MPTH Final Term Reviewer PDF

**The shift from MDGs to SDGs** **Millennium Development Goals (MDGs)** **Timeframe:** 2000-2015**Number of Goals:** 8 goals**Focus:** Primarily on reducing extreme poverty and improving basic human needs in developing countries.**Key Areas:** - Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger - Achieve...

**The shift from MDGs to SDGs** **Millennium Development Goals (MDGs)** **Timeframe:** 2000-2015**Number of Goals:** 8 goals**Focus:** Primarily on reducing extreme poverty and improving basic human needs in developing countries.**Key Areas:** - Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger - Achieve universal primary education - Promote gender equality - Reduce child mortality - Improve maternal health - Combat HIV/aids - Ensure environmental sustainability - Develop a global partnership for development **Approach:** Top-down approach, with developed countries providing aid to developing countries **Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)Timeframe:** 2015-2030**Number of Goals:** 17 goals**Focus:** Broader and more comprehensive, addressing a wide range of sustainable development issues applicable to all countries, not just developing ones.**Key Areas:** - No Poverty - Zero Hunger - Good Health and Wellbeing - Quality Education - Gender Equality - Clean Water and Sanitation - Affordable and Clean Energy - Decent Work and Economic Growth - Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure - Reduced Inequalities - Sustainable Cities and Communities - Responsible Consumption and Production - Climate Action - Life Below Water - Life on Land - Peace, Justice and Strong Institutions - Partnerships for the Goals **Approach:** Inclusive and participatory, encouraging all countries to develop their own strategies and collaborate internationally. **Macro Versus Micro Environment** **Macro Environment\ ** - The macro environment consists of broader forces that affect not just one company, but all businesses in an industry or even across industries. These factors are usually beyond the control of the company and include: 1. **Political Factors:** Government policies, political stability, tax regulations, trade tariffs, etc. 2. **Economic Factors:** Inflation rates, interest rates, economic growth, exchange rates, etc. 3. **Social Factors:** Cultural trends, demographics, lifestyle changes, etc. 4. **Technological Factors:** Innovations, technological advancements, automation, etc. 5. **Environmental Factors:** Climate change, environmental regulations, sustainability efforts, etc. 6. **Legal Factors:** Laws regarding employment, health and safety, consumer protection, etc. **Micro Environment** - The micro environment, on the other hand, includes factors that are closer to the company and can be influenced to some extent. These factors directly affect the company\'s ability to serve its customers and include: 1. **Customers:** The target market and customer preferences. 2. **Suppliers:** Relationships with suppliers and their reliability. 3. **Competitors:** Other businesses offering similar products or services. 4. **Intermediaries:** Distributors, retailers, and other entities that help in delivering the product to the customer. **Law of Demand** - There is an inverse relationship between price and quantity purchased. - As the price of a good or service decreases, the quantity demanded for that good or service increases, and vice versa. **Tourism Demand** - This refers to the desire and willingness of people to travel to a particular destination. It can be influenced by factors such as economic conditions, cultural attractions, natural beauty, and marketing efforts. **Demand Substitution** - This occurs when tourists choose an alternative destination or activity due to factors like price changes, availability, or personal preferences. - For example, if a popular tourist spot becomes too expensive, travelers might opt for a more affordable destination. **Demand Redirection** - This involves guiding or encouraging tourists to visit less popular or emerging destinations to reduce pressure on overcrowded areas. This can help in managing tourism sustainably and spreading economic benefits more evenly. **Demand Generation** - This is the process of creating interest and desire for a destination through marketing, promotions, and events. It aims to attract new visitors and increase the overall number of tourists. **Factors Affecting Tourism Supply** - Economic - Geographic - Political - Perception of The Destination **Economic Factors:**The economic stability of a destination plays a crucial role in tourism supply. This includes the cost of living, exchange rates, and the overall economic health of the country. A strong economy can support better infrastructure, services, and attractions, making the destination more appealing to tourists. **Geographic Factors:**The physical location and natural features of a destination significantly impact tourism supply. This includes climate, landscape, accessibility, and natural attractions. For example, coastal areas with beautiful beaches or mountainous regions with scenic views are naturally more attractive to tourists. **Political Factors:**The political environment of a destination can either encourage or deter tourism. Stability, safety, and government policies related to tourism, such as visa regulations and