BBN-ANG-141 Foundations of Phonology Past Paper PDF

BBN–ANG–141 Foundations of phonology 12. The shape of things to come Péter Szigetvári Dept of English Linguistics, Eötvös Loránd University szp (delg) fop 12: the future 1 / 13 outline language change current changes in BrE TH-fronting palatalization the anticlockwise vowel shift GOOSE- and GOAT-fronting L-“vocalization” splits GOOSE and GOAT glide fronting changes in the vowel inventory sample exam questions szp (delg) fop 12: the future 2 / 13 language change language change ◮ linguistic systems constantly change ◮ linguistic systems do not change uniformly ◮ some speakers adopt a new form, others do not ◮ some words under the scope of the change are altered, others are not ◮ to predict the directions of change we must examine how younger speakers speak szp (delg) fop 12: the future 3 / 13 language change Standard British English ◮ the standard of the mid 20th century: RP (Received Pronunciation, also known earlier as Public School English) ◮ RP is today considered outdated, old-fashioned, posh, funny ◮ Estuary English ≈ Cockneyfied RP (Cockney ≈ London English) ◮ proposals for the name of today’s standard ◮ General British (GB) ◮ Current British English (CUBE) ◮ Standard British English (SBE) ◮ Standard Southern British English (SSBE) szp (delg) fop 12: the future 4 / 13 current changes in BrE TH-fronting TH-fronting T > f and D > d or v szp (delg) fop 12: the future 5 / 13 current changes in BrE TH-fronting TH-fronting T > f and D > d or v ◮ T > f: think fiNk, path pa:f, month m@nf, through fruw, south sawf, theory fi:rij, pathetic p@fetik, faithful fejff@l; probability increases with frequency: thirty three T@:tij frij szp (delg) fop 12: the future 5 / 13 current changes in BrE TH-fronting TH-fronting T > f and D > d or v ◮ T > f: think fiNk, path pa:f, month m@nf, through fruw, south sawf, theory fi:rij, pathetic p@fetik, faithful fejff@l; probability increases with frequency: thirty three T@:tij frij ◮ D > v after a vowel or glide: mother m´@v@, bathe bejv, without wiváwt szp (delg) fop 12: the future 5 / 13 current changes in BrE TH-fronting TH-fronting T > f and D > d or v ◮ T > f: think fiNk, path pa:f, month m@nf, through fruw, south sawf, theory fi:rij, pathetic p@fetik, faithful fejff@l; probability increases with frequency: thirty three T@:tij frij ◮ D > v after a vowel or glide: mother m´@v@, bathe bejv, without wiváwt ◮ D > d elsewhere: then den, the cat d@ kát, although o:ld´@w szp (delg) fop 12: the future 5 / 13 current changes in BrE TH-fronting TH-fronting T > f and D > d or v ◮ T > f: think fiNk, path pa:f, month m@nf, through fruw, south sawf, theory fi:rij, pathetic p@fetik, faithful fejff@l; probability increases with frequency: thirty three T@:tij frij ◮ D > v after a vowel or glide: mother m´@v@, bathe bejv, without wiváwt ◮ D > d elsewhere: then den, the cat d@ kát, although o:ld´@w mergers hearth=half, Ruth=roof, thallic=phallic, thawed=ford, thin=fin, third=furred, thorn=faun, thought=fort/fought, three=free, throws=froze; clothe=clove, lather=larva, nether=never, oaths=oaves, then=den, thence=dense, there=dare, they=day, etc szp (delg) fop 12: the future 5 / 13 current changes in BrE palatalization palatalization: tj > tS, dj > dZ, sj > S, zj > Z historical: before j + unstressed vowel nature néjtS@, question