Health Psychology Chapter 9 PDF

Gurung, Health Psychology, 5th Edition Chapter 9: Illness Cognitions, Adherence, and Patient-Practitioner Interactions  Introduction There are many different ways of coping and reacting to symptoms of illness within different c...

Gurung, Health Psychology, 5th Edition Chapter 9: Illness Cognitions, Adherence, and Patient-Practitioner Interactions  Introduction There are many different ways of coping and reacting to symptoms of illness within different cultures. Gurung, Health Psychology 5th Edition. © 2024 SAGE Publishing. 2  Factors Surrounding Illness (1 of 5) Culture and Illness Behaviors Illness behaviors involve recognizing illness and treatment. Varying ways individuals respond to symptoms. Number of sociodemographic variables. Underuse of mental health resources by many non-European American groups. Gurung, Health Psychology 5th Edition. © 2024 SAGE Publishing. 3  Factors Surrounding Illness (2 of 5) Culture and Illness Behaviors The role of acculturation. – Ethnic identity plays important part in use of mental health resources. – Acculturation is linked to negative health behaviors. – Doctors seen as credible people with power. – Illness representations are the thoughts or cognitions about an illness. Gurung, Health Psychology 5th Edition. © 2024 SAGE Publishing. 4  Factors Surrounding Illness (3 of 5) The Commonsense Model of Illness Behavior Common sense can capture the everyday way people approach illness. Commonsense Model (CSM) of illness behavior. CSM is based on parallel processing model. Morphed into a self-regulation model. Gurung, Health Psychology 5th Edition. © 2024 SAGE Publishing. 5  Factors Surrounding Illness (4 of 5) The Commonsense Model of Illness Behavior CSM identifies behaviors that reflect how people interact with others. CSM has two fundamental elements. Individuals are seen as active problem solvers. Individuals’ decisions will be based on their perceptions. Gurung, Health Psychology 5th Edition. © 2024 SAGE Publishing. 6  Factors Surrounding Illness (5 of 5) The Commonsense Model of Illness Behavior CSM assumes illness representation is shaped by sociocultural environments. Illness Perception Questionnaire. Tackles symptoms, timeline and consequences, and causes. Representations signaling threats had positive and negative indirect effects. Gurung, Health Psychology 5th Edition. © 2024 SAGE Publishing. 7  Recognizing Symptoms (1 of 6) The Confirmation Bias People try to confirm their beliefs. If there is ambiguity in a behavior, people will interpret it consistent with their bias. Illusory correlation is belief we are correct more than we are. We ignore disconfirmation of our biases. Gurung, Health Psychology 5th Edition. © 2024 SAGE Publishing. 8  Recognizing Symptoms (2 of 6) Attributions and Misattributions Attributions are the process of assigning meaning. Cause to which people attribute symptoms can influence if they seek treatment. Some may consider hearing voices to be a religious experience. Gurung, Health Psychology 5th Edition. © 2024 SAGE Publishing. 9  Recognizing Symptoms (3 of 6) Attributions and Misattributions Beliefs about the cause of a disease corresponds to how it will be resolved. Mistakenly labeling an experience based on external factors. Belief that you are getting sick will make you sick. Bias against mental illness can lead to misattribution of symptoms. Gurung, Health Psychology 5th Edition. © 2024 SAGE Publishing. 10  Recognizing Symptoms (4 of 6) Personality Different personality characteristics are related to number of health outcomes. People with anxiety report illness more. This translates to oversensitivity to symptoms. Hypochondriacs have an excessive preoccupation with their health. Gurung, Health Psychology 5th Edition. © 2024 SAGE Publishing. 11  Recognizing Symptoms (5 of 6) Personality Traits such as optimism may delay us from seeking treatment. Behavioral involvement is the patients attitude toward self-care. Information involvement is how much the patient wants to know. Each form of involvement has different implications. Gurung, Health Psychology 5th Edition. © 2024 SAGE Publishing. 12  Recognizing Symptoms (6 of 6) Personality Private body consciousness can cause discomfort. Difference in vigilance may underline a gender difference in reporting. Factors influencing symptom reporting will vary with the illness. Gurung, Health Psychology 5th Edition. © 2024 SAGE Publishing. 13 Seeking and Adhering to Treatment (1 of 12) Seeking Treatment Exploratory model is a form of representation applied across culture. Lay sector involves culturally based beliefs and practices. Folk sector involves cultural traditions. Professional sector involves legally sanctioned professionals. Gurung, Health Psychology 5th Edition. © 2024 SAGE Publishing. 14 Seeking and Adhering to Treatment (2 of 12) Seeking Treatment The role of culture. – Cultural norms and values of collectivistic families. – Some cultures keep disabled people hidden. – In some cultures, spiritual healers are consulted first. – DiMatteo suggests that people often worry about how they will look if symptoms turn out minor. Gurung, Health Psychology 5th Edition. © 2024 SAGE Publishing. 