H240 Sustainable Tourism Development.docx

**H240 -- Sustainable Tourism Development** **[Lesson 1 - Introduction to Sustainability]** **Describe the history and context of sustainable development in tourism** **What is Sustainability?** A globe with arrows around it Description automatically generated **The Three Pillars of Sustainabil...

**H240 -- Sustainable Tourism Development** **[Lesson 1 - Introduction to Sustainability]** **Describe the history and context of sustainable development in tourism** **What is Sustainability?** A globe with arrows around it Description automatically generated **The Three Pillars of Sustainability** - **Socio-economic** **Social sustainability** -- improvement of living conditions for both current and future generations. **Economic sustainability** -- ability of the economy to support and maintain economic growth, while requiring that natural resources be used efficiently. **Socio-economic sustainability** -- ability to ensure economic growth without undermining humans' interests and to meet their needs without harming nature. - Cultural - Environmental **Explain the UN\'s 17 Sustainable Development Goals with respect to tourism** United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (UN SDGs) **United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (UN SDGs) 1 No Poverty** As one of the largest and fastest growing economic sectors in the world, tourism is well-positioned to foster economic growth and development at all levels and provide income through job creation. Sustainable tourism development, and its impact at community level, can be linked with national poverty reduction goals, those related to promoting entrepreneurship and small businesses, and empowering less favored groups, particularly youth and women. **United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (UN SDGs) 3 Good Health and Well - Being** Tax income generated from tourism can be reinvested in health care and services, improving maternal health, reduce child mortality and preventing diseases. Visitors' fees collected in protected areas can as well contribute to health services. **United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (UN SDGs) 5 Gender Equality** Tourism can empower women, particularly through the provision of direct jobs and income-generation from SMEs in tourism and hospitality related enterprises. Tourism can be a tool for women to become fully engaged and lead in every aspect of society. **United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (UN SDGs) 6 Clean Water and Sanitation** Tourism investment requirement for providing utilities can play a critical role in achieving water access and security, as well as hygiene and sanitation for all. The efficient use of water in tourism, pollution control and technology efficiency can be key to safeguarding our most precious resource. **United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (UN SDGs) 7 Affordability and Clean Energy** As a sector, which is energy intensive, tourism can accelerate the shift towards increased renewable energy shares in the global energy mix. By promoting investments in clean energy sources, tourism can help to reduce green house gases, mitigate climate change and contribute to access of energy for all. **United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (UN SDGs) 11 Sustainable Cities and Communities** Tourism can advance urban infrastructure and accessibility, promote regeneration and preserve cultural and natural heritage, assets on which tourism depends. Investment in green infrastructure (more efficient transport, reduced air pollution) should result in smarter and greener cities for, not only residents but also tourists. **United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (UN SDGs) 12 Responsible Consumption and Production** The tourism sector needs to adopt sustainable consumption and production (SCP) modes, accelerating the shift towards sustainability. Tools to monitor sustainable development impacts for tourism including for energy, water, waste, biodiversity and job creation will result in enhanced economic, social and environmental outcomes. **United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (UN SDGs) 13 Climate Action** Tourism contributes to and is affected by climate change. Tourism stakeholders should play a leading role in the global response to climate change. By reducing its carbon footprint, in the transport and accommodation sector, tourism can benefit from low carbon growth and help tackle one of the most pressing challenges of our time. **United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (UN SDGs) 14 Life Below Water** Coastal and maritime tourism rely on healthy marine ecosystems. Tourism development must be a part of Integrated Coastal Zone Management in order to help conserve and preserve fragile marine ecosystems and serve as a vehicle to promote a blue economy, contributing to the sustainable use of marine resources. **United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (UN SDGs) 15 Life On Land** Rich biodiversity and natural heritage are often the main reasons why tourists visit a destination. Tourism can play a major role if sustainably managed in fragile zones, not only in conserving and preserving biodiversity, but also in generating revenue as an alternative livelihood to local communities. **[Lesson 2 - Role of Tourists in Sustainable Tourism (Part I)]** **Tourists Wants and Needs** **Traveler Types:** **Leisure Traveler** - Recreation & relaxation - Unhurried - Personal Enjoyment - Impacted by seasonality - Longer stays **Business Traveler** - Goal -- orientated - Fixed schedules - Funded by employer - Networking opportunities - Shorter stays **Bleisure Traveler -- combining business trips with leisure activities** - Work & leisure integration - Disciplined time management - Versatile - Global mindset - Flexibility **Tourist Segmentation** Tourist segmentation is necessary for the various tourist operating sectors and organizations to understand the diverse needs and preferences of travelers, to provide better and personalized experiences. **Demographic Segmentation** +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | - Age | - Family Status | - Region | +=======================+=======================+=======================+ | - Gender | - Education | - Ethnicity | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | - Income | - Occupation | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ **Psychographic Segmentation** +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | - Lifestyle | +=======================================================================+ | - Values & beliefs | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | - Personality traits | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ **Geographic Segmentation** +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | - Country of origin | +=======================================================================+ | - Region | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | - Climate | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ **Behavioral Segmentation** +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | - Travel frequency | - Travel expenditure | +===================================+===================================+ | - Trip purpose | - Brand loyalty | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | - Booking behavior | | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ **Technographic Segmentation** +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | - Tech usage rate | +=======================================================================+ | - Attitudes about tech | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ **Examples of Tourist Segmentation** In this section, we will see that there are numerous ways to segment tourists depending on the organization or operating sector conducting the research. Various combinations of the five kinds of segmentation can be utilized to identify particular segments that are already travelling or have the potential to travel to a specific tourist destination. The segments are not mutually exclusive, and a traveler may exhibit characteristics that fall in various segments. (E.g Families with young children, Youth groups, Elderly couples) **Euromonitor International** Euromonitor International analyses data on a global scale and identifies traveler segments based on trends observed worldwide. There are eight traveler categories identified. **[Traveler Segments]** +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | - Eco-Adventurer | - Blended traveler | - Luxury Seeker | +=======================+=======================+=======================+ | - Cultural Explorer | - Wellness | - Adventure Lover | | | Worshipper | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | - Digital Traveler | - Leisure Seeker | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ A collage of a person and a boat Description automatically generated **All about Traveler experience:** - Open-mindedness: embrace the unfamiliar - Flexibility: adaptable - Curiosity: drive to discover new things - Resourcefulness: navigating new places & figuring things out on their own - Adaptability: adjust to different environments - Empathy: respect local customs and traditions - Resilience: bounce back from setbacks and challenges - Adventure: seek new experiences and aren\'t afraid of a little risk - Passionate: discovering the world, collect memories & not souvenirs **Sustainable Tourism:** - **Environmental Consciousness:** - deep concern for the environment - experiences that minimize negative ecological footprints - support conservation efforts - eco-friendly accommodations - using public transportation - opting for tours that focus on responsible land management - **Cultural Respect:** - avoid disruptive or disrespectful behaviours - strive to learn about and appreciate the unique qualities of each destination - support local businesses - **Conservation Mindset:** - seek out ways to conserve resources - prioritize water conservation - choose experiences that benefit local communities and wildlife like volunteering - **Community-Minded:** - stay in locally owned accommodations - eat at local restaurants - purchase souvenirs from local artisans - **Planning-Oriented:** - sustainable travel requires planning and research - choose destinations with strong sustainability initiatives - avoid impulsive decisions that could have negative consequences on the environment or local communities - **Openness to Learning:** - eager to learn about sustainable practices, - **Adaptability:** - adapt travel plans to prioritize sustainability - choose slower forms of travel - embrace basic accommodations, - **Advocate for Change:** - not afraid to speak up for sustainable tourism and encourage others to make responsible choices **Self Service & Mobile Tech:** - **Tech-Savvy:** - comfortable using various mobile apps and tools to plan, navigate, and manage trips - **Independent:** - prefer to explore at own pace - value flexibility, dislike being tied down to rigid schedules or pre-packaged tours - **Resourceful:** - adept at using technology for everything, - **Cost-Conscious:** - often seek budget-friendly travel options - leverage technology to minimize costs - **Minimalist:** - pack light and efficiently - prioritize functionality and versatility in travel gear - using technology for navigation, replacing bulky guides and equipment - **Social Media Savvy:** - document travels through social media - might be open to influencer opportunities or creating travel content as a side hustle - **Open to Feedback:** - open to user reviews and recommendations found on travel apps and platforms - **Data-Driven:** - rely heavily on data and information available on mobile apps and travel websites to make informed decisions - **Adaptable:** - prepared to adapt plans when facing unexpected situations, like a dead phone battery or limited internet access - might carry portable chargers, offline maps, and basic knowledge of the local language as backups **The three trends above are prominent in STB's commissioned report 'Understanding the New Traveller'** **Understanding how tourists decide and choose** **Values and Attitudes** Values and attitudes are important dimensions that provide a window into better understanding our likes and dislikes. People\'s underlying values refer to general life priorities and principles. By contrast, attitudes refer to one\'s disposition towards an object after evaluation. Across the various traveller segments, sustainability is becoming a key driver for influencing traveller values and attitudes, which in turn directs their decisions and choices. **Euromonitor International reported:** "Sustainability emerges as a theme across multiple traveller segments. Some segments, such as Eco-Adventurers, focus on sustainability itself. Others, such as Cultural Explorers, may be more attracted to the value of the experience. The key to unlocking interest in sustainable travel across the board is how companies frame their sustainability initiatives." Spot on if you selected **Eco-Adventurer**, in the previous section, as the segment that values sustainable travel the most! Eco-Adventurers show a much higher affinity for environmentally sustainable initiatives than other traveller segments, such as choosing eco-tourism (23% of respondents) and alternative transport options to flying (33%) **15 Biggest Environmental Problems of 2024** **Five Environmental Challenges** - Global Warming from Fossil Fuels - Poor Governance - Food Waste - Plastic Pollution - Food and Water Insecurity **[Role of Tourist on Sustainable Tourism Part II]** **Tourists\' Demands** **How Tourism Operating Sectors are Bridging the Gaps** According to Visa's Global Travel Intentions survey, 63 percent of Asia-Pacific travellers were very or extremely interested in sustainable travel. Their increasingly ecologically minded travel mindsets shape where they travel, how they travel, and what they do at their destinations. Asia Pacific travellers are also becoming more aware of what it means to travel sustainably. According to the survey, sustainable travel includes choosing hotels or accommodations with sustainability measures in place (30%), using energy-efficient modes of transportation such as public transit (29%), and visiting destinations where nature is the primary attraction (27%). In fact, only 14 percent of respondents said they do not have sufficient knowledge about eco travel or sustainable travel. Sustainable travel is clearly becoming part of the consciousness of Asia Pacific travellers. The next challenge is for destinations and businesses to turn mindsets into action. Bridging this is a big step to cleaner travel and sustainable growth around the region and the world. To help bridge the gap between travellers\' wants and the sustainable actions they can take, the various tourism sectors are implementing solutions as part of industry policy or guidelines, making sustainable travel a requirement rather than an option. Here are two examples from Singapore\'s accommodation and air travel sectors. A poster of a roadmap Description automatically generated **[Lesson 3 -- Impacts of tourism (Part I)]** **Travel and Tourism (Dreaming Phase)** Travel advertisements Hearing about friend's or relative's travel experience Travel magazines or books Dramas, movies or shows that we watch Dreaming about your next getaway or escapade Social media posts and influencers blogposts or YouTube videos What if your travel dream gets shattered? For some, travelling to the capital of France can result in a state of severe culture shock resulting in physical and psychological symptoms known as the \'Paris Syndrome(opens in a new tab)\'. **Mass tourism and Overtourism** Mass tourism occurs when large numbers of people visit the same place at any one time. This includes sunbathing on a beach, skiing in the mountains such as the Swiss Alps, visiting a national park or travelling to a theme park like Disney World in Florida. Governments and local people often favour mass tourism as it generates a lot of income. Mass tourism is often the most popular form of tourism as it is usually the cheapest way to go on holiday by booking a package deal using the internet or through a travel agent (BBC, n.d.). Canary Islands is not the only destination suffering from mass tourism and overtourism. Many destinations are facing similar challenges and while some have implemented effective measures to curb the influx of tourists, most have not been able to address the accompanying socio-economic, environmental and cultural negative impacts. **Overtourism** The term 'overtourism' is relatively