kwéstS@n; procedure pr@sı́jdZ@, soldier s´@wldZ@; pressure préS@, confession k@nféS@n; seizure sı́jZ@, fusion fjúwZ@n (exceptionally before stressed vowel: mature m@tSú:, sure Sú:) szp (delg) fop 12: the future 6 / 13 current changes in BrE palatalization palatalization: tj > tS, dj > dZ, sj > S, zj > Z historical: before j + unstressed vowel nature néjtS@, question kwéstS@n; procedure pr@sı́jdZ@, soldier s´@wldZ@; pressure préS@, confession k@nféS@n; seizure sı́jZ@, fusion fjúwZ@n (exceptionally before stressed vowel: mature m@tSú:, sure Sú:) extension 1: before stressed vowel Tuesday tSúwzdej, dune dZúwn (=June), assume @Súwm, presume priZúwm (the fricatives s z do not palatalize word initially: suit sjúwt/súwt, *Súwt) szp (delg) fop 12: the future 6 / 13 current changes in BrE palatalization palatalization: tj > tS, dj > dZ, sj > S, zj > Z historical: before j + unstressed vowel nature néjtS@, question kwéstS@n; procedure pr@sı́jdZ@, soldier s´@wldZ@; pressure préS@, confession k@nféS@n; seizure sı́jZ@, fusion fjúwZ@n (exceptionally before stressed vowel: mature m@tSú:, sure Sú:) extension 1: before stressed vowel Tuesday tSúwzdej, dune dZúwn (=June), assume @Súwm, presume priZúwm (the fricatives s z do not palatalize word initially: suit sjúwt/súwt, *Súwt) extension 2: before any palatal consonant trap tSráp, draw dZro:, question kwéStS@n, disregard dı́Srigá:d, Israel ı́Zrejl szp (delg) fop 12: the future 6 / 13 current changes in BrE palatalization palatalization: tj > tS, dj > dZ, sj > S, zj > Z historical: before j + unstressed vowel nature néjtS@, question kwéstS@n; procedure pr@sı́jdZ@, soldier s´@wldZ@; pressure préS@, confession k@nféS@n; seizure sı́jZ@, fusion fjúwZ@n (exceptionally before stressed vowel: mature m@tSú:, sure Sú:) extension 1: before stressed vowel Tuesday tSúwzdej, dune dZúwn (=June), assume @Súwm, presume priZúwm (the fricatives s z do not palatalize word initially: suit sjúwt/súwt, *Súwt) extension 2: before any palatal consonant trap tSráp, draw dZro:, question kwéStS@n, disregard dı́Srigá:d, Israel ı́Zrejl in multiple steps stupid stjúwpid > stSúwpid > StSúwpid, strong stróN > stSróN > StSróN szp (delg) fop 12: the future 6 / 13 current changes in BrE the anticlockwise vowel shift the anticlockwise vowel shift (this section uses narrow/precise vowel symbols) 0 RP = Gimson CUBE = Lindsey U e E e o æ a aI Aj E O 6 O æ O: o: a A,6 U 0 szp (delg) fop 12: the future 7 / 13 current changes in BrE GOOSE- and GOAT-fronting GOOSE- and GOAT-fronting GOOSE uw > 0w szp (delg) fop 12: the future 8 / 13 current changes in BrE GOOSE- and GOAT-fronting GOOSE- and GOAT-fronting GOOSE uw > 0w ◮ too t0w, fuse fj0wz, Hewlett hj0wl@t, hooligan h0wlig@n szp (delg) fop 12: the future 8 / 13 current changes in BrE GOOSE- and GOAT-fronting GOOSE- and GOAT-fronting GOOSE uw > 0w ◮ too t0w, fuse fj0wz, Hewlett hj0wl@t, hooligan h0wlig@n ◮ but not before word-final/preconsonantal [l]: rule ruwl, school skuwl, Gould guwld szp (delg) fop 12: the future 8 / 13 current changes in BrE GOOSE- and GOAT-fronting GOOSE- and GOAT-fronting GOOSE uw > 0w ◮ too t0w, fuse fj0wz, Hewlett hj0wl@t, hooligan h0wlig@n ◮ but not before word-final/preconsonantal [l]: rule ruwl, school skuwl, Gould guwld GOAT ow > @w szp (delg) fop 12: the future 8 / 13 current changes in BrE GOOSE- and GOAT-fronting GOOSE- and GOAT-fronting