investment in tourism infrastructure, are critical. Political unrest or unfavorable policies can negatively impact tourism supply. **Perception of The Destination:**How a destination is perceived by potential tourists can greatly influence tourism supply. This perception is shaped by factors such as media coverage, word of mouth, marketing efforts, and past experiences of visitors. A positive image can attract more tourists, while negative perceptions can deter them. **Tourism Value Chain** - Refers to the full range of activities and services that are involved in delivering a complete tourism experience to travelers. It encompasses everything from the initial planning and booking stages to the actual travel, stay, and activities at the destination, and even post-trip services. **Types of Activities** 1. **Primary Activities**- refer to actual production, sales, and delivery of tourism products to the customer. - Itinerary (Travel Agent) - Air, Land, and Water Transport (Transportation Companies) - Accommodation and Meals (Hotels and Restaurants) - Recreation Activities (Cultural Organizations) 2. **Support Activities**- These are the manpower, technology, and other resource necessary to facilitate exceptional services. - Information and Communications Technology (ICTs) - Local Tourism Board - promoting and managing tourism within a specific area **Hospitality Value Chain** - full range of activities and services that are involved in delivering a complete hospitality experience to travelers. **Primary Activities** - Service Delivery - Planning and Development **Support Activities** - Human Resources - Information and Communications Technology (ICTs) **Tourism as Both Product and Service (Tangible and Intangible)** - [Tangible Aspects (Products)] 1. Accommodation: Hotels, resorts, and other lodging facilities where tourists stay. 2. Transportation: Airplanes, trains, buses, and rental cars that tourists use to travel. 3. Attractions: Physical sites like museums, parks, monuments, and natural wonders. 4. Souvenirs: Physical items that tourists purchase to remember their trip. - [Intangible Aspects (Services)] 1. Customer Service: The hospitality and assistance provided by staff at hotels, restaurants, and attractions. 2. Experiences: Activities and events that tourists participate in, such as guided tours, cultural performances, and adventure sports. 3. Convenience: The ease of booking, traveling, and accessing information about the destination. 4. Atmosphere: The overall feeling and ambiance of the destination, which can be influenced by the local culture, environment, and interactions with locals. **Characteristics of Tourism as a Service** - Intangibility: Unlike physical products, tourism services cannot be seen, touched, or tried before purchase. This means that tourists rely heavily on reviews, recommendations, and marketing to make their decisions. - Inseparability: Tourism services are produced and consumed simultaneously. For example, a guided tour is created and experienced at the same time, making the presence of both the service provider and the tourist essential. - Variability: The quality of tourism services can vary greatly depending on who provides them, when, where, and how. For instance, the experience of a hotel stay can differ based on the staff, time of year, and even the specific room. - Perishability: Tourism services cannot be stored for later use. An empty hotel room or an unsold airline seat represents lost revenue that cannot be recovered. This characteristic drives the need for effective demand management and pricing strategies. - Seasonality: Tourism demand often fluctuates with seasons, holidays, and events. Destinations may experience peak and off-peak periods, requiring businesses to adapt their operations and marketing strategies accordingly. **Global Organizations** The UNWTO and the WTTC are the main organizations involved in tourism. There are other organizations involved in ecotourism, fair trade practices and other specialized fields and/or regions. **United Nations World Tourism Organization (UNWTO)** With 156 member-countries and more than 400 affiliate members, the UNWTO is the United Nations agency responsible for the promotion of responsible, sustainable and universally accessible tourism\...and it promotes tourism as a driver of economic growth, inclusive development and environmental sustainability and offers leadership and support to the sector in advancing knowledge and tourism policies worldwide (UNWTO, 2019). **World Travel and Tourism Council (WTTC)** is the body which represents the travel and tourism private sector globally. It works to raise awareness of travel and tourism as one of the world\'s largest economic sectors\....Its priorities are security and travel facilitation, crisis preparedness, management and recovery and sustainable growth (WTTC, 20196). **Pacific Asia Travel Association (PATA)** \... was established in 1951, is a non-profit organization providing direction for the development of the Asia Pacific travel and tourism industry. Its aims include the promotion and facilitation of intra-regional travel within Southeast Asia and the Pacific region. It also provides aligned advocacy, insightful research and innovative events to its member organizations. (PATA, 2019). **International Hotel and Restaurant Association (IHRA)** Established in 1859, the