new, having been coined over a decade ago to highlight the spiralling numbers of visitors taking a toll on cities, landmarks and landscapes. As tourist numbers worldwide return towards pre-pandemic levels, the debate around what constitutes 'too many' visitors continues. While many destinations, reliant on the income that tourism brings, are still keen for arrivals, a handful of major cities and sites are now imposing bans, fines, taxes and time-slot systems, and, in some cases, even launching campaigns of discouragement in a bid to curb tourist numbers. In essence, overtourism is too many people in one place at any given time. While there isn't a definitive figure stipulating the number of visitors allowed, an accumulation of economic, social and environmental factors determine if and how numbers are creeping up (Leahy, 2023). **[Lesson 3 -- Impacts of Tourism (Part II)]** **Determine the social, economic and environmental impacts of the tourism industry** **Ubiquitous Holiday Souvenirs** When travelling, how many of us end up buying for our friends and family, mass-produced and \'tacky\' souvenirs like key-chains or fridge magnets that we would otherwise not purchase when back in Singapore? I am sure almost every single one of us answered yes to that question! Many of the mass-produced souvenirs we find on our travels, have travelled even further then we have, to get to that destination - an obvious environmental sustainability issue. However, buying trinkets and souvenirs when we are overseas, also has benefits and positive impacts for the destinations we visit. **Tourism and indigenous communities** **Indigenous Peoples** Indigenous Peoples are distinct social and cultural groups that share collective ancestral ties to the lands and natural resources where they live, occupy or from which they have been displaced. The **[land and natural resources on which they depend are inextricably linked to their identities, cultures, livelihoods, as well as their physical and spiritual well-being]**. They often subscribe to their customary leaders and organizations for representation that are distinct or separate from those of the mainstream society or culture. Many Indigenous Peoples still maintain a language distinct from the official language or languages of the country or region in which they reside; however, many have also lost their languages or on the precipice of extinction due to eviction from their lands and/or relocation to other territories, and in. They speak more than 4,000 of the world´s 7,000 languages though some estimates indicate that more than half of the world\'s languages are at risk of becoming extinct by 2100. There are an estimated 476 million Indigenous Peoples worldwide. **[Although they make up just 6 percent of the global population, they account for about 19 percent of the extreme poor]**. Indigenous Peoples' life expectancy is up to 20 years lower than the life expectancy of non-Indigenous Peoples worldwide. Indigenous Peoples often lack formal recognition over their lands, territories and natural resources, are often last to receive public investments in basic services and infrastructure and face multiple barriers to participate fully in the formal economy, enjoy access to justice, and participate in political processes and decision making. This legacy of inequality and exclusion has made Indigenous Peoples more vulnerable to the impacts of climate change and natural hazards, including to disease outbreaks such as COVID-19. While **[Indigenous Peoples own, occupy, or use a quarter of the world's surface area. Indigenous Peoples conserve 80 percent of the world´s remaining biodiversity]** and recent studies reveal that forestlands under collective Indigenous Peoples and local community stewardship hold at least one quarter of all tropical and subtropical forest above-ground carbon. They hold vital ancestral knowledge and expertise on how to adapt, mitigate, and reduce climate and disaster risks (The World Bank, 2023). **Indigenous versus Ethnicity** **Indigenous people are the first people to inhabit a land** before the arrival of other ethnic groups or colonizers. **An ethnic group shares a common genealogy and a common identity** based on nationality, cultural traditions, linguistic, religious traits or common group history. **To simplify - all indigenous peoples will be of some ethnicity, but not all ethnicities are indigenous.** **[Lesson 4 -- Socio-economic impacts of tourism]** **Examine the role of different stakeholders in addressing socio-economic sustainability in the tourism industry** **Socio-economic sustainability: Definition** **Social sustainability** -- improvement of living conditions for both current and future generations. **Economic sustainability** -- ability of the economy to support and maintain economic growth, while requiring that natural resources be used efficiently. **Socio-economic sustainability** -- ability to ensure economic growth without undermining humans' interests and to meet their needs without harming nature. **Determine the challenges of implementing socio-economic sustainability initiatives in the tourism industry** **Understanding Socio-economic Challenges** Complex Multi-stakeholder involvement Resources Human element **[Lesson 5 -- Socio -- economic best practices in tourism]** **Determine socio-economic best practices related to the tourism industry** Introduction to GSTC Global Sustainable Tourism Council(GSTC) Establishes and manages global standards for sustainable travel and tourism, known as the GSTC Criteria Individual tourism destinations have their own culture, environment, customs, and laws. Hence, the Criteria are designed to be adapted to local conditions and supplemented by additional criteria for the specific location and activity **What are the GSTC Criteria for?** Serve as basic guidelines for education and awareness-raising Serves as a globally recognized and accepted baseline for policy-making Help consumers identify sound sustainable tourism destinations Serve as basic guidelines for destinations that wish to become more sustainable **[Socio-economic Sustainability Criteria]** **Delivering local economic benefits** **[Decent work and career opportunities]** The destination encourages and supports career opportunities and training in tourism. The destination's tourism enterprises commit to providing equality of opportunity for local employment, training and advancement, a safe and secure working environment, and a living wage for all. **Delivering local economic benefits** **[Supporting local entrepreneurs and fair trade]** The destination encourages the retention of tourism spending in the local economy through supporting local enterprises, supply chains and sustainable investment. It promotes the development and purchase of local sustainable products based on fair trade principles and that reflect the area's nature and culture. These may include food and beverages, crafts, performance arts, agricultural products, etc. **Delivering local economic benefits** **[Support for community]** The destination has a system to enable and encourage enterprises, visitors, and the public to contribute to community and sustainability initiatives in a responsible manner. **Social wellbeing and impacts** **[Safety and security]** The destination has a system to monitor, prevent, publicly report, and respond to crime, safety, and health hazards that addresses the needs of both visitors and residents **Social wellbeing and impacts** **[Access for all]** Where practical, sites, facilities and services, including those of natural and cultural importance, are accessible to all, including persons with disabilities and others who have specific access requirements or other special needs. Information is made available on the accessibility of sites, facilities and services. **Analyse the efforts of a given regional tourist destination in managing the socio-economic impacts brought about by tourism** **Positive Socio-economic Impacts** - Jobs and income for locals - Revenue generation for the destination - Improved infrastructure benefitting locals - either from revenue and taxes from tourism, or shared infrastructure for the tourism industry - Local businesses and entrepreneurs are supported by tourism - Promote tolerance and interactions between peoples of different nationalities and upbringing - Uplift marginalised local communities and residents including Indigenous Peoples - Volunteerism **Negative Socio-economic Impacts** - Social disturbances -- overcrowding, increase in criminal activities - Increase in cost of living, rentals, home ownership - Revenue leakage from foreign-owned businesses - Exploitation -- begging, scamming, syndicates, prostitution, orphanage tourism - Residents are marginalised due to lack of welfare, social assistance - Residents are 'forced out' of tourist destinations because of gentrification and commercialized **[Lesson 6 -- Cultural Impact of Tourism]** **Examine the influence of a destination\'s culture on tourism** **What Is Culture?