GOOSE uw > 0w ◮ too t0w, fuse fj0wz, Hewlett hj0wl@t, hooligan h0wlig@n ◮ but not before word-final/preconsonantal [l]: rule ruwl, school skuwl, Gould guwld GOAT ow > @w ◮ go g@w, goat g@wt, Cola k@wl@, holy h@wlIj szp (delg) fop 12: the future 8 / 13 current changes in BrE GOOSE- and GOAT-fronting GOOSE- and GOAT-fronting GOOSE uw > 0w ◮ too t0w, fuse fj0wz, Hewlett hj0wl@t, hooligan h0wlig@n ◮ but not before word-final/preconsonantal [l]: rule ruwl, school skuwl, Gould guwld GOAT ow > @w ◮ go g@w, goat g@wt, Cola k@wl@, holy h@wlIj ◮ but not before word-final/preconsonantal [l]: goal gowl, pole powl, gold gowld szp (delg) fop 12: the future 8 / 13 current changes in BrE GOOSE- and GOAT-fronting GOOSE- and GOAT-fronting GOOSE uw > 0w ◮ too t0w, fuse fj0wz, Hewlett hj0wl@t, hooligan h0wlig@n ◮ but not before word-final/preconsonantal [l]: rule ruwl, school skuwl, Gould guwld GOAT ow > @w ◮ go g@w, goat g@wt, Cola k@wl@, holy h@wlIj ◮ but not before word-final/preconsonantal [l]: goal gowl, pole powl, gold gowld the result: two allophones for these two vowels szp (delg) fop 12: the future 8 / 13 current changes in BrE GOOSE- and GOAT-fronting GOOSE- and GOAT-fronting GOOSE uw > 0w ◮ too t0w, fuse fj0wz, Hewlett hj0wl@t, hooligan h0wlig@n ◮ but not before word-final/preconsonantal [l]: rule ruwl, school skuwl, Gould guwld GOAT ow > @w ◮ go g@w, goat g@wt, Cola k@wl@, holy h@wlIj ◮ but not before word-final/preconsonantal [l]: goal gowl, pole powl, gold gowld the result: two allophones for these two vowels ◮ GOOSE: uw before nonprevocalic l (fool) and 0w elsewhere (hula, who) szp (delg) fop 12: the future 8 / 13 current changes in BrE GOOSE- and GOAT-fronting GOOSE- and GOAT-fronting GOOSE uw > 0w ◮ too t0w, fuse fj0wz, Hewlett hj0wl@t, hooligan h0wlig@n ◮ but not before word-final/preconsonantal [l]: rule ruwl, school skuwl, Gould guwld GOAT ow > @w ◮ go g@w, goat g@wt, Cola k@wl@, holy h@wlIj ◮ but not before word-final/preconsonantal [l]: goal gowl, pole powl, gold gowld the result: two allophones for these two vowels ◮ GOOSE: uw before nonprevocalic l (fool) and 0w elsewhere (hula, who) ◮ GOAT: ow before nonprevocalic l (cold) and @w elsewhere (Cola, go) szp (delg) fop 12: the future 8 / 13 current changes in BrE L-“vocalization” L-“vocalization” l > w unless followed by a vowel szp (delg) fop 12: the future 9 / 13 current changes in BrE L-“vocalization” L-“vocalization” l > w unless followed by a vowel ◮ mill mil > miw, felt felt > fewt, help help > hewp, world w@:ld > w@wd szp (delg) fop 12: the future 9 / 13 current changes in BrE L-“vocalization” L-“vocalization” l > w unless followed by a vowel ◮ mill mil > miw, felt felt > fewt, help help > hewp, world w@:ld > w@wd ◮ vs Millie milij, fellow fel@w, hello hel@w, early @:lij szp (delg) fop 12: the future 9 / 13 current changes in BrE L-“vocalization” L-“vocalization” l > w unless followed by a vowel ◮ mill mil > miw, felt felt > fewt, help help > hewp, world w@:ld > w@wd ◮ vs Millie milij, fellow fel@w, hello hel@w, early @:lij ◮ j/w/: delete: tale tejl > tew, owl awl > aw, world w@:ld > w@wd szp (delg) fop 12: the future 9 / 13 current changes in BrE L-“vocalization” L-“vocalization” l > w unless followed by a vowel ◮ mill mil > miw, felt felt > fewt, help help > hewp, world w@:ld > w@wd ◮ vs Millie milij, fellow fel@w, hello hel@w, early @:lij ◮ j/w/: delete: tale tejl > tew, owl awl > aw, world w@:ld > w@wd ◮ after stressed @: null n´@l > n´@w szp (delg) fop 12: the future 9 / 13 current changes in BrE L-“vocalization” L-“vocalization” l > w unless followed by a vowel ◮ mill mil > miw, felt felt > fewt, help help > hewp, world w@:ld > w@wd ◮ vs Millie milij, fellow fel@w, hello hel@w, early @:lij ◮ j/w/: delete: tale tejl > tew, owl awl > aw, world w@:ld > w@wd ◮ after stressed @: null n´@l > n´@w ◮ after unstressed @: mental mént@l > méntu, little lı́t@l > lı́tu, April éjpr@l > éjpru (resulting in another word-final short vowel!) szp (delg) fop 12: the future 9 / 13 current changes in BrE L-“vocalization” L-“vocalization” l > w unless followed by a vowel ◮ mill mil > miw, felt felt > fewt, help help > hewp, world w@:ld > w@wd ◮ vs Millie milij, fellow fel@w, hello hel@w, early @:lij ◮ j/w/: delete: tale tejl > tew, owl awl > aw, world w@:ld > w@wd ◮ after stressed @: null n´@l > n´@w ◮ after unstressed @: mental mént@l > méntu, little lı́t@l > lı́tu, April éjpr@l > éjpru (resulting in another word-final short vowel!) several outcomes szp (delg) fop 12: the future 9 / 13 current changes in BrE L-“vocalization” L-“vocalization” l > w unless followed by a vowel ◮ mill mil > miw, felt felt > fewt, help help > hewp, world w@:ld > w@wd ◮ vs Millie milij, fellow fel@w, hello hel@w, early @:lij ◮ j/w/: delete: tale tejl > tew, owl awl > aw, world w@:ld > w@wd ◮ after stressed @: null n´@l > n´@w ◮ after unstressed @: mental mént@l > méntu, little lı́t@l > lı́tu, April éjpr@l > éjpru (resulting in another word-final short vowel!) several outcomes ◮ feel fij@l > fiju or fijl > fiw (= fill) szp (delg) fop 12: the future 9 / 13 current changes in BrE L-“vocalization” L-“vocalization” l > w unless followed by a vowel ◮ mill mil > miw, felt felt > fewt, help help > hewp, world w@:ld > w@wd ◮ vs Millie milij, fellow fel@w, hello hel@w, early @:lij ◮ j/w/: delete: tale tejl > tew, owl awl > aw, world w@:ld > w@wd ◮ after stressed @: null n´@l > n´@w ◮ after unstressed @: mental mént@l > méntu, little lı́t@l > lı́tu, April éjpr@l > éjpru (resulting in another word-final short vowel!) several outcomes ◮ feel fij@l > fiju or fijl > fiw (= fill) ◮ tale tej@l > teju or tejl > tew (= tell) szp (delg) fop 12: the future 9 / 13 current changes in BrE L-“vocalization” L-“vocalization” l > w unless followed by a vowel ◮ mill mil > miw, felt felt > fewt, help help > hewp, world w@:ld > w@wd ◮ vs Millie milij, fellow fel@w, hello hel@w, early @:lij ◮ j/w/: delete: tale tejl > tew, owl awl > aw, world w@:ld > w@wd ◮ after stressed @: null n´@l > n´@w ◮ after unstressed @: mental mént@l > méntu, little lı́t@l > lı́tu, April éjpr@l > éjpru (resulting in another word-final short vowel!) several outcomes ◮ feel fij@l > fiju or fijl > fiw (= fill) ◮ tale tej@l > teju or tejl > tew (= tell) ◮ other mergers: Cal kal > kaw (= cow), gull g@l > g@w (= go) szp (delg) fop 12: the future 9 / 13 current changes in BrE splits GOAT- & GOOSE-fronting and L-vocalization lead to splits go goal code cold earlier gow gowl kowd kowld fronting g@w ↓ k@wd ↓ vocalization ↓ gow ↓ kowd now g@w gow k@wd kowd too tool rude ruled earlier tuw tuwl ruwd ruwld fronting t0w ↓ r0wd ↓ vocalization ↓ tuw ↓ ruwd now t0w tuw r0wd ruwd GOAT and GOOSE each develop into two contrasting vowels, ow and @w, uw and 0w