Handout - Session 8 (1) PDF

PROPERTY OF TEACHER KIM REVIEW AND TUTORIAL CENTER Mendez, Cavite, Philippines Business permit no. 1607 series of 2024 SESSION 8: LITERATURE 1: MYTHOLOGY AND FOLKLOR...

PROPERTY OF TEACHER KIM REVIEW AND TUTORIAL CENTER Mendez, Cavite, Philippines Business permit no. 1607 series of 2024 SESSION 8: LITERATURE 1: MYTHOLOGY AND FOLKLORE Folk Literature- a body of stories, legends, myths, ballads, songs, riddles, sayings, and other works arising out of the oral traditions of the people around the world. Mythology- a collection of myths, especially one belonging to a particular religious or cultural tradition. Myth- a traditional or legendary story that usually concerns a being, hero, or event with or without a determinable basis of fact or national explanation, especially one the at is concerned with deities or demigods and explains some practice, rite, or phenomenon of nature Anthropomorphism- derived from Greek words meaning human and to have a definite shape and attributes a human form, human characteristics, or human behavior to nonhuman things Pattern of Flood Myths 1. Cause- Flood= human punishment 2. Size- covers the whole land 3. Survivors- few survivors (good people) 4. Signs- hope= rainbow, etc. Gilgamesh - Mesopotamian great hero and son of goddess Ninsun whose stories are told in Sumerian and Babylonian poems Epic of Gilgamesh (Sîn-lēqi-unninni) Theme: the meaning of life, identity and relationship, and mortality and immortality Bestfriend: ENKIDU Villain: HUMBABA ISHTAR --> goddess who liked Gilgamesh, sent a bull “Shall I die too? Am I not like Enkidu? Grief has entered my innermost being. I am afraid of death and so I roam open country”- Gilgamesh UTNAPISHTIM -> the one Gilgamesh consulted about immortality The Children of Lir - Celtic - Ireland Tuatha De Danann- tribe name Bodb Dearg vs Lir (Bodb won) Aebh- Bodb’s daughter, given to Lir for marriage Their kids who were turned to swan: Fionnuala, Aodh, Fiachra, Conn Aoife- turned them into swans, replaced Aebh Curse: 1st 300 years- Lake Derravaragh 2nd 300 years- Icy Sea of Moyle 3rd 300 years- Bay of Erris Mochua- holy man who baptized the swans when they turned back to humans NOTE: For personal use only. Unauthorized distribution will result to forfeiture of enrollment and discontinuance of handout release.  PROPERTY OF TEACHER KIM REVIEW AND TUTORIAL CENTER Mendez, Cavite, Philippines Business permit no. 1607 series of 2024 Mythological Creatures: Unicorn- a symbol of purity and grace, and could only be captured by a virgin (Celtic) Phoenix- mythical bird from ancient Egypt which is portrayed as a bird that dies in fire and is reborn of it Kitsune- creature from Japanese folklore that is known for its ability to shape-shift and often appears as a beautiful woman Tengu- a type of mischievous supernatural being, sometimes considered the reincarnated spirit of one who was proud and arrogant in life Tikbalang- a tall, bony creature resembling a humanoid horse Kapre- a mythical creature in Philippine folklore that is often described as a tall, dark, hairy, and muscular tree giant Aswang- a shape-shifter who could transform into a huge dog, a cat or a pig, and also likes to eat people Troll- lives in caves, turns to stone when exposed to sunlight Chimera- lion, goat, serpent, fire-breathing Fenrir- monstrous wolf of Norse mythology Hydra- 9-headed serpent Centaur- half human, half horse Gorgons- snake as hair, looking into their eyes can turn people to stone Oni- Japanese demon Cerberus- 3-headed dog, guardian of the underworld Minotaur- half human, half bull Jin- Arabian mythological character that can grant wishes Harpy- half human, half bird Griffin- eagle, lion Pegasus- winged horse Banshee- has a loud pitched scream, appears when a loved one is going to die Ghoul- lurks in the dark, scavenger Chupacabra- sucks animal blood Kappa- drags