high. CRIME VICTIM - refers to any person, group, or entity who has suffered injury or loss due to illegal activity. - The harm can be physical, psychological, or economic. Legally, “victim” typically includes the following: A person who has suffered direct, or threatened, physical, emotional or pecuniary harm as a result of the commission of a crime. In case of a victim being an institutional entity, any of the same harms by an individual or authorized representative of another entity. Three Kinds of Victim 1. Primary Victim 2. Secondary Victim 3. Tertiary Victim Mendelsohn’s Type of Victim 1. Completely Innocent 2. Victim with only minor guilt 3. Victim who is just as guilty as the offender and the voluntary victim. 4. The victim guiltier than the offender. 5. The most guilty victim. 6. The imaginary victim. MENDELSOHNS TYPOLOGY OF CRIME VICTIMS Innocent victim - did not contribute to the victimization - is in the wrong place at the wrong time The victim with minor guilt - does not actively participate in their victimization but contributes to some minor degree The victim whose guilty offender - the victim and offender may have engaged in criminal activity together The guilty offender, guiltier victim - the victim may have been the primary attacker, but the offender won the fight Guilty victim - the victim instigated a conflict but is killed in self-defense Imaginary victim - pretend to be victims and are not. This would be someone falsifying reports. Von Hentig’s Taxonomy of Murder Victims 1. Depressive Type- Submissive person by virtue of emotional condition. 2. Acquisitive or Greedy Type- person who wants more that what is sufficient makes a natural victim of crime. 3. Wanton Type or Overly Sensual Type- person ruled by passion and thoughtlessly seeking pleasure.. 4. Tormentor Type - a victim who asked for it. 5. Lonesome Type- person who eventually becomes a victim by virtue of wanting companionship or affection. 6. Heartbroken Type- one who is emotionally disturbed by virtue of heartaches and pains Von Hentig’s Classes of Victim 1. The Young – weak by virtue of immaturity 2. The Female – less physically powerful 3. The Old – incapable of physical defense 4. The Mentally Defective – those unable to think clearly 5. The Immigrant – those unsure of the rules of conduct in the surrounding society. 6. The Minorities – racial prejudice may lead to victimization. MODELS OF VICTIMIZATION (Man-made Cause) A. Stage of Impact and Disorganization B. Stage of Recoil C. Reorganization Stage (Natural Cause) A. PRE-IMPACT STAGE – state of the victim prior to being victimized B. IMPACT STAGE – phase in which victimization occurs C. POST-IMPACT STAGE – entails the degree and duration of the personal and social disorganization following victimization D. BEHAVIORAL OUTCOME – describes the victim’s adjustment to the victimization experience. SOCIO-DEMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTIC SEX – men have higher risk of assault than women AGE – adolescents have substantially higher rates of assault than young adults or older URBAN – Crime and victimization is mostly an urban problem CLASS – violence disproportionately affects those from lower socioeconomic classes ETHNICITY – Racial and ethnic minorities have higher rates of assault than other people. RELIGION – certain religious group tends to be regularly prosecuted and over represented in hate crime statistics. THE ROLE OF THE VICTIM IN CRIME VICTIM PRECIPITATION - means that the person who suffers eventual harm from a crime plays a direct role causing the crime to be perpetrated. Active Precipitation – refers to instances in which the victim directly stimulates the perpetrator. Passive Precipitation – occurs when a victim unintentionally acts in a way or has certain qualities that initiate or encourage an attack. VICTIM FACILITATION - the victim unknowingly, or carelessly or negligently and inadvertently makes it easier for a crime to take place VICTIM PROVOCATION - occurs when a person does something that incites another person to commit an illegal act. Provocation suggests that without the victim's behavior, the crime would not have occurred.  VICTIM’S PROTECTION RA 9262 – Anti-Violence Against Women and Their Children Act of 2004 Violence Against Women and their Children - Refers to a series of acts committed by ANY PERSON against a woman who his is wife, former wife, or against woman with whom the person has or had a sexual or dating relationship, or with whom he has a common child, or against her child whether legitimate or illegitimate, within or without the family abode, which result in or likely to result in physical, sexual, psychological harm or suffering, or economic abuse including threats of such acts, battery, assault, coercion, harassment or arbitrary deprivation of liberty. Types of Violence Physical Abuse – refers to acts that include bodily or physical harm. Sexual Violence – refers to an act which is sexual in nature, committed against a woman or her child. Psychological Abuse – refers to acts or omissions causing or likely to cause mental or emotional suffering of the victim. Economic Abuse – refers to acts that make or attempt to make a woman financially dependent. Protection Orders - It is an order issued under this Act for the purpose of preventing further acts of violence against a woman or her child specified in Section 5 of this Act and granting other necessary relief. Types of Protection Order 1. Barangay Protection Order 2. Temporary Protection Order 3. Permanent Protection Order Barangay Protection Order - refers to a protection order issued by the Punong Barangay ordering the perpetrator to desist from committing acts under Section 5(a) and (b) of this Act. Note: If Punong Barangay is unavailable for the issuance of BPO, said application shall be acted by any available Barangay Kagawad and the order must be accompanied by an attestation of Barangay Kagawad available at that time. It shall be effective for 15 days Temporary Protection Order - refers to a protection order issued by the court on the date of filing of the application after ex parte determination that party should be issued. A court may grant in a TPO any, some or all of the reliefs mentioned in this Act and shall be effective for thirty (30) days. The court shall schedule a hearing of a PPO prior to or the date of the expiration of the TPO. Permanent Protection Order - refers to protection order issued by the court after notice and hearing. - It shall be effective until revoke by a court upon application of the person in whose favor the order was issued RA 6981 “Witness Protection, Security and Benefit Act Title III – Persons Entitled to the Program Set. 1 – Who may Avail of the Program Any person who has witnessed or has knowledge or information on the commission of a crime and has testified or is testifying or about to testify before any judicial or quasi-judicial body, or before any investigating authority, may be admitted into the Program: Provided that; a. The offense in which his testimony will be used is a grave felony b. His testimony can be substantially corroborated in its material points c. He or any member of his family within the 2nd civil degree of consanguinity or affinity is subjected to threat to his life or bodily injury, or there is likelihood that he will be killed, forced, intimidated, harassed or corrupted to prevent him from testifying or to testify falsely or evasively, because on or account of his testimony. d. He is not a law enforcement officer, even if he would be testifying other law enforcement officer. In such a case, only the immediate members of his family may avail themselves of he protection provided under this Act. Title IV: Section 3 – Confidentiality of Proceedings All proceedings involving application for admission into the program and the action taken thereon shall be confidential in nature. No information or documents given or submitted in support thereof shall be release except upon written order of the Secretary of Justice or the proper court. End of Presentation!