IRA is the only business organization representation the hospitality industry worldwide. It is devoted to promoting and defending the interests of the hotel and restaurant industry worldwide. The organization is tasked to monitor issues that are raised by major international organizations involved in tourism; represent the collective Industry interests before policy makers; lobby for better recognition of the hospitality industry worldwide; create global councils around industry issues to debate positions and create solutions; listen to its members to assure that all issues are addressed, plan a series of informative council and board meetings and an annual congress, and provide support where requested to lend weight to local and regional issues (IH&RA, 2016). **Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) Tourism Working Group (TWG)** was formed in 1991 as a platform for tourism administrators of APEC economies, to share information, exchange views and develop areas of cooperation in tourism trade and policies. It pursues partnerships with relevant tourism stakeholders to progress its work in the coming years (APEC, 2018). **United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO)** UNESCO\'s mission is to contribute to the building of a culture of peace, the eradication of poverty, sustainable development and intercultural dialogue through education, the sciences, culture, communication and information. Its key objectives are as follows: Attaining quality education for all and lifelong learning: mobilizing science knowledge and policy for sustainable development; addressing emerging social and ethical challenges; fostering cultural diversity, intercultural dialogue and a culture of peace; and building inclusive knowledge societies through information and communication (UNESCO, 2017). In recognition of the value of the most outstanding natural and cultural attractions in the world, several countries and states signed an agreement for its management and protection. The World Heritage List comprises of representative attractions that merit their preservation and conservation. **World Heritage Sites in the Philippines** As of February 28, 2019, there are 6 UNESCO World Heritage Sites in the Philippines: - Baroque churches: - Historic town of Vigan - Rice Terraces of the Cordilleras - Puerto-Princesa Subterranean River National Park - Tubbataha Reefs Natural Park - Mount Hamiguitan Range Wildlife Sanctuary **Tentative List of Nominees for the UNESCO World Heritage List** - Apo Reef Natural Park - Baroque Churches of the Philippines (Extension) - Batanes Protected landscapes and seascapes Butuan Archeological Sites - Chocolate Hills Natural Monument - Coron Island Natural Biotic Area - El Nido-Taytay Managed Resource Protected Area - Kabayan Mummy Burial Caves - Mayon Volcano Natural Park - Mt. Mantalingahan Protected Landscape - Mt. Iglit-Baco National Park - Mt. Malindang Range Natural Park - Mt. Matutum Protected Landscape - Mt. Pulag National Park - Neolithic Shell Midden Sites in Lal-lo and Gattaran Municipalities - Northern Sierra Madre Natural Park and outlying areas inclusive of the buffer zone - Paleolithic Archaeological Sites in Cagayan Valley - Panglao Island, Bohol - Petroglyphs and Petrographs of the Philippines - The Tabon Cave Complex and all of Lipuun - Turtle Islands Wildlife Sanctuary **Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)** The ASEAN is composed of Brunei Darussalam, Cambodia, Indonesia, Lao PDR, Malaysia, Myanmar, the Philippines, Singapore, Thailand and Viet Nam. They have agreed to develop and implement a marketing strategy to \"seek tourists in medium and long-haul markets such as the United Kingdom, Australia, India, North America, and Hong Kong positioning the region as a competitive and world-class tourist destination\" (ASEAN, 2016). The strategy emphasizes that The ASEAN Tourism campaign is designed to showcase diversity, warmth, and hospitality, as a \"Quality Single Destination\" (ASEAN, 2007) thru the following: - Experiential travel - Creative travel - Adventure travel - Extended, long-stay tourism. - Generic and mass travel (shopping, visiting family and friends, food, entertainment, spas, sightseeing and urban experiences) - Business-related travel - ASEAN for ASEAN (coordination between countries) To achieve its visitor targets, six experiential and creative travel themes are being promoted by member-states of region. These are the themes designed to increase travel to and within the ASEAN: - The Tastes of Southeast Asia - ASEAN, a Tropical Paradise - World Class Cities - Experience Diverse Traditions - Sport and Relaxation - Diverse Contemporary Creativity **DOT Attached Agencies** According to Republic Act No. 9593 (Tourism Act of 2009) and its Implementing Rules and Regulations (IRR), these are the DOT attached agencies and their respective mandates: **Tourism Promotions Board (TPB)** The Tourism Promotions Board was formerly named the Philippine Conventions and Visitors Corporation (PCVC). The TPB is responsible for marketing and promoting the Philippines domestically and internationally as a major global tourism destination, highlighting the uniqueness and assisting the development of its tourism products and services, with the end in view of increasing tourist arrivals and tourism investment. Specifically, it shall market the Philippines as