Oral Communication In Context PDF

NOTRE DAME OF DADIANGAS UNIVERSITY Integrated Basic Education Department Senior High School General Santos City ORAL COM...

NOTRE DAME OF DADIANGAS UNIVERSITY Integrated Basic Education Department Senior High School General Santos City ORAL COMMUNICATION IN CONTEXT HANDOUT FOR FIRST MASTERY VERBAL AND NONVERBAL COMMUNICATION Definitions: Communication – came from the Latin word “communicare” which means to share or to be in relation with. Communication is a process of sharing and conveying messages or information from one person to another within and across channels, contexts, media, and cultures. The experience of communication — that is, the delivery, processing, and reciprocation of messages — distinguishes humans as the most intelligent beings on Earth. 1. Verbal Communication Verbal communication involves the use of language to express ideas. -Fernandez, 2016 It refers to an interaction in which words are used to relay a message. For effective and successful verbal communication, use words to express ideas which can be easily understood by the person you are talking to. -Sipacio, 2016 2. Nonverbal communication Nonverbal communication refers to an interaction where behavior is used to convey and represent meanings. All kinds of human responses that are not expressed in words are classified as nonverbal communication. -Sipacio, 2016 Five Types of Nonverbal communication Kinesics: the study of body language as a form of non-verbal communication. It includes the following: o Eye Contact- It signifies that you pay attention to the conversation. Page 1 of 14  NOTRE DAME OF DADIANGAS UNIVERSITY Integrated Basic Education Department Senior High School General Santos City ORAL COMMUNICATION IN CONTEXT o Facial Expression- You can always choose which expression you can show or hide. o Gesture- It refers to any purposive movement of fingers, arms, hands, head, or shoulders to emphasize or suggest something. o Posture- It conveys a message to your listener. Paralanguage: It refers to the non-verbal sounds accompanying oral language. These elements can help shape the meaning of the message or completely change it. For example, your vocal characteristics can easily emphasize or contradict the literal meanings of words. o Tone (vocal quality)- It is the distinct sound of one's voice. o Speed- It refers to the rate of speech or how fast you are talking. o Pitch- It includes the highness and lowness of voice. Raising or lowering the pitch may signify the speaker's emotions. o Volume-This refers to the loudness or softness of voice Haptics: It is the study of how touch is used to deliver a message. People differ in the way they perceive and use touch. Culture defines the meaning of human touch; it varies according to the age, sex, and status of the people interacting. Five Classifications of Touch o Functional/Professional Touch o Social/Polite Touch o Friendly/Warm Touch o Love/Intimate Touch o Sexual Touch Proxemics: This refers to the way people use space to convey meaning. o Permanent Structures- refers to immovable places in which we live or work in. o Movable Objects- The type of objects and their arrangement in a room depend on the intended messages. o Informal Space- It is a person's invisible comfort zone, an intimate space around him/her at any given time. Coming close to a person's informal space may indicate closeness and comfort, while detachment on the contrary. Page 2 of 14  NOTRE DAME OF DADIANGAS UNIVERSITY Integrated Basic Education Department Senior High School General Santos City ORAL COMMUNICATION IN CONTEXT Personal Appearance: Appearance depends on his/her age , gender, race, educational attainment, and profession. o Clothes- The type of occasion or context often sugggests what a person should wear, but even when the dress code is retsricted, a person's personality is still evident. o Hairstyles- It gives off a message. o Accessories- Such as piercings, jewelry, and the like tell something about status. o Tattoos- Some cultures use tattoos as a way of distinguishing ranks and showcasing their cultural heritage. Page 3 of 14  NOTRE DAME OF DADIANGAS UNIVERSITY Integrated Basic Education Department Senior High School General Santos City ORAL COMMUNICATION IN CONTEXT THE NATURE AND PROCESS OF COMMUNICATION Nature of Communication 1. Communication is a process. 2. Communication is systematic. 3. Communication is symbolic. 4. Communication involves meaning. 5. Communication is dynamic. The Process of Communication 1. Sender- The initiator of the communication process. The sender delivers or transmits ideas to the receiver. This means that the sender first develops an idea to be transmitted to another party. 2. Message- The idea encoded by the sender. The message entails both the content (or the ideas) that the speaker wishes to transmit and the formulation or structure of the ideas. 3. Medium- The verbal way through which the message is delivered. The medium may be oral, written, or non-verbal. Medium is also called channel. Page 4 of 14  NOTRE DAME OF DADIANGAS UNIVERSITY Integrated Basic Education Department Senior High School General Santos City ORAL COMMUNICATION IN CONTEXT 4. Receiver- The one who decodes or interprets the message transmitted by the sender. 