GST 111 Revision Class PDF

Smiling and laughing are [universally 1] considered to be signals that show a person is [happy2]. We cry at birth, begin smiling at [five3] weeks and laughing starts between the fourth and fifth months. [Babies4] quickly learn that crying gets [our 5] attention – and that smiling keeps us there. [Re...

Smiling and laughing are [universally 1] considered to be signals that show a person is [happy2]. We cry at birth, begin smiling at [five3] weeks and laughing starts between the fourth and fifth months. [Babies4] quickly learn that crying gets [our 5] attention – and that smiling keeps us there. [Recent 6] research with our closest primate [cousins 7], the chimpanzees, has shown that smiling serves an even deeper, more [primitive 8] purpose. To show they 're aggressive, apes bare their lower fangs, warning that they can [bite 9]. Humans do [exactly 10] the same thing when they become aggressive by dropping or thrusting forward the [lower 11] lip because its [main12] function is as a sheath to conceal the lower teeth. Chimpanzees have two types of smiles: [one 13] is an [appeasement 14] face, where one chimp shows [submission 15] to a dominant other. In this chimp smile – known as a 'fear face' - the lower jaw [opens 16] to expose the teeth and the corners of the mouth are pulled back and down, and this resembles the [human 17] smile. The other is a 'play face' where the teeth are [exposed 18], the corners of the mouth and the eyes are drawn [upwards19]; and vocal sounds are made, similar to that of humans laughing. In both cases, [these 20] smiles are used as submission gestures. The first [communicates 21] 'I am not a threat because, as you can see, I'm [fearful22] of you' and the other says 'I am not a threat [because 23], as you can see, I'm just like a [playful 24] child'. This is the same face [pulled 25] by a chimpanzee that is anxious or fearful that it may be attacked or injured by [others 26]. The zygomatics pull the corners of the mouth back [horizontally 27] or downwards and the orbicularis eye muscles don't [move 28]. And it's the same [nervous 29] smile used by a person who steps onto a [busy30] road and almost gets killed [by 31] a bus. Because it's [ a 32] fear reaction, they smile and say, '[Gee...33] I almost got killed!' In humans, smiling [serves34] much the same purpose as with other primates. [It 35] tells [another36] person you are [non-threatening 37] and asks them to accept you [on 38] a personal level. Lack of smiling [explains39] [why 40] many dominant [individuals41] , such as Vladimir Putin, James Cagney, Clint Eastwood, Margaret Thatcher and Charles Bronson, [always 42]seem to look grumpy or aggressive and are [rarely43] seen smiling - they [simply44] don't want to appear in any way submissive. And research [in 45] courtrooms shows that an apology [offered 46] with a smile [incurs 47] a lesser penalty than an [apology 48] without one. So [Grandma 49] was right. Happy, submissive, or about to tear [your 50] limb from limb? (culled from The Definitive Book of Body Language by Allan & Barbara Pease page 69-70)