a major convention -destination in Asia. To this end, it shall take charge of attracting promoting, facilitating, and servicing large-scale events, international fairs and conventions, congresses, sports competitions, expositions and the like. It shall likewise ensure the regular advertisement abroad of the country\'s major tourism destinations and other tourism products, not limited to tourism enterprise zones (TEZS). It may also provide incentives to travel agencies abroad which are able to draw tourists and tourism investments to the country (R.A. 9593, p. 20). **Tourism Infrastructure and Enterprise Zone Authority (TIEZA)** TIEZA is mandated to \...designate, regulate and supervise the Tourism Economic Zones (TEZS) established under the Tourism Act of 2009, as well as develop, manage and supervise tourism infrastructure projects in the country. It shall supervise and regulate the cultural, economic and environmentally sustainable development of TEZs toward the primary objective of encouraging investments therein (R.A. 9593, Sec. 64, p. 26). **Duty Free Philippines Corporation (DFPC)** Duty Free Philippines Corporation is mandated to \...operate the duty-and tax-free merchandising system in the Philippines to augment the service facilities for tourists and to generate foreign exchange and revenue for the government The DFPC shall have the exclusive authority to operate or franchise out stores and shops that would sell, among others, duty and tax-free merchandise, goods and articles, in international airports and seaports and in TEZs and ports of entry throughout the country. The DFPC shall likewise be authorized to operates and shops within the immediate vicinity of international airports and seaports to service the requirements of the international duty-free market (R.A.9593, Sec. 90, pp. 38-39). **Intramuros Administration (IA)** The Intramuros Administration is responsible for the orderly restoration and development of Intramuros as a monument to the Hispanic period in Philippine history. It ensures that the general appearance of Intramuros conforms to the Philippine-Spanish architecture of the sixteenth to the nineteenth century (P.D. No. 1616, 1979, para. 2-3). **National Parks Development Committee (NPDC)** The vision of the NPDC is to provide fully developed and well-maintained parks for the Filipinos, wholesome recreation, and socio-cultural education which will contribute towards the enrichment of the national identity heritage (Executive Order no. 30, series 1963). **Philippine Commission on Sports Scuba Diving (PCSSD)** The PCSSD is responsible for providing and undertaking measures regarding the standard basic dive rules to all levels or kinds of divers, regulate scuba sports and technical diving in the country and ensure the safety of the sport through the formulation of policies pursuant thereto, in coordination with the Office of Tourism Standards and Regulations, including the regulation of the accredited scuba sports and technical diving establishments (R.A. 9593, Sec. 31, p. 20). **Nayong Pilipino Foundation** A non-stock, non-profit organization established under P.D. No. 37 November 6, 1972, the foundation is tasked To promote, encourage, espouse and/or initiate research and development projects on social sciences and humanities and related fields; To formulate a comprehensive social welfare program for the upliftment, improvement and amelioration of the social and economic conditions of the unfortunate destitute members of our society with the end in view of availing maximum utilization of their potentialities in the solution of the country\'s problems; To encourage and facilitate the active participation of the domestic and foreign sectors in furnishing financial, technical and other forms of assistance for the Foundation\'s social welfare programs; To promote and encourage the dissemination of the results of its researches and studies in social sciences and humanities and to encourage their practical application to problems of the masses; To establish, set up and/or maintain scholarships or professional chairs in order to foster, promote and encourage the study and improvement of fundamental or pure research, applied research, developmental work and/or economic evaluation in the fields of social sciences or humanities; To establish parks and recreation centers for the promotion of tourism in this country. To construct, improve, enlarge or equip or to cause the building, improvement, enlarging or equipping of buildings, libraries, laboratories, workshops or other educational accessories, required for scientific research; to establish, maintain, or aid others to establish or maintain institutions doing research of all kinds in the fields of social sciences and humanities. **Philippine Retirement Authority (PRA)** PRA is mandated to attract foreign nationals and former Filipino citizens to invest, reside and retire in the Philippines with the end-view of accelerating the socio-economic development of the country, contributing to the foreign currency reserve of the economy and by providing them the best quality of life in the most attractive package (Executive Order No. 26). and by providing them the best quality of life in the most attractive package. **Philippine Laws Pertaining** **to the Implementation of the Accessibility Law** The Tourism for All concept ensures tourist destinations, products