Human Anatomy and Physiology Eleventh Edition PDF

Human Anatomy and Physiology Eleventh Edition Chapter 01 Part B The Human Body: An Orientation PowerPoint® Lectures...

Human Anatomy and Physiology Eleventh Edition Chapter 01 Part B The Human Body: An Orientation PowerPoint® Lectures Slides prepared by Karen Dunbar Kareiva, Ivy Tech Community College Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved 1.5 Anatomical Terms Anatomical Position and Directional Terms Standard anatomical position – Body erect, feet slightly apart, palms facing forward with thumbs pointing away from body Directional terms describe one body structure in relation to another body structure – Direction is always based on standard anatomical position – Right and left refer to the body being viewed, not right and left of observer Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Table 1.1-1 Orientation and Directional Terms Table 1.1-1 Orientation and Directional Terms Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Table 1.1-2 Orientation and Directional Terms Table 1.1-2 Orientation and Directional Terms Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Table 1.1-3 Orientation and Directional Terms Table 1.1-3 Orientation and Directional Terms Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Regional Terms Two major divisions of body – Axial  Head, neck, and trunk – Appendicular  Limbs (legs and arms) Regional terms designate specific areas within body divisions Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Figure 1.8a Regional Terms Used to Designate Specific Body Areas Figure 1.8a Regional terms used to designate specific body areas. Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Figure 1.8b Regional Terms Used to Designate Specific Body Areas Figure 1.8b Regional terms used to designate specific body areas. Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Body Planes and Sections (1 of 3) Body planes – Surfaces along which body or structures may be cut for anatomical study – Three most common planes:  Sagittal plane  Frontal (coronal) plane  Transverse (horizontal) plane Sections – Cuts or sections made along a body plane  Named after plane, so a sagittal cut results in a sagittal section Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Body Planes and Sections (2 of 3) Sagittal plane – Divides body vertically into right and left parts – Produces a sagittal section if cut along this plane – Midsagittal (median) plane  Cut was made perfectly on midline – Parasagittal plane  Cut was off-centered, not on midline Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Body Planes and Sections (3 of 3) Frontal (coronal) plane – Divides body vertically into anterior and posterior parts (front and back) – Produces a frontal or coronal section Transverse (horizontal) plane – Divides body horizontally (90° to vertical plane) into superior and inferior parts (top and bottom) – Produces a cross section Oblique section – Result of cuts at angle other than 90° to vertical plane Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Figure 1.9 Planes of the Body with Corresponding Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) Scans Figure 1.9 Planes of the body with corresponding magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans. Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Figure 1.9a Planes of the Body with Corresponding Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) Scans Figure 1.9a Planes of the body with corresponding magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans. Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Figure 1.9b Planes of the Body with Corresponding Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) Scans Figure 1.9b Planes of the body with corresponding magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans. Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Figure 1.9c Planes of the Body with Corresponding Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) Scans Figure 1.9c Planes of the body with corresponding magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans. Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved 1.6 Body Cavities and Membranes Body contains internal cavities that are closed to environment Cavities provide different degrees of protection to organs within them Two sets of cavities – Dorsal body cavity – Ventral body cavity Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Dorsal Body Cavity Protects fragile nervous system Two subdivisions – Cranial cavity  Encases brain – Vertebral cavity  Encases spinal cord Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Figure 1.10 Dorsal and Ventral Body Cavities and Their Subdivisions Figure 1.10 Dorsal and ventral body cavities and their subdivisions. Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Ventral Body Cavity (1 of 7) Houses the internal organs (collectively called viscera) Two subdivisions, which are separated by the diaphragm – Thoracic cavity – Abdominopelvic cavity Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Ventral Body Cavity (2 of 7) Thoracic cavity – Two pleural cavities  Each cavity surrounds one lung – Mediastinum  Contains pericardial cavity  Surrounds other thoracic organs, such as esophagus, trachea, etc. – Pericardial cavity  Encloses heart Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Ventral Body Cavity (3 of 7) Abdominopelvic cavity – Abdominal cavity  Contains stomach, intestines, spleen, and liver – Pelvic cavity  Contains urinary bladder, reproductive organs, and rectum Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Clinical – Homeostatic Imbalance 1.1 Problems occur when structures stray into neighboring cavities Example: hiatal hernia - part of stomach protrudes through diaphragm into thoracic cavity – Can push stomach acid into esophagus causing irritation  Referred to as heartburn – Severe cases may require surgical repair Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Ventral Body Cavity (4 of 7) Membranes in ventral body cavity – Serosa (also called serous membrane)  Thin, double-layered membranes that cover surfaces in ventral body cavity – Parietal serosa lines internal body cavity walls – Visceral serosa covers internal organs (viscera)  Double layers are separated by slit-like cavity filled with serous fluid  Fluid secreted by both layers of membrane Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Ventral Body Cavity (5 of 7) Named for specific cavity and organs that they are associated with – Pericardium  Heart – Pleurae  Lungs – Peritoneum  Abdominopelvic cavity Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Figure 1.11 Serous Membrane Relationships Figure 1.11 Serous membrane relationships. Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Clinical – Homeostatic Imbalance 1.2 Serous membranes can become inflamed as a result of infection or other causes Normally smooth layers can become rough and even can stick together, resulting in excruciating pain Examples: pleurisy and peritonitis Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Ventral Body Cavity (6 of 7) Abdominopelvic quadrants and regions – Quadrants are divisions used primarily by medical personnel  Abdominopelvic region is sectioned into quarters – Right upper quadrant (RUQ) – Left upper quadrant (LUQ) – Right lower quadrant (RLQ) – Left lower quadrant (LLQ) Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Figure 1.12 The Four Abdominopelvic Quadrants Figure 1.12 The four abdominopelvic quadrants. Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Ventral Body Cavity (7 of 7) Abdominopelvic quadrants and regions (cont.) – Nine divisions called regions, resembling a tic-tac-toe grid, are used primarily by anatomists  Right hypochondriac region  Epigastric region  Left hypochondriac region  Right lumbar region  Umbilical region  Left lumber region  Right Iliac (inguinal) region  Hypogastric region  Left iliac (inguinal) region Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Figure 1.13 The Nine Abdominopelvic Regions Figure 1.13 The nine abdominopelvic regions. Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Other Body Cavities In addition to the two main body cavities, the body has several smaller cavities that are exposed to environment – Oral and digestive cavities – Nasal cavity – Orbital cavities – Middle ear cavities Not exposed to environment – Synovial cavities: joint cavities Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Copyright Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved