AP Biology Semester Test Review PDF

**Semester Test Review- AP Biology** [Unit 1] 1. Explain how hydrogen bonds form (explanation must include polar covalent bonds) 2. Define/provide examples of the following properties of water: a. Cohesion b. Adhesion c. Capillary action d. High specific heat e....

**Semester Test Review- AP Biology** [Unit 1] 1. Explain how hydrogen bonds form (explanation must include polar covalent bonds) 2. Define/provide examples of the following properties of water: a. Cohesion b. Adhesion c. Capillary action d. High specific heat e. Less dense as a solid f. Universal solvent 3. Include an image of the following functional groups: g. Hydroxyl h. Carbonyl i. Carboxyl j. Amino k. Phosphate 4. Explain the difference between a dehydration and hydrolysis reactions (be able to recognize an image of each) 5. [ ] **Type of Macromolecule** **Monomer** **Polymer examples** **Elements that make up each** --------------------------- ------------- ---------------------- -------------------------------- Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic Acids 6. How does saturation affect fatty acid structure/function? 7. What determines the primary structure of a protein? 8. Would the function of a protein change if the amino acid sequence changed? Why or why not? 9. What interactions occur in the: l. Secondary structure m. Tertiary structure n. Quaternary structure 10. What three components make up a nucleotide? 11. List the 5 possible nitrogen bases 12. What is the difference in how A bonds to T versus C to G? 13. Compare and contrast DNA and RNA. 2 comparisons and 4 contrasts [Unit 2] 1. Identify the main differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. 2. Trace the path of a protein, from production to final product 3. Identify the function of the following organelles: a. Ribosome b. Rough ER c. Smooth ER d. Golgi e. Lysosome f. Vacuole g. Mitochondria h. Chloroplasts 4. Why would an organelle have a highly folded inner membrane (chloroplasts and mitochondria) 5. What happens to the surface area to volume ratio as a cell grows? 6. Do you want a large or small surface area to volume ratio? Why? 7. What adaptations do cells have to increase their ratio? 8. Calculate the surface area to volume ratio of the following: i. A spherical cell with a radius of 5 μm j. A cuboidal cell with a side length of 7 μm 9. Identify each letter in the image below (not H-I): Membrane diagram labeled 10. What molecule embeds itself within the membrane and affects fluidity? How does it affect fluidity? 11. What type of molecules are able to pass through the membrane and why? 12. Identify the molecules as polar or nonpolar: k. Carbon dioxide l. Ions m. Oxygen n. Water o. Glucose 13. What are the main differences between passive and active transport 14. Is facilitated diffusion a type of active or passive transport? 15. What molecule is necessary for active transport? 16. Define the following and explain what would happen to a cell placed in those solutions: p. Hypertonic q. Isotonic r. Hypotonic 17. If the concentration of NaCl inside a plant cell is 0.45M, which way will water diffuse if the cell is placed in a 0.25M NaCl solution? 18. The concentration of an NaCl solution is 0.5 M. This solution is in a beaker sitting on your desk in the open air. Calculate the solute potential at 22°C. 19. The molar concentration of a sugar solution is 0.2M. This beaker is sitting on your desk in the open air. Calculate the water potential at 27°C. 20. Describe the endosymbiotic theory in your own words 21. What evidence is there that supports the endosymbiotic theory? [Unit 3] 1. Which of the four classes of macromolecules do enzymes belong? 2. Define: a. Active site b. Substrate c. Allosteric site 3. How are enzymes able to "speed up" chemical reactions 4. Does the rate of an enzyme catalyzed reaction increase exponentially if the substrate concentration increases? Why or why not? 5. Explain how temperature can increase, decrease, and stop an enzyme's function 6. How does competitive inhibition differ from noncompetitive inhibition? 7. What is the difference between autotrophs and heterotrophs? 8. Where do light dependent and light independent (Calvin cycle) reactions take place? 9. What is two molecules are produced during the light dependent reactions? 10. Where is chlorophyll located? 11. How are electrons lost from photosystems replaced? What is released in the process? 12. How is the hydrogen gradient established in the light dependent reactions and what is the gradient used to do? 13. How are the products of the light dependent reactions used in the Calvin cycle? 14. What gas from outside the plant must enter from the stomata to start the Calvin cycle? 15. Why does photorespiration occur? 16. Fill out the chart below for aerobic cellular respiration: **Stage** **Site** **ATPs gained** **Beginning reactants** **End products** ------------------------------ ---------- ----------------- ------------------------- ------------------ **Glycolysis** **Intermediate step** **Kreb's cycle** **Electron transport chain** 17. What is the role of oxygen in the electron transport chain? 18. Why does fermentation occur? 19. Do plants go through cellular respiration? [Unit 4] 1. Define and provide examples of each: a. Direct contact b. Local signaling c. Long-distance signaling 2. Summarize the following stages of cell signaling: d. Reception e. Transduction f. Response 3. What type of receptors would be located outside the cell and what would be inside? 4. What do second messengers do and what is the most common example? 5. What is the difference between protein kinases and protein phosphatases in the cell? 6. What responses can a cell have to a signal? 7. What does it mean if a gene is turned off vs on? 8. What is the difference between positive and negative feedback? Provide examples of each 9. Identify A-D in the image below 10. How many chromosomes do humans have? How many from mom and how many from dad? 11. List the stages of the cell cycle in order and the major events that occur in each stage 12. What is the end result of mitosis? 13. What happens if a cell does not pass the G1 checkpoint? 14. What happens if a cell does not pass the G2 checkpoint? 15. What happens to levels of CDKs and cyclins during the cell cycle? 16. What happens when a cyclin binds to a CDK? [Unit 5] 1. Compare and contrast meiosis and mitosis. 3 similarities and 4 contrasts 2. What is the difference between somatic cells and gametes? 3. If meiosis halves the number of chromosomes in gametes, then how do the cells return to normal chromosome number? 4. If an egg cell has 20 chromosomes, then how many chromosomes would the somatic cells have? 5. If an organism is 2n=24 what is their haploid number? 6. Explain the key events that happen during each stage of meiosis (only those that differ from mitosis) 7. What are 3 ways meiosis can contribute to genetic variation 8. How are the offspring produced in asexual reproduction different than those in sexual reproduction?