and services are accessible to all people regardless of their physical limitations, disabilities or age as long as they are able to travel and function independently in their socio-cultural and economic activities in places where they want to visit (NCDA, 2016). To implement the initiative, several laws were enacted to ensure compliance. Republic Act No. 7277, the Magna Carta for Persons with Disabilities, was signed on February 25, 1983. This was amended by Republic Act No. 9442, referred to as \"an Act Amending Republic Act No. 7277, otherwise known as the Magna Carta for Disabled Persons and Other Purposes which was signed into law on April 30, 2007. The above-mentioned policy requires DOT accredited establishments, such as restaurants, hotels, inns, apartels, pension houses, resorts and similar lodging establishments; tertiary hospitals, ambulatory clinics, spas, sports and recreational clubs/centers, museums, galleries, tourist land and water and air transport operators, to comply with the pertinent provision. Failure to comply with the grant of such benefits being stated in the said Guidelines can be a ground for legal action against the establishment. On the other hand, Batas Pambansa Blg 344 is an Act providing for the rehabilitation, self-development and Self-Reliance of Disabled Persons and their Integration into the Mainstream of Society and for Other Purposes was signed on March 24, 1992. This is referred to as the Accessibility Law which is an act to enhance the mobility of disabled persons by requiring certain buildings, institutions, establishments and public utilities to install facilities and other devices. According to the National Council on Disability Affairs (NCDA), the law adheres to the basic principles of design for accessibility laid out by the United Nations which are accessibility, reachability, usability, orientation, safety. workability and efficiency (NCDA, p. 7). Batas Pambansa Blg. 344 categorizes the different types of disabilities as follows (NCDA, p. 7) - Impairments requiring confinement to wheelchairs - Impairments causing difficulty or insecurity in walking or climbing stairs, or requiring the use of braces, crutches, or other artificial supports; or impairments caused by amputation, arthritis, spastic conditions or pulmonary, cardiac or other ills rendering individuals semi-ambulatory - Total or partial impairments of hearing or sight causing insecurity or likelihood of exposure to danger in public places - Impairments due to conditions of aging or incoordination - Mental impairments whether acquired or congenital in nature **Basic Physical Planning Requirements** According to the original and amended Implementing Rules and Regulations (IRR) of Batas Pambansa Blg. 344, these are the key requirements based on guidelines from the United Nations: - **Accessibility:** The built environment shall be designed so that it is accessible to all people. This means that no criteria should impede the use of facilities by either the handicapped or non-disabled person (BP 344, 1.31) - **Reachability:** Provisions shall be adapted and introduced to the physical environment so that many places can be reached by all (BP 344, 2008, 1.32) - **Usability:** The built environment shall be designed so that all persons, whether they are disabled or not, may use and enjoy it. (BP 344, 2008, 1.33) - **Orientation:** Finding a person\'s way inside and outside a building or open space shall be made easy for everyone (BP 344, 2008, 1.34). - **Safety:** Designing for safety ensures that people will be able to move about with less hazards to life and health (BP 344, 2008, 1.35) - **Workability:** The built environment shall be designed to allow the disabled citizens to participate and contribute to development goals (BP 344, 2008, 1.36) **Key Concepts** Republic Act No. 7277, referred to as the \"Magna Carta for Persons with Disabilities defines disability, impairment, and handicap, as follows: - **Disability** refers to a \"physical or mental impairment that substantially limits one or more psychological, physiological or anatomical function of an individual or activities of such individual\" - **Impairment** is defined as \"any loss, diminution of aberration of psychological, physiological or anatomical structure or function\" - **Handicap** refers to \"a disadvantage for a given individual, resulting from impairment or a disability that limits or prevents the function or activity that is considered normal given the age and sex of the individual\" **Department of Tourism (UT)** **National Accommodation Standards for Hotels, Apartment Hotels and Resorts** The DOT National Accommodation Standards for Hotels, Apartment Hotels and Resorts include the evaluation of business practices as a criteria for accreditation (DOT, 2012) Among these standards are for environmental and social business processes as well as the barrier-free facilities for persons with disabilities (PWDs). The specific requirements of the DOT are as follows: **BARRIER-FREE ACCESS** - Five percent of all rooms shall be designated for PWDs, but not less than two rooms - Reception areas shall provide low and recessed split-level counters than can both accommodate standing persons and those seated on wheelchairs - All interior doors shall have at least a width of ninety cm to accommodate big and motorized wheelchairs **PWD