** **Intangible Cultural Heritage** Cultural heritage does not end at monuments and collections of objects. It also includes traditions or living expressions inherited from our ancestors and passed on to our descendants, such as oral traditions, performing arts, social practices, rituals, festive events, knowledge and practices concerning nature and the universe or the knowledge and skills to produce traditional crafts. Living heritage is an important factor in maintaining cultural diversity in the face of growing globalization. An understanding of the intangible cultural heritage of different communities helps with intercultural dialogue, and encourages mutual respect for other ways of life. **Cultural Tourism** According to the definition adopted by the UN Tourism General Assembly, Cultural Tourism implies "A type of tourism activity in which the visitor's essential motivation is to learn, discover, experience and consume the **tangible and intangible cultural attractions/products** in a tourism destination. These attractions/products relate to a set of distinctive material, intellectual, spiritual and emotional features of a society that **encompasses arts and architecture, historical and cultural heritage, culinary heritage, literature, music, creative industries and the living cultures with their lifestyles, value systems, beliefs and traditions".**... World Tourism Organization (UN Tourism) **Determine tourism\'s impact on the culture of a destination** **How Tourism Impacts the Culture of a Destination** Unique dining with Balinese dances at Hotel Tugu Bali. Dance is an integral part of the lives of Balinese, going beyond performance art. It incorporates ancient traditions with drama, portrayed in the form of dance and music. Grab a seat at the majestic Bale Agung every Thursday evening and witness special performances designed to revive and preserve the traditional dances, music and costumes of old Bali. **[Lesson 7 -- Management of Cultural Heritage Sites]** Determine cultural best practices related to the tourism industry Cultural Sustainability Criteria **Protecting cultural heritage** **[Protection of cultural assets]** The destination has a policy and system to evaluate, rehabilitate, and conserve cultural assets, including built heritage and cultural landscapes. a\. Lists of cultural assets, including evaluation and indication of vulnerability. b\. Programme of rehabilitation and conservation of assets. c\. Mechanisms for using income from tourism to support conservation of cultural assets **Protecting cultural heritage** **[Intangible heritage]** The destination supports the celebration and protection of intangible cultural heritage, including local traditions, arts, music, language, gastronomy and other aspects of local identity and distinctiveness. The presentation, replication and interpretation of living culture and traditions is sensitive and respectful, seeks to involve and benefit local communities, and provides visitors with an authentic and genuine experience. a\. Identification and listing of intangible cultural heritage. b\. Examples of celebration and visitor experiences of intangible cultural heritage (events, distinctive products etc.). c\. Evidence of involvement of local and indigenous communities in developing and delivering visitor experiences based on intangible cultural heritage. d\. Feedback from visitors and local communities on delivery of intangible heritage experiences. **Protecting cultural heritage** **[Traditional access]** The destination monitors, protects, and when necessary rehabilitates or restores local community access to natural and cultural sites. a\. Monitoring of accessibility to natural and cultural sites for the local community. b\. Evidence of engagement with the local community regarding traditional access. c\. Specific action to protect and/or rehabilitate local community access. **Visiting cultural sites** **[Visitor management of cultural sites]** The destination has a system for the management of visitors within and around cultural sites, which takes account of their characteristics, capacity and sensitivity and seeks to optimize visitor flow and minimize adverse impacts. Guidelines for visitor behaviour at sensitive sites and cultural events are made available to visitors, tour operators and guides before and at the time of the visit. a\. Monitoring of visitor flows and impact on cultural sites, with results shared across the destination. b\. Evidence of action to manage tourism-related impacts in or around cultural sites. c\. Existence and distribution of published guidelines on visitor behaviour at sensitive sites and cultural events and periodic monitoring of compliance. d\. A code of practice for tour operators and tour guides and/or other engagement with them on visitor management at cultural sites. e\. Provision of training for guides. **[Site Interpretation]** Accurate interpretative material is provided which informs visitors of the significance of the cultural and natural aspects of the sites they visit. The information is culturally appropriate, developed with host community collaboration, and clearly communicated in languages pertinent to visitors and residents. a\. Provision of informative interpretative material on site and in formats that are accessible pre-arrival. b\. Evidence that interpretative material has been well researched and is accurate. c\. Interpretation material that identifies the significance and sensitivity/fragility of sites. d\. Evidence of host community collaboration in preparation of relevant interpretative material. e\. Interpretative material available in relevant languages. **[Lesson 8 - Describe global climate change and the greenhouse effect on the tourism environment. (Part I)]** **Climate Change** There are many sceptics of climate change who think that this is a big conspiracy targeted against the petrochemical industry and automobile makers because of their connection with fossil fuels. **What is Climate Change?** Climate change refers to the long-term alteration of the Earth\'s climate, including shifts in temperatures and weather patterns. Global warming represents the major cause of the climate change that is observed globally since industrialization. **What is Global Warming?** Global warming refers to the **ongoing rise in global average temperature** near the Earth\'s surface. Global surface temperature between 2011 and 2020 was around **1.09°C** (0.95°C to 1.20°C) above the temperature in 1850 till 1900. There are larger increases in temperature over land than over the ocean: - Land: 1.59 °C (1.34°C to 1.83°C) - Ocean: 0.88°C (0.68°C -- 1.01°C) A graph of the temperature of the earth Description automatically generated with medium confidence The graphs and data shown above are from **the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC 6AR)**. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) is a United Nations body responsible for providing policymakers with the most up-to-date information on climate change, its impacts, and potential response options. The IPCC's Sixth Assessment Report (AR6) is a comprehensive scientific assessment of the current state of knowledge on climate change. The report incorporates contributions from hundreds of climate scientists from around the world. It covers a range of topics, including the physical science basis of climate change, the impacts of climate change on natural and human systems, as well as mitigation and adaptation. **What is the Greenhouse Effect?