15 Seeking and Adhering to Treatment (3 of 12) Seeking Treatment Understanding delays. – Three main components of delay. – Delay in appraisal. – Delay in recognition one is ill. – Use delays in seeking care. Gurung, Health Psychology 5th Edition. © 2024 SAGE Publishing. 16 Seeking and Adhering to Treatment (4 of 12) Seeking Treatment Understanding delays. – Delay may result from symptoms of a problem being misattributed. – Psychological barriers to recognizing symptoms. – Five triggers that increase likelihood of seeking treatment. – First is degree to which you are frightened. Gurung, Health Psychology 5th Edition. © 2024 SAGE Publishing. 17 Seeking and Adhering to Treatment (5 of 12) Seeking Treatment Understanding delays. – Nature and quality of symptoms. – If symptoms interfere with relationships. – Social interference. – Social sanctioning of treatment. Gurung, Health Psychology 5th Edition. © 2024 SAGE Publishing. 18 Seeking and Adhering to Treatment (6 of 12) Seeking Treatment Understanding delays. – Treatment seeking varies by ethnicity. – Lay-referral system. – Many conditions may be due to poverty. – Poverty over time influences psychological traits. – Only upper-middle-class families treated all illnesses with biomedicine. Gurung, Health Psychology 5th Edition. © 2024 SAGE Publishing. 19 Seeking and Adhering to Treatment (7 of 12) Seeking Treatment The hospital setting. – There are both for-profit and nonprofit hospitals. – Sometimes competition can benefit the patient. – Healthcare professional first gathers information from the patient. – Medical examination is then conducted. Gurung, Health Psychology 5th Edition. © 2024 SAGE Publishing. 20 Seeking and Adhering to Treatment (8 of 12) Seeking Treatment The hospital setting. – Physician may only spend brief time with each patient. – Indoor environments may cause stress. – Study found stress was lowest with no televisions in the rooms. Gurung, Health Psychology 5th Edition. © 2024 SAGE Publishing. 21 Seeking and Adhering to Treatment (9 of 12) Seeking Treatment Staff relations. – Hospital staff are also culturally diverse. – Hospitals frequently have Indian, Chinese, and Middle Eastern doctors. – Different cultures have different expectations of the staff. Gurung, Health Psychology 5th Edition. © 2024 SAGE Publishing. 22 Seeking and Adhering to Treatment (10 of 12) Seeking Treatment Staff relations. – Gender and culture also influence relationships. – Some Indian cisgender female physicians often feel intimidated. – Medicine can be a hierarchical profession. Gurung, Health Psychology 5th Edition. © 2024 SAGE Publishing. 23 Seeking and Adhering to Treatment (11 of 12) Adherence to Treatment Adherence is the extent to which patients behavior matches practitioners advice. Nonadherence can influence diagnosis and effectiveness of treatment. Adherence can be focused on medication compliance. Ranges in general from 15 to 93 percent. Gurung, Health Psychology 5th Edition. © 2024 SAGE Publishing. 24 Seeking and Adhering to Treatment (12 of 12) Adherence to Treatment Poor adherence accounts for increased risk of failure in kidney transplants. Creative nonadherence. Ethnicity and geography may play role in adherence. Dietary practices are an area of culture that interferes with adherence. Gurung, Health Psychology 5th Edition. © 2024 SAGE Publishing. 25  Patient-Practitioner Interactions (1 of 5) Communication Range of conversations between doctors and patients. Different cultures have different expectations. Patient’s level of collectivism can be a key factor. Gurung, Health Psychology 5th Edition. © 2024 SAGE Publishing. 26  Patient-Practitioner Interactions (2 of 5) Communication Collectivists tend to communicate all but most important piece of information. Doctors may use too much medical jargon. Different symptoms mean different things in different cultures. Gurung, Health Psychology 5th Edition. © 2024 SAGE Publishing. 27  Patient-Practitioner Interactions (3 of 5) Gender and Cultural Stereotyping Stereotypes are beliefs about particular groups. We use stereotypes as a shortcut. Stereotypes based on gender, ethnicity, or religion. Some cultural groups are treated worse than other groups. Women older than 50 are less likely to be admitted to ICU than men. Gurung, Health Psychology 5th Edition. © 2024 SAGE Publishing. 28  Patient-Practitioner Interactions (4 of 5) Cultural Competency Facilitation of effective health care for diverse individuals. Cultural awareness is an appreciation for signs of diversity. Cultural sensitivity is an attitude of preventing offending others. Understanding of culture can contribute to quality of treatment delivered. Gurung, Health Psychology 5th Edition. © 2024 SAGE Publishing. 29  Patient-Practitioner Interactions (5 of 5) Cultural Competency Overreliance on stereotypes. Discrimination plays a role in help-seeking in Chinese Americans. Individual and cultural differences influence patients. Gurung, Health Psychology 5th Edition. © 2024 SAGE Publishing. 30