creatures into swamps Tell tales are stories about extraordinary characters compared to people in real life. They are usually funny and entertaining. (ex: Paul Bunyan, Bernardo Carpio, etc.) Paul Bunyan-character in American folklore who dug out the Grand Canyon The Carabao and the Shell (PH Folktale) A carabao and a shell engage in a battle of wits, with each trying to outsmart the other to prove their superiority. Marduk- (Enuma Elish), this Mesopotamian god leads the new gods in a battle against the old gods. After defeating the gods of chaos and gaining power of a supreme god, he creates the sky and the earth, as well as the first human beings The Monkey King (Journey to the West) Sun Wukong- monkey king Xuanzang- Buddhist monk monkey’s journey to retrieve the Buddhist scriptures = search for enlightenment NOTE: For personal use only. Unauthorized distribution will result to forfeiture of enrollment and discontinuance of handout release.  PROPERTY OF TEACHER KIM REVIEW AND TUTORIAL CENTER Mendez, Cavite, Philippines Business permit no. 1607 series of 2024 Egyptian Mythology Amun- wind god Anubis- jackal-headed Osiris- husband of Isis Set- killed Osiris, husband of Nephthys GREEK MYTHOLOGY Demeter and Persephone Hades- kidnapped Persephone “death” of the world in winter= the grief of Demeter for her lost daughter The myths of the Greeks reflect a view of the universe that acknowledges the mystery and beauty of humanity. Titans- group of twelve elder gods came before the Roman gods Titanomachy- is a victorious 10-year series of battles of the Olympian gods against the Titans in Thessaly Regions of the Underworld: Tartarus- black pit for the bad Erebus- dark region where the dead pass through Asphodel- numb the minds of the dead Elysium- paradise for the good The Olympians ZEUS -the chief -Lord of the Sky, rain-god, cloud-gatherer -wielded the thunderbolt POSEIDON -Lord/ruler of the sea -the Earth-shaker -always seen carrying his trident HADES -ruler of the underworld, -rule over the dead -God of Wealth -had a cap/helmet of invisibility DEMETER -Greek goddess of the harvest, grains, and agriculture -mother of Persephone HERA -protector of marriage -jealous goddess -symbolized by peacock ARES -God of War -a delight in battles, ruthless murderer, a coward HERMES-graceful and swift -wears winged sandals and wings on his crowned hat -has a magic wand called Caduceus -Zeus’ messenger -Master Thief Pallas ATHENA--daughter of Zeus alone -battle goddess -Goddess of the City -Zeus’ favorite child NOTE: For personal use only. Unauthorized distribution will result to forfeiture of enrollment and discontinuance of handout release.  PROPERTY OF TEACHER KIM REVIEW AND TUTORIAL CENTER Mendez, Cavite, Philippines Business permit no. 1607 series of 2024 Aphrodite-goddess of Love and Beauty -irresistible goddess Phoebus APOLLO- “most Greek of all the gods” -master musician who delights Olympus as he plays his golden lyre ARTEMIS-Apollo’s twin sister -Lady of Wild Things -Hunt-man-in-chief to the gods -also known as Phoebe (moon) and Selene (Luna in Latin) HESTIA-virgin goddess -goddess of Hearth -symbol of the home -every meal began and ended with an offering to her DIONYSIUS-youngest Olympian -god of wine and pleasure -only Olympian god with a mortal mother HEPHAESTUS-God of Fire -ugly and lame -workman of the immortals -armorer and smith -lameness of humans Prometheus- punished for stealing fire, forethought Epimetheus afterthought, husband of Pandora Io- turned into a Heifer Argus- god with many eyes NOTE: For personal use only. Unauthorized distribution will result to forfeiture of enrollment and discontinuance of handout release.  