** The greenhouse effect is the main driver for global warming. Greenhouse gases in the Earth\'s atmosphere trap heat from the sun and prevent it from escaping back into space. Greenhouse gases are those that absorb infrared radiation or heat, and these include carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, ozone and water vapour. Carbon calculations focus on long-lived greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide, as they display more consistent and measurable impacts on the climate system over time. Water vapour is not usually included in calculations of CO2 equivalent emissions due to its highly variable concentration and short-lived nature.  **Is the greenhouse effect a bad thing?** The greenhouse effect keeps the Earth\'s temperature within a range that is suitable for life. Without greenhouse gases, Earth's surface would be at -18°C, causing water to freeze and impossible for organisms to survive. However, when the concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere increases, it can lead to a more pronounced greenhouse effect, which causes Earth\'s temperature to rise, resulting in global warming. **Impacts of Climate Change** Now that we have learnt about some of the extreme consequences with a rise of between 2 and 3°C globally, what is the current situation with climate change and what are the drivers of this phenomenon? The first thing that comes to mind is that \'humans\' are responsible for the disastrous effects of climate change - hold that thought, and we will discover more in the next few sections. **Key Observations on Climate Change** **[Precipitation patterns are changing]**, with many areas experiencing more intense and frequent rainfall, leading to an increased risk of flooding. Extended periods of drought can also increase the risk of wildfires and water shortages. **[Extreme weather events]** such as hurricanes, heatwaves, cold spells and wildfires have become more frequent and intense in many parts of the world. For example: How India\'s capital went from extreme heat to heavy floods - CNA (channelnewsasia.com) Arctic wildfires ravage region, EU climate service says (bbc.com) **[Global sea levels have risen]** by around 20 cm since pre-industrial times and is accelerating due to accelerated melting of glaciers and ice caps. The oceans are absorbing more than 90% of the excess heat from greenhouse gas emissions, leading to a rise in ocean temperatures. **[Sea ice extent]** is one of the climate indicators used by World Meteorological Organization (WMO) besides temperature. The sea ice extent for Antarctic was the lowest on record for January 2023, and for Arctic the third lowest. Arctic sea ice has retreated dramatically over the 44-year satellite record. Since 1979, Arctic sea ice has lost 1.89 million square kilometres, about twice the size of Germany. **[Biodiversity is also adversely affected]** by climate change with various species migrating to more bearable environmental conditions. Some species have even experienced a drastic drop in populations putting them at risk of extinction. For example: Endangered species list grows by 2,000. Climate change is part of the problem \| AP News **Climate Change - Natural or Human-Caused?** So, back to the issue of whether climate change is a natural or human-created occurrence\... **Burning of Fossil Fuels** Since the 1800s, human activities have been the main driver of climate change, primarily due to the burning of fossil fuels, deforestation, and industrial processes that emit greenhouse gases into the atmosphere. Firstly, we have to know a little bit more about fossil fuels, which are formed from the remains of plants and animals that lived millions of years ago. Fossil fuels include coal, oil, and natural gas, which are extracted from underground reservoirs and used to generate energy. Burning fossil fuels releases large amounts of CO2 into the atmosphere. CO2 traps heat, generating the greenhouse effect that warms the Earth. Since the Industrial Revolution, humans have burned vast quantities of fossil fuels to power homes, transport, and industry. Atmospheric CO2 levels have increased by more than 40% since pre-industrial times. **Other Human actions leading to climate change** **Deforestation** Deforestation is the process of clearing of forests, usually for agricultural expansion, logging, mining, infrastructure development, urbanization. It releases large amounts of CO2 into the atmosphere and reduces the planet\'s ability to absorb CO2 through photosynthesis. **Urban Development** Urbanization refers to the process of people moving to urban centre's driven by factors such as economic growth, development, technological change, conflict, and social disruption, leading to an increase in the proportion of a population living in urban areas. As more people move from rural areas to cities, there is an increase in the demand for energy, water, and other resources, leading to greater greenhouse gas emissions and other environmental impacts. Urbanization can also contribute to the **Urban Heat Island Effect**, where cities are warmer than surrounding rural areas due to the absorption and retention of heat by buildings, roads, and other infrastructure. **Natural factors play a minor role in current climate change** For example, volcanic eruptions emit ash and gases that reflect sunlight, cooling the Earth\'s surface. Variations in the Earth\'s orbit around the sun can also lead to changes in the amount of solar radiation that reaches the planet\'s surface. Internal variability (or natural fluctuations) in the Earth\'s climate system occurs over short timescales, ranging from months to decades. They can be caused by changes in ocean currents and atmospheric circulation patterns. Such weather conditions include:- 1. Monsoon seasons 2. El Niño and La Niña 3. Indian Ocean Dipole **Examine issues and challenges related to the environmental impact of tourism. (Part II)** **GSTC Destination Criteria - Environmental Sustainability** i\. Protection of sensitive environments ii\. Visitor management at natural sites iii\. Wildlife interaction iv\. Species exploitation and animal welfare v\. Light and noise pollution **D(a) Conservation of natural heritage** **Criteria: D2 Visitor management at natural sites** The destination has a system for the management of visitors within and around natural sites, which takes account of their characteristics, capacity and sensitivity and seeks to optimize visitor flow and minimize adverse impacts. Guidelines for visitor behaviour at sensitive sites are made available to visitors, tour operators and guides before and at the time of the visit. **Indicators:** a\. Monitoring of visitor flows and impact on natural sites, with results shared across the destination. b\. Evidence of action to manage and mitigate tourism-related impacts in or around natural sites. c\. Existence and distribution of published guidelines on visitor behaviour at sensitive sites, and periodic monitoring of compliance. d\. A code of practice for tour operators and tour guides and/or other engagement with them on visitor management at natural sites. e\. Cooperation with local conservation bodies to identify environmental risks associated with tourism and measures to reduce them. f\. Provision of training for guides. **D(a) Conservation of natural heritage** **Criteria: D3 Wildlife interaction** The destination has a system to ensure compliance with local, national, and international laws and standards for wildlife interactions. Interactions with free roaming wildlife, taking into account cumulative impacts, are non-invasive and responsibly managed to avoid adverse impacts on the animals concerned and on the viability and behaviour of populations in the wild. **Indicators:** a\. Reference (title, date) to international, national and local laws that apply in the destination regarding interaction with wildlife. b\. Endorsement of international standards for wildlife viewing for both marine and terrestrial species. c\. Distribution of a code of practice for wildlife interaction, including viewing, which reflects international standards. d\. System for checking compliance with regulations, and code of practice amongst tourism operations. e\. Actions to monitor wildlife wellbeing and minimize disturbance, in locations where interactions occur. f\. Provision of information to visitors on harmful wildlife interaction, such as touching and feeding. **D(a) Conservation of natural heritage** **Criteria: D4 Species exploitation and animal welfare** The destination has a system to ensure compliance with local, national, and