BEDROOMS** - Lever type door handles - Dual height peepholes with the lower one at 39inches from the floor - Light switches at maximum 47 inches from the floor - Electrical outlets at a minimum of 18inches from the floor - Bed height at maximum of 20inches - Easy-to-open preferably sliding closet doors - Dual height hanger racks with the lower rack at 55inches from the floor **PWD BATHROOMS** - Toilet flooring of non-slippery surface materials even when wet Toilet bowls should be positioned where a vertical or climbing bar shall be positioned on the wall at 12 inches from the front tip of the toilet bowl to offer support when users pull or elevate themselves to a standing position. - Grab bars should be placed on both sides at 28-30 inches from the floor for the safety and effective utility, the distance between the bars not exceeding 30inches **ELEVATOR** At least one Elevator with PWD-friendly features: - Can accommodate a minimum of two (2) wheelchairs - The exterior and interior button panels shall not exceed 47 inches from the floor - The panel buttons shall feature Braille signs or otherwise embossed with familiar signs for those not educated in Braille. - Speaker system shall also be in place to inform the blind to what floor the elevator is already at. - Equipped with handrails placed in both sides at 28-30 inches from the floor In addition, Republic Act 7277, referred to as the Magna Carta for Disabled Persons provides for \"the rehabilitation, self-development and Self-reliance of disabled persons and their integration into the Mainstream of society and for other purposes.\" However, the standards do not include facilities for senior citizens, children with families, and persons with cognitive concerns. Furthermore, it also needs to be more inclusive by providing amenities to reduce socio-cultural biases for guests. **Inclusive Tourism** Scheyvens and Biddulp (2017, p. 4) state that inclusive tourism as "transformative tourism in which marginalized groups are engaged in ethical production or consumption and the sharing of its benefits." On the other hand, Pavkovic, Farrell, Huuskes and Ryan (2017) refer to inclusive tourism as "tourism services and products where people of all abilities feel welcome and wanted as customers and guests." Rains and Pruett (n.d.) confirms that "inclusive tourism involves a circle of communication between travelers, industry professionals, policy makers, designers and builders to become stakeholders in the best possible outcome for all" (p. 3). Thus, inclusive tourism represents a paradigm shift towards acceptance, communications, and respect. Generally, there are three main demographic segments: people with disability, young families, and older people. Hironaka-Juteau and Crawford (2010) define inclusion as "a\_ cultural characteristic whereby that culture is characterized by attitudes and behaviors that are open and accepting of all people. It is a term used to capture a sense of belonging, value, and respect\... where inclusion applies to all aspects of life where participation and engagement are possible and where appropriate modification and support that draw on individual abilities and potential are provided (p. 4). **Inclusive Tourism Destination** According to the UNWTO (2018), an inclusive tourism destination is a destination that offers tourism experience based on its own, singular attributes, transforms the industry by boosting its competitiveness, \' creates decent employment and promotes equal opportunities for all- especially the most vulnerable groups with the principles of sustainable development (p. 26). **Elements of Inclusive Tourism** Scheyvens and Biddulp (2017, p. 5) enumerates seven elements for inclusive tourism - Marginalized people as tourism producers - Marginalized people as tourism consumers - Self-representation in dignified and appropriate ways - Power relations transformed in and beyond tourism - Widening of participation in decision-making - Changing the tourism map to involve new people and places - Promotion of mutual understanding and respect There is no agreement as-to which of these terminologies is socially acceptable and politically correct: accessible tourism, inclusive tourism, barrier-free tourism, adapted tourism, tourism for all, easy access tourism and universal tourism. Ahman and Gulliksen (2014) enumerated the approaches that have been used as benchmarks when designing for accessibility: - Barrier-Free Design - Design for all - Universal design - Inclusive design - Accessible design - User-sensitive inclusive design/design for dynamic diversity - Universal access - Cooperative design **Inclusive Recreation** Long and Robertson (2010, pp, 62-63) emphasized three dimensions for inclusive recreation, namely accessibility, adaptation, and accommodation. - **Accessibility**: This refers to providing access to all individuals, not only for PWDs - **Accommodation:** This refers to enabling individuals to participate in activities by removing barriers - **Adaptation:** This is defined as "the art and science, used by qualified professionals, of assessing and managing variables and services so as to meet unique needs and achieve desired outcomes" (Sherrill, 2004, p. 7). This refers to modified rules for specific sports to allow inclusion. For example, the use a headgear for a female Muslim player as required by their customs and traditions.