PROPERTY OF TEACHER KIM REVIEW AND TUTORIAL CENTER Mendez, Cavite, Philippines Business permit no. 1607 series of 2024 THE ILIAD Themes: love, honor, friendship, rivalry, free will, fate The Iliad and Odyssey are two ancient Greek epic poems attributed to Homer. Trojan War -a war waged against the city of Troy by armies of the Acheans King Peleus (of Aiakos) & Thetis (a sea nymph)- wedding held when the Apple of Discord was given Eris (“Discord”) was not invited. “Te Kallisti” (to the fairest): Hera (political power, control over Asia) vs Athena (battle skills) vs Aphrodite (most beautiful woman) PARIS-prophesied to be the downfall of Troy HELEN- “most beautiful woman on earth” -wife of Menelaus -daughter of Leda and Zeus Gods who sided with The Trojans: Aphrodite, Ares, Apollo, Artemis The Greeks: Hera, Poseidon, Hermes, Hephaestus, Athena ACHILLES-son of Peleus and Thetis - “would die of old age after an uneventful life or die young in battlefield” -River Styx -“Do you not see what a man I am, how huge, how splendid and born of a great father and mother who bore me immortal?” Patroclus- besfriend of Achilles who was murdered by Hector Hector- died in the end of Iliad THE ODYSSEY ODYSSEUS-a hero in the Trojan War who came up with the idea of the Trojan horse PENELOPE- Odysseus’ wife who patiently waited for him for 20 years. TELEMACHUS-Odysseus’ son -Odysseus mentioned that as soon as Telemachus grows his beard, Penelope would be free to marry whoever she chooses. ATHENA-Odysseus’ protector POSEIDON-The god who held grudges against Odysseus and caused his mishaps CIRCE-turned Odysseus’ crew members into animals CALYPSO-trapped Odysseus in her island and fell in love with him ITHACA- Odysseus’ homeland Trojan Horse- symbol of deceit and betrayal Thanatos- god of death in Greek myth. NOTE: For personal use only. Unauthorized distribution will result to forfeiture of enrollment and discontinuance of handout release.  PROPERTY OF TEACHER KIM REVIEW AND TUTORIAL CENTER Mendez, Cavite, Philippines Business permit no. 1607 series of 2024 Jason and the Golden Fleece King Pelias (Iolcos, Thessaly)- Jason’s uncle who stole the throne and set him on a quest to find the Golden Fleece Colchis- the place where Jason is to retrieve the Golden Fleece (reigned by King AEetes) Phineas- the one who gave a dove to Jason and his crew after they helped him deal with the harpies Medea- helped Jason with her father’s tasks Euripedes wrote Medea to criticize Greek behavior. Oedipus (Sophocles)- “the one with swollen feet” King Laius & Queen Jacosta- Oedipus’ parents Polybus and Merope- Royal couple from Corinth who became Oedipus’ adoptive parents Crossroad- symbolizes the important decision he made Oracle of Delphi- prophesized that Oedipus will marry his mother and kill his father Antigone (Sophocles) Eteocles & Polyneices- Oedipus’ sons who killed each other for the throne Creon- Jacosta’s brother who replaced Oedipus Antigone- attempted to bury her brother Polyneices against Creon’s order Ismene- did not agree with Antigone’s plan Sisyphus- king of Corinth who is condemned in the underworld by forever rolling a huge stone up a hill Daedalus and Icarus- the subjects in Mythic history portrayed in “Musee de Beaux Arts” 8 Brief Tales 1. Pyramus and Thisbe 2. Orpheus and Eurydice 3. Ceyx and Alcone 4. Pygmalion and Galatea 5. Baucis and Philemon 6. Endymion (and Selene) 7. Daphne (and Apollo) 8. Alpheus and Arethusa Arcadia- region that worships Pan Psyche enlightened Cupid’s face in the middle of the night. = sign of betrayal Norse Mythology: Yggdrasil- World Tree AEsir gods- battle gods (live in Asgard) Vanir Gods- magical gods Odin- Norse god is known as the “Raven god” Ravens: Huginn and Munin Thor- most popular god among the Scandinavians. He is portratyed as unrelentingly pursuing his foes with his mountain-crashing thunderous hammer called Mjolnir Valhalla- place where dead Norse heroes go to train for Ragnarok NOTE: For personal use only. Unauthorized distribution will result to forfeiture of enrollment and discontinuance of handout release.