international laws and standards that seek to ensure animal welfare and conservation of species (animals, plants and all living organisms). This includes the harvesting or capture, trade, display, and sale of wildlife species and their products. No species of wild animal is acquired, bred or held captive, except by authorized and suitably equipped persons and for properly regulated activities. Housing, care and handling of all wild and domestic animals meets the highest standards of animal welfare. **Indicators:** a\. Reference (title, date) to specific international, national and local laws, standards and guidelines that apply in the destination regarding animal welfare and conservation of species. b\. Notification of laws, standards and guidelines to tourism enterprises and guides. c\. A system for inspection of the conditions of captive wildlife and domestic animals, including their housing and handling. d\. Licensing and checking of qualifications of personnel responsible for captive wildlife. e\. Action to promote the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES) in the tourism sector and to ensure compliance with it. f\. Provision of information to visitors on avoiding trade in endangered species, e.g. in purchase of souvenirs derived from threatened species of wildlife notified by IUCN or CITES. g\. Enforcement of legislation to ensure that any hunting activity is part of a scientifically based, properly managed and strictly enforced approach to conservation. Operators and managers of wildlife-based nature destinations are increasingly incorporating sustainability efforts into their tourism management plans and operations. This can be seen across the globe, in places like Kenya\'s Maasai Mara safaris, elephant camps in Chiang Mai, Thailand and zoos and safari parks around the world. **D(c) Management of waste and emissions** **Criteria: D12 Light and noise pollution** The destination has guidelines and regulations to minimize light and noise pollution. The destination encourages enterprises to follow these guidelines and regulations. Indicators: a\. Guidelines on light and noise pollution -- produced and promoted to tourism enterprises. b\. Identification and monitoring of potential sources of noise and light pollution related to tourism. c\. Mechanisms to enable residents to report noise and light pollution, with follow-up action **Noise Pollution** According to the European Public Health Alliance, noise causes stress and immune disruption not just in humans, but in animals, as well as having the ability to disrupt animal communication, social functioning, behaviour, cognition and orientation, and may cause injury or death. Noise pollution has also been found to affect plant growth, seeding and biodiversity. Therefore, noise pollution is affecting factors that relate to the reliability of food systems, to natural spaces, and to resilience against infectious disease and environmental threats. The effects of noise pollution are wide-ranging, and it was recently identified by the Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute that noise pollution has an impact on nearly all Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). The impacts of noise pollution range further than just human health, and affect Planetary Health, as well as being highly interlinked with multiple other Planetary Health stressors, such as air pollution. This infographic below shows the multiple interconnections between selected systems, factors and populations in regard to climate change, noise pollution and public health. Each section represents a multitude of sub-factors, and the arrows demonstrate the interdependencies and interconnections between these, and how changes in one can affect another in the wider system. This illustrates that increased sustainability or improvements in one system can positively benefit another system, factor or population health. **[Lesson 9 - Managing Resources in a Tourist Destination (Part I)]** **What\'s Your Carbon Footprint?** **Carbon Footprint** A carbon footprint is a simple way to express the impact you have on the environment. The "size" of your carbon footprint depends on multiple factors. The primary one is the amount of greenhouse gas emissions released into the atmosphere by a given activity. **Carbon emission challenges facing the various sectors of the hospitality and tourism industry:** The transport sector is the largest carbon emitter within the hospitality and tourism industry, releasing 49% of the total tourism and travel related carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. Travelling by plane produces 0.23 kg of CO2e per km of distance travelled, whereas travelling by a tour bus produces 0.03 kg of CO2e per km. Air-conditioning is the largest CO2 emitter in the accommodations sector, accounting for up to 48% of energy used in hotels in the Barbados, which has a similar climate as Singapore. Globally, less than half of hotels compost their food waste. When this food decomposes in landfills it creates methane which is 21 times more potent than carbon dioxide, as a greenhouse gas. Projections indicate that tourism emissions could reach 6.5 billion metric tons by 2025. This represents a 44% increase from 2013, and is equivalent to about 13% of current global greenhouse gas emissions. **GSTC Destination Criteria - Environmental Sustainability** **D(c) Management of waste and emissions** **Criteria: D10 GHG emissions and climate change mitigation** The destination has targets to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, and implements and reports on mitigation policies and actions. Enterprises are encouraged to measure, monitor, reduce or minimise, publicly report and mitigate greenhouse gas emissions from all aspects of their operation (including from suppliers and service providers). Offsetting of any remaining emissions is encouraged. **Indicators:** a\. Published target for percentage of emissions reduction by specified date. b\. Annual climate report, including monitoring and mitigation actions. c\. Supported campaign or other engagement with tourism enterprises on reduction and mitigation of emissions. d\. Action to reduce emissions from public sector operations. e\. Information for enterprises and visitors on offsetting schemes that meet recognised standards. **D(c) Management of waste and emissions** **Criteria: D11 Low-impact transportation** The destination has targets to reduce transport emissions from travel to and within the destination. An increase in the use of sustainable, low-emissions vehicles and public transport and active travel (e.g., walking and cycling) is sought in order to reduce the contribution of tourism to air pollution, congestion and climate change **Indicators:** a\. Investment in more sustainable transport infrastructure, including public transport and low emissions vehicles. b\. Information promoted to visitors on alternative transport options to and within the destination c\. Data on visitor use of alternative transport modes. d. Improvement and promotion of cycling and walking opportunities. e\. Prioritization of visitor markets accessible by short and more sustainable transport options. f\. Public sector and tourism enterprises prioritise low-impact transportation in their own operations. **Managing Resources in a Tourist Destination (Part II)** **Resource Management Methods within a Tourist Destination** Companies including tourist destinations, produce Sustainability Reports to highlight their targets and progress in reducing greenhouse gas emissions, as well as improvements to their resource management strategies, as part of their sustainability journeys. We can read about the goals, actions and results from such resource management strategies in these reports, and understand the rationale of why tourist destinations are committed to becoming sustainable. Before we look at Sustainability Reports of Tourist Destinations, let\'s take a look at what GSTC has put in place as the Criteria and Indicators for the following:- i\. Energy conservation ii\. Water stewardship iii\. Water quality **D(b) Resource management** **Criteria: D5 Energy conservation** The destination has targets to reduce energy consumption, improve efficiency in its use, as well as increase the use of renewable energy. The destination has a system to encourage enterprises to measure, monitor, reduce, and