5. Feedback- It is the response to the message. The feedback confirms if the message has been correctly interpreted. By extension, feedback validates if the communication process has been effective because by the use of feedback, the sender can check whether the message he/she delivered has been correctly interpreted by the receiver. 6. Encoding- It is the process of converting the message into words, actions, or other forms that the speaker understands. 7. Decoding- Decoding is the process of interpreting the encoded message of the speaker by the receiver. 8. Context- It is the environment where communication takes place. It is also called as setting. 9. Barrier- It is the factor that affects the flow of communication. Noise can be physical or psychological such as loud sounds, distracting sights, or unusual behavior like when the speaker keeps on picking her nose or staring at the ceiling. Page 5 of 14  NOTRE DAME OF DADIANGAS UNIVERSITY Integrated Basic Education Department Senior High School General Santos City ORAL COMMUNICATION IN CONTEXT MODELS OF COMMUNICATION Model- a description or analogy used to help visualize something (such as an atom) that cannot be directly observed. 1. Aristotle’s Speaker-Centered Model It is a speaker centered model as the speaker has the most important role in it and is the only one active. It is the speaker’s role to deliver a speech to the audience. The role of the audience is passive, influenced by the speech. This makes the communication process one way, from speaker to receiver. Page 6 of 14  NOTRE DAME OF DADIANGAS UNIVERSITY Integrated Basic Education Department Senior High School General Santos City ORAL COMMUNICATION IN CONTEXT This is considered the first model of communication and was proposed before 300 B.C. It is also the most widely accepted among all communication models. 2. Schramm’s Communication Model In 1954, Wilbur Schramm, an American scholar, proposed that encoding or the act of transforming a message into a verbal or nonverbal medium, and decoding the act of interpreting the message, are simultaneously done by both the speaker and the listener. Adler & Rodman (2011) proposed linear model, interactive model, and transactional model that presents simpler structure and provides a meaningful understanding to communication. 3. Linear Model The linear communication model illustrates communication as a one-way activity where message or information flows from the speaker to the listener. This means that the transmission of message starts from an active sender and ends with the passive receiver. Page 7 of 14  NOTRE DAME OF DADIANGAS UNIVERSITY Integrated Basic Education Department Senior High School General Santos City ORAL COMMUNICATION IN CONTEXT 4. The Interactive Communication Model The interactive communication model shows a two-way exchange which features the element of feedback. The sender composes and delivers a message to a receiver, who in return composes and delivers a response. Interactions which require both parties to respond, such as a job interview or telephone conversation, exemplify this communication model. 5. Transactional Communication Model The transactional communication model uses the term participants to refer to the sender and receiver. It also includes additional elements of noise and environment. Noise indicates the possibility of unsuccessful communication. Page 8 of 14  NOTRE DAME OF DADIANGAS UNIVERSITY Integrated Basic Education Department Senior High School General Santos City ORAL COMMUNICATION IN CONTEXT Environment refers not only to the physical, social, psychological, cultural, and historical contexts, but also the personal history and schema which every participants brings to the interaction. The Schema is the participant’s knowledge of the world or his/her accumulated experiences. It affects the way a participant interprets information. 6. Source-Message-Channel-Receiver (SMCR) Model This model is proposed by David Berlo (1960). It suggests five elements in the communication process, namely, the sender or the source of the message; the channel which is the medium through which the idea is sent; the receiver, who gets the message; and the feedback, or the response of the receiver. The figure shows how the elements interact with each other. If one of these is not properly functioning, it can affect the whole process and can eventually lead to a failure of communication. Other rhetoricians and communication specialists such as Bitzer, Westley, and Bateson also came up with their own communication models, however, their work are quite complicated and difficult to comprehend. Page 9 of 14  NOTRE DAME OF DADIANGAS UNIVERSITY Integrated Basic Education Department Senior High School General Santos City ORAL COMMUNICATION IN CONTEXT BARRIERS TO COMMUNICATION Effective communication requires messages to be conveyed clearly between communicators, but along the way there are many communication barriers that can create misunderstandings and misinterpretations of your message. The fact that we always send and receive multiple messages when we communicate with others, we need to be aware of the explicit and implicit messages we send to others, especially that many of our messages are spontaneous expressions spoken without much thought. What is a communication barrier? Communication barriers are any factors that prevent us from effectively exchanging and understanding messages. They can be gender, physical, cultural, linguistic, emotional, and perceptual. Why should