HIST_1.pdf

LEARNING OUTCOMES 1. Identify milestones in the history of computers 2. Discuss most notable changes in the evolution of computers Abacus 2400 BC Calculating tool Supports Multiplication, Addition, Subtraction, Division, Square Root By HB - Own work, Public Domain, https://commons.wiki...

LEARNING OUTCOMES 1. Identify milestones in the history of computers 2. Discuss most notable changes in the evolution of computers Abacus 2400 BC Calculating tool Supports Multiplication, Addition, Subtraction, Division, Square Root By HB - Own work, Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=88434 https://history-computer.com/MechanicalCalculators/Pioneers/Pascal.html Pascaline, 17th Century Initially called arithmetic machine, Pascal’s calculator. It was primarily an adding machine which could add and subtract numbers. Blaise Pascal 1623-1662 a French mathematician, physicist, inventor, writer and a Christian philosopher http://totallyhistory.com/blaise-pascal/ https://www.computerhistory.org/revolution/calculators/1/49 Leibniz Calculator 17th Century Can perform addition, subtraction, division, multiplication Actually named Stepped Reckoner https://www.computerhistory.org/revolution/calculators/1/49 Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz 1646-1716 Prominent German polymath and one of the most important logicians, mathematicians and natural philosophers of the Enlightenment. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gottfried_Wilhelm_Leibniz https://history-computer.com/Babbage/AnalyticalEngine.html Analytical Engine, 18 Century th Analytical engine contained many similar elements to modern digital computers. For example, Babbage's engines 'punched card' control; fast multiplier/divider; a range of peripherals; even array processing'. The Science Museum (where lots of Charles Babbage Inventions are located) assembled Babbage's Calculating Engine number 2 according to his original designs in 1991. Punched Card A 12-row/80-column IBM punched card from the mid-twentieth century *wikipedia.org Charles Babbage 1791 – 1871 English mathematician, philosopher, inventor and mechanical engineer, who is best remembered now for originating the concept of a programmable computer; Father of Computer. Lady Ada Lovelace 1815 – 1852 English mathematician, first computer programmer; known for her work on the Analytical Engine  Tabulating Machine Counting machine used in the 1890 US census. It used punched cards to represent an individual’s census data https://web.archive.org/web/20090719073019/https://www.census.gov/history/www/technology/010873.html Herman Hollerith 1860 – 1929 American businessman, inventor, and statistician who developed an electromechanical tabulating machine Alan Turing 1912 - 1954 English mathematician, computer scientist, cryptanalyst, philosopher, and theoretical biologist https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Turing  In 1936, Alan Turing wrote a paper, “On Computable Numbers, with an application to the Entscheidungsproblem,” which paved the way for the invention of the Turing Machine. The Turing Machine is an abstract computing machine that encapsulates the fundamental logical principles of the digital computer. In 1942, Turing also devised the first systematic method for breaking messages encrypted by the sophisticated German cipher machine Turing was a founding father of artificial intelligence and of modern cognitive science, and he was a leading early exponent of the hypothesis that the human brain is in large part a digital computing machine. https://www.britannica.com/biography/Alan-Turing Alan Turing is considered to be the father of the modern computer and was credited by Winston Churchill for making “the single biggest contribution to the allied victory” in World War II “Alan Turing was an outstanding mathematician whose work has had an enormous impact on how we live today,” Mr. Carney (Bank of England governor) said. “As the father of computer science and artificial intelligence, as well as war hero Turing played a pivotal role in the development of early computers with his work cracking the Enigma code, and he laid the foundations for artificial intelligence. “ Despite his enormous achievements, he faced persecution during his life because he was gay. In 2009, then prime minister Gordon Brown made an official apology for the “appalling way” Turing was treated, and in 2013 he was granted a posthumous pardon by the Queen. In 2016 the government unveiled an “Alan Turing law” that posthumously pardoned thousands of gay and bisexual men convicted under outdated gross indecency laws. The law effectively acted as an apology to those convicted for consensual same-sex relationships before homosexuality was decriminalised in England and Wales in 1967 Konrad Zuse 1910 - 1995 German civil engineer, inventor and computer pioneer; Created Z1-Z4 Konrad Zuse faced a serious problem, while studying the construction of buildings and roads. This type of construction was very hard to be done by means of mechanical calculator of his time. Z1 – Z4 1936 - 1943 Checkpoint 1: 1. Give 3 earliest computing devices 2. Give the computing machine associated with the maker 2.1 Charles Babbage 2.2 Konrad Zuse 2.3 Herman Hollerith Harvard Mark 1 1937 Harvard Mark 1 1937 Harvard Mark-1 is completed. Conceived by Harvard professor Howard Aiken, and designed and built by IBM, the Harvard Mark-1 was a room-sized, relay-based calculator. The Mark-1 was used to produce mathematical tables but was soon superseded by stored program computers.  HP 200A Audio Oscillator 1939 Hewlett-Packard is founded. David Packard and Bill Hewlett found Hewlett- Packard in a Palo Alto, California garage. Their first product was the HP 200A Audio Oscillator, which rapidly became a popular piece of test equipment for engineers. Walt Disney Pictures ordered eight of the 200B model to use as sound effects generators for the 1940 movie “Fantasia.”