publicly report their contribution to these targets. **Indicators:** a\. Energy consumption targets are publicised and promoted. b\. Programme to increase energy efficiency -- e.g. promoting and supporting insulation. c\. Investment in renewable energy and percent of total provision/consumption. d\. Support and incentives for energy monitoring and reduction by enterprises. Energy conservation is high on the sustainability agenda of all companies, as the majority of electricity and energy used for operations still originates from the burning of fossil fuels or its derivatives. **Criteria: D6 Water stewardship** The destination encourages enterprises to measure, monitor, publicly report and manage water usage. Water risk in the destination is assessed and documented. In cases of high water risk, water stewardship goals are identified and actively pursued with enterprises, to ensure that tourism use does not conflict with the needs of local communities and ecosystems. **Indicators:** a\. Provision of guidance and support for monitoring and reduction of water usage by enterprises. b\. Program to regularly assess water risk. c\. Setting, publication and enforcement of water stewardship goals, where water risk has been assessed as high. d\. Monitoring and control of sources and volume of water used for tourism purposes and its effect on local communities and ecosystems. Promotion and checking of adherence to goals by tourism enterprises. e\. Visitor information on water risk and minimising water use. **Criteria: D7 Water quality** The destination monitors water quality for drinking, recreational and ecological purposes using quality standards. The monitoring results are publicly available, and the destination has a system to respond in a timely manner to water quality issues. **Indicators:** a\. Programme of water quality monitoring. b\. Existence of data and reports on water quality. c\. Monitoring bathing water, with certification and identification of sites reaching set standards. d\. Evidence of actions to improve water quality. e\. Information for visitors on quality of local drinking water, to encourage use as alternative to bottled water. As water is a precious resource in Singapore, companies including tourist destinations have set goals for water savings, through more efficient use, as well as utilizing greywater for functions such as flushing systems and drain-cleaning. **Singapore Discovery Centre** **Singapore Discovery Centre (SDC)** Our final section highlights the achievements of Singapore Discovery Centre, in achieving its energy and carbon emission reduction goals. On 15 March 2024, The Defence Collective Singapore (DCS), the parent company of the Singapore Discovery Centre (SDC), proudly announced a groundbreaking milestone in SDC\'s ongoing commitment to sustainability. SDC became the first museum in Singapore and one of the first few globally to become a positive energy museum! **[Lesson 10 - Environmental Mitigation Measures]** **Determine the appropriate waste management methods in a tourist destination** **D(c) Management of waste and emissions** **D8 Wastewater** The destination has clear and enforced guidelines in place for the siting, maintenance and testing of discharge from septic tanks and wastewater treatment systems. The destination ensures that wastes are properly treated and reused or released safely without adverse impacts on the local population and the environment. **Indicators** a\. Written guidelines and regulations on wastewater treatment. b\. System of enforcing guidelines amongst enterprises. c\. Monitoring/testing of released wastewater. d\. Provisional of sustainable municipal water treatment systems, for use by the tourism sector, where practical and appropriate. Singapore has an extremely well developed and integrated sewerage system throughout the whole island and wastewater treatment is consolidated and managed by the Public Utilites Board (PUB). Most tourist destinations in Singapore do not need to establish wastewater treatment facilities as these are discharged into the island-wide system for treatment and processing. However, certain attractions like the Singapore Zoo which is part of Mandai Wildlife Reserve, and SEA Aquarium have set-up facilities to treat their wastewater before either being discharged into the island-wide system or to another approved wastewater treatment route. This is to avoid the sudden influx of a large volume of water and to keep animal-derived discharge separate from the general wastewater. **D(c) Management of waste and emissions** **D9 Solid waste** The destination measures and reports on its generation of waste and sets targets for its reduction. It ensures solid waste is properly treated and diverted from landfill, with provision of a multiple-stream collection and recycling system which effectively separates waste by type. The destination encourages enterprises to avoid, reduce, reuse, and recycle solid waste, including food waste. Action is taken to eliminate or reduce singleuse items, especially plastics. Any residual solid waste that is not reused or recycled is disposed of safely and sustainably. **Indicators** a\. Waste monitoring programme, with results and targets published. b\. Coordinated campaign/advice/support with tourism enterprises on waste management, including food waste. c\. Campaign to reduce/eliminate single use items, especially plastics. d\. Waste management programme for public offices and facilities. e\. Provision of a collection and recycling system, with at least four streams (i.e. organic, paper, metal, glass and plastic). f\. Provision of sustainable system for disposal of residual waste. g\. Campaign to eliminate dropping of litter, including by visitors, and to keep public spaces clean. h\. Adequate bins for separated waste disposal. Can you recall the main ways that solid waste is treated in Singapore. Compare this with what you wrote in Word Cloud earlier on the various ways of eliminating wastes. In Singapore solid wastes are usually:- Incinerated End up in landfill Recycled **[Lesson 11 - Sustainable Tourism Management (Part I)]** **GSTC Criteria for Sustainable Management** **A1 Destination management responsibility** The destination has an effective organization, department, group, or committee responsible for a coordinated approach to sustainable tourism, with involvement by the private sector, public sector and civil society. This group has defined responsibilities, oversight, and implementation capability for the management of socio- economic, cultural and environmental issues. The group is adequately funded, works with a range of bodies in delivering destination management, has access to sufficient staffing (including personnel with experience in sustainability) and follows principles of sustainability and transparency in its operations and transactions **A2 Destination management strategy and action plan** The destination has established and is implementing a multi-year destination management strategy and action plan that is publicly available, is suited to its scale, was developed with stakeholder engagement and is based on sustainability principles. The strategy includes an identification and assessment of tourism assets and considers socio-economic, cultural and environmental issues and risks. The strategy relates to and influences wider sustainable development policy and action in the destination **A3 Monitoring and reporting** The destination is implementing a system to monitor and respond to socio-economic, cultural and environmental issues and impacts arising from tourism. Actions and outcomes are regularly monitored, evaluated and publicly reported. The monitoring system is periodically reviewed. **A4 Enterprise engagement and sustainability standards** The destination regularly informs tourism-related enterprises about sustainability issues and encourages and supports them in making their operations more sustainable. The destination promotes the adoption of sustainability standards, promoting the application of GSTC-I Recognized standards and GSTC-I Accredited certification schemes for tourism enterprises, where available. The destination publicizes a list of sustainability certified enterprises. **A5 Resident engagement and feedback** The destination enables and promotes public participation in sustainable destination planning and management. Local