are not allophone pairs any more szp (delg) fop 12: the future 10 / 13 current changes in BrE GOOSE and GOAT glide fronting GOOSE and GOAT glide fronting GOOSE 0w > 0j goose g0js, two t0j szp (delg) fop 12: the future 11 / 13 current changes in BrE GOOSE and GOAT glide fronting GOOSE and GOAT glide fronting GOOSE 0w > 0j goose g0js, two t0j GOAT @w > @j goat g@jt, moment m@jm@nt szp (delg) fop 12: the future 11 / 13 current changes in BrE GOOSE and GOAT glide fronting GOOSE and GOAT glide fronting GOOSE 0w > 0j goose g0js, two t0j GOAT @w > @j goat g@jt, moment m@jm@nt blocked by a following l (the vowel does not front either) fool fuwl, goal gowl szp (delg) fop 12: the future 11 / 13 current changes in BrE changes in the vowel inventory changes in the vowel inventory i kit ij fleece i: near e dress ej face e: square a trap aj price aw mouth a: palm o lot oj choice o: thought u foot uw goose (u: cure) @ strut @w goat @: nurse szp (delg) fop 12: the future 12 / 13 current changes in BrE changes in the vowel inventory changes in the vowel inventory L-vocalization i kit ij fleece iw bill i: near e dress ej face ew bell e: square a trap aj price aw mouth a: palm o lot oj choice ow ball o: thought u foot uw goose (u: cure) @ strut @w goat @: nurse szp (delg) fop 12: the future 12 / 13 current changes in BrE changes in the vowel inventory changes in the vowel inventory glide fronting i kit ij fleece iw bill i: near e dress ej face ew bell e: square a trap aj price aw mouth a: palm o lot oj choice ow ball o: thought u foot uj goose (u: cure) @ strut @j goat @: nurse szp (delg) fop 12: the future 12 / 13 current changes in BrE changes in the vowel inventory changes in the vowel inventory L-vocalization i kit ij fleece iw bill i: near e dress ej face ew bell e: square a trap aj price aw mouth a: palm o lot oj choice ow ball o: thought u foot uj goose uw bull (u: cure) @ strut @j goat @w dull @: nurse szp (delg) fop 12: the future 12 / 13 current changes in BrE changes in the vowel inventory changes in the vowel inventory i kit ij fleece iw bill i: near e dress ej face ew bell e: square a trap aj price aw mouth a: palm o lot oj choice ow ball o: thought u foot uj goose uw bull (u: cure) @ strut @j goat @w dull @: nurse szp (delg) fop 12: the future 12 / 13 sample exam questions sample exam questions which pair my be homophonous in British English? 1. think—sink 2. that—fat 3. then—Zen 4. nether—never szp (delg) fop 12: the future 13 / 13 sample exam questions sample exam questions which pair my be homophonous in British English? 1. think—sink 2. that—fat 3. then—Zen 4. nether—never szp (delg) fop 12: the future 13 / 13 sample exam questions sample exam questions which pair my be homophonous in British English? 1. think—sink 2. that—fat 3. then—Zen 4. nether—never in which pair of words may the vowel be pronounced differently? 1. cod—cog 2. coat—coal 3. fall—call 4. goat—boat szp (delg) fop 12: the future 13 / 13 sample exam questions sample exam questions which pair my be homophonous in British English? 1. think—sink 2. that—fat 3. then—Zen 4. nether—never in which pair of words may the vowel be pronounced differently? 1. cod—cog 2. coat—coal 3. fall—call 4. goat—boat szp (delg) fop 12: the future 13 / 13

BBN-ANG-141 Foundations of Phonology Past Paper PDF

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