we care? Opportunities Communication barriers can lead to missed opportunities. If you don’t understand what someone is trying to say, then you might miss out on valuable information or advice. Miscommunication Communication barriers can lead to misunderstandings and conflict. If you don’t take the time to understand someone’s point of view or if you don’t communicate clearly, then it can lead to disagreements and hurt feelings. Conflicts Communication barriers can create negative impacts on relationships, both personal and professional. This can lead to strained relationships and can even cause conflicts. Page 10 of 14  NOTRE DAME OF DADIANGAS UNIVERSITY Integrated Basic Education Department Senior High School General Santos City ORAL COMMUNICATION IN CONTEXT TYPES OF BARRIERS IN EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATION 1. Language Barrier- When you use words or a language that are alien or unknown to the receiver, it will certainly stop your message from being conveyed. Buzzwords and other jargon are a turn-off to the other person. A buzzword is a word or phrase that has little meaning but becomes popular during a specific time. Philippines has between 120 and 175 languages, with 2 national and 12 auxiliary languages. 2. Physical Barrier- Physical environmental barriers refer to any physical limitation that can interfere with the communication process. Examples include noise, poor lighting, distance between speakers, and physical obstructions between speakers. Other physical environmental barriers include technology issues, such as poor signal reception on mobile phones, or a lack of access to technology, such as the internet or computers. 3. Emotional Barrier- An emotional barrier in communication is a psychological barrier that prevents people from fully expressing their emotions or feelings to one another. This can be due to a lack of trust, fear of vulnerability, or difficulty in understanding the other person's point of view. This can occur if one is consumed with emotion. A heated argument may cause an inability to understand another person. 4. Perceptual Barrier- Different word views can create misunderstanding. Without Page 11 of 14  NOTRE DAME OF DADIANGAS UNIVERSITY Integrated Basic Education Department Senior High School General Santos City ORAL COMMUNICATION IN CONTEXT reflection or assessment, one might only view a message from their mindset rather than looking to see it from another person’s point of view. 5. Cultural Barrier- Ethnic, religious and social differences can often create misunderstandings. These differences can also affect perceptual factors. Culture may be defined as systems of knowledge shared by a relatively large group of people. Cultural barriers can also lead to cultural clashes, which are disagreements or conflicts caused by differences in beliefs and values. 6. Gender Barrier- Males and females have diff. styles of communication. While women generally, emphasize politeness, empathy, and rapport building, male communication is often more direct. You must be able to find a balance in the use of appropriate terms for women and even for those differently-oriented males/females or homosexuals. Gender sensitivity is recognizing the person even before you begin a Conversation. Page 12 of 14  NOTRE DAME OF DADIANGAS UNIVERSITY Integrated Basic Education Department Senior High School General Santos City ORAL COMMUNICATION IN CONTEXT 7CS IN EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATION In their pioneer book Effective Public Relations, Professors Broom, Cutlip, and Center (2012) list the 7 Cs of Effective Communication. This list is widely used today, especially in public relations and advertising. 1. COMPLETENESS Complete communication is essential to the quality of the communication process in general. Hence, communication should include everything that the receiver needs to hear for him/her to respond, react, or evaluate properly. 2. CONCISENESS Conciseness does not mean keeping the message short but making it direct or straight to the point. Insignificant or redundant information should be eliminated from the communication that will be sent to the recipient. 3. CONSIDERATION To be effective, the speaker should always consider relevant information about his/her receiver such as mood, background, race, preference, education, status, and needs, among others. By doing so, he/she can easily build rapport with the audience. 4. CONCRETENESS Effective communication happens when the message is concrete and supported by facts, figures, and real-life examples and situations. In this case, the receiver is more connected to the message conveyed. 5. COURTESY The speaker shows courtesy in communication by respecting the culture, values, and beliefs of his/her receivers. Being courteous at all times creates a positive impact on the audience. Page 13 of 14  NOTRE DAME OF DADIANGAS UNIVERSITY Integrated Basic Education Department Senior High School General Santos City ORAL COMMUNICATION IN CONTEXT 6. CLEARNESS Clearness in communication implies the use of simple and specific words to express ideas. It is also achieved when the speaker focuses only on a single objective in his/her speech so as not to confuse the audience. 7. CORRECTNESS Correctness in grammar eliminates negative impact on the audience and increases the credibility and effectiveness of the message. Page 14 of 14