communities' aspirations, concerns and satisfaction with tourism sustainability and destination management are regularly monitored and publicly reported, and action is taken in response to them. The destination has a system to enhance local understanding of sustainable tourism opportunities and challenges and to build the capacity of communities to respond. **A6 Visitor engagement and feedback** The destination has a system to monitor and publicly report visitor satisfaction with the quality and sustainability of the destination experience and, if necessary, to take action in response. Visitors are informed about sustainability issues in the destination and the part that they can play in addressing them. **A7 Promotion and information** Promotion and visitor information material about the destination is accurate with regard to its products, services, and sustainability claims. Marketing messages and other communications reflect the destination's values and approach to sustainability and treat local communities and natural and cultural assets with respect. **[Sustainable Tourism Management (Part II)]** **Applying effective sustainable tourism management strategies at Kampong Glam** **A8 Managing visitor volumes and activities** The destination has a system for visitor management which is regularly reviewed. Action is taken to monitor and manage the volume and activities of visitors, and to reduce or increase them as necessary at certain times and in certain locations, working to balance the needs of the local economy, community, cultural heritage and environment **A9 Planning regulations and development control** The destination has planning guidelines, regulations and/or policies which control the location and nature of development, require environmental, economic, and socio-cultural impact assessment and integrate sustainable land use, design, construction, and demolition. Regulations also apply to operations, including property rental and concessions for tourism purposes. The guidelines, regulations and policies were created with public participation and are widely communicated and enforced. **A10 Climate change adaptation** The destination identifies risks and opportunities associated with climate change. Climate change adaptation strategies are pursued for the siting, design, development and management of tourism facilities. Information on predicted climate change, associated risks and future conditions is provided for residents, businesses and visitors. **A11 Risk and crisis management** The destination has a risk reduction, crisis management and emergency response plan that is appropriate to the destination. Key elements are communicated to residents, visitors, and enterprises. Procedures and resources are established for implementing the plan and it is regularly updated. **[Lesson 12 - UNESCO World Heritage Sites]** **Examine the criteria for designating UNESCO\'s World Heritage Sites** **What is World Heritage?** World Heritage is the designation for places on Earth that are of outstanding universal value to humanity and as such, have been inscribed on the World Heritage List to be protected for future generations to appreciate and enjoy. Places as diverse and unique as the Pyramids of Egypt, the Great Barrier Reef in Australia, Galápagos Islands in Ecuador, the Taj Mahal in India, the Grand Canyon in the USA, or the Acropolis in Greece are examples of the 1007 natural and cultural places inscribed on the World Heritage List to date. Heritage is our legacy from the past, what we live with today, and what we pass on to future generations. Our cultural and natural heritage are both irreplaceable sources of life and inspiration. The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) seeks to encourage the identification, protection and preservation of cultural and natural heritage around the world considered to be of outstanding value to humanity. This is embodied in an international treaty called the Convention concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage, adopted by UNESCO in 1972. What makes the concept of World Heritage exceptional is its universal application. World Heritage sites belong to all the peoples of the world, irrespective of the territory on which they are located. A screenshot of a website Description automatically generated A close-up of a couple of words Description automatically generated **Criteria for the assessment of Outstanding Universal Value** A property is considered as having Outstanding Universal Value if the property meets one or more of the following criteria. Nominated properties shall therefore: 1. represent a masterpiece of human creative genius; 2. exhibit an important interchange of human values, over a span of time or within a cultural area of the world, on developments in architecture or technology, monumental arts, town-planning or landscape design; 3. bear a unique or at least exceptional testimony to a cultural tradition or to a civilization which is living or which has disappeared; 4. be an outstanding example of a type of building, architectural or technological ensemble or landscape which illustrates (a) significant stage(s) in human history; 5. be an outstanding example of a traditional human settlement, land-use, or sea-use which is representative of a culture (or cultures), or human interaction with the environment especially when it has become vulnerable under the impact of irreversible change; 6. be directly or tangibly associated with events or living traditions, with ideas, or with beliefs, with artistic and literary works of outstanding universal significance. (The Committee considers that this criterion should preferably be used in conjunction with other criteria); 7. contain superlative natural phenomena or areas of exceptional natural beauty and aesthetic importance; 8. be outstanding examples representing major stages of earth\'s history, including the record of life, significant on-going geological processes in the development of landforms, or significant geomorphic or physiographic features; 9. be outstanding examples representing significant on-going ecological and biological processes in the evolution and development of terrestrial, fresh water, coastal and marine ecosystems and communities of plants and animals; 10. contain the most important and significant natural habitats for in-situ conservation of biological diversity, including those containing threatened species of Outstanding Universal Value from the point of view of science or conservation. **Lesson 13 -- Tourism Business Sustainability** **ESE Extra notes** **Explain, Elaborate and give examples** **Case Study on Boracay**  **Relationship between tourism, consumerism and consumption** **What are the effects of:** - **Overconsumption** - **Mass tourism** - **Over tourism** Contextualize to Three Pillars of Sustainability - Stakeholders for Sustainability Pillars - Government - Non-governmental - Private - Host Community - Others **Penang** A table with green and white text Description automatically generated Which stakeholders would be confronted with the most socio-economic issues Host Community How about with the most complex issues? Government **Cultural impacts of tourism** Tangible Heritage -- built structures and architectural objects such as buildings, monuments, religious structures, bridges, museums and collections of objects. Intangible Cultural Heritage -- traditions or living expressions inherited from our ancestors and passed on to our descendants such as oral traditions, performing arts, social practices, rituals, festive events, knowledge and practices concerning nature and the universe or the knowledge and skills to produce traditional crafts, food and cuisine, clothing and attire. **Cultural Sustainability**  **Environmental Sustainability** - Global Warming - Climate Change - Effects of Global Warming - Carbon Footprint - Energy conservation - Water stewardship - Water quality **We should be concerned with:** - Protection of sensitive environments - Visitor management at natural sites - Wildlife interaction - Species exploitation and animal welfare - Light and noise pollution - Green House Gas emissions and climate change mitigation - Low-impact transportation - Waste water management - Solid waste management  A screenshot of a computer Description automatically generated  A close-up of a text Description automatically generated