KINES 350 GSG Session 1 PDF

WELCOME TO KINES 350 GSG I’m Mike, your GSG Leader Please join/form a Group G uided I’m from Bucks County PA I’m a Senior Kinesiology major. I mastered this material in SP24. This is my first semester leading...

WELCOME TO KINES 350 GSG I’m Mike, your GSG Leader Please join/form a Group G uided I’m from Bucks County PA I’m a Senior Kinesiology major. I mastered this material in SP24. This is my first semester leading GSG sessions for Kines 350. Study We will review concepts from recent lectures We will work on practice problems In person: Sign in! Zoom: Ignore me Working with our peers to discuss & solve will help all of us to G roups improve our understanding. Please scan QR code to help us show how many are using GSG! AGENDA Interpreting graphs Steady state/equilibrium Control loops Cell signaling CNS/PNS KINES 350 GSG 127 Noll Lab In person: Sign in! Mon 6:00pm-8:00pm Zoom: Ignore me Mike What is GSG? GroupMe link: - Free service provided for students by Penn State Learning - Review of lecture content - Practice questions - GSG is a good place for questions about topics your confused about from lecture - GSG is not a replacement for lecture 4  · Sensor/Recptor center · Contor Warm up/opener · effector cord CNS : brain/spinal Brain dump ONS everything : Write down what you know about control loops, cell signaling, and/or the CNS and PNS. Be ready to share one of them (try not to repeat something someone already said) READING GRAPHS What variable is shown on the X-Axis? indepent variable Du What variable is shown on the Y-Axis? variable dependent How are these variables different from each other? Independent the · that changes is one · dependent depends on the manipulation What is a statement you can make from this IV graph? / How can we use this graph’s info in practice? ↑ heart rate ↑ exercise intensity so does *answers on the next slide 6 8 Basic Physiology Review Provide an example of non- experimental research. studies correlational Descriptive , case , Provide an example of experimental subset of exercise physio. research. IV DV (manipulation) , specializing in acute/chronic adaptation Sport What is the difference between physiology physiology, exercise physiology, and sport physiology? Exercise Physiology a chronic acute exercise What does it mean when you see a dot over a variable like in V̇O₂? Physiology study of function of cells tissues Morgan system , , 9  Question open system M How are steady-state environments different from equilibrium? - closed system How are they similar? homeostatis 11 How are steady-state environments different from equilibrium? Equilibrium: closed, static systems Steady-state: open-system where gains are equal to losses ○ Physiological homeostasis is a steady-state Ex: We lose fluid through urine and counter this by drinking fluids We steady the rate of loss and gain by countering for changes: when we are consuming less fluids, we form less urine Ex: Strength training Increases the rate of muscle formation and decreases the rate of muscle loss How are they similar? Both are forms of homeostasis 12  Question: Multiple Answer Which of the following is an example of a steady state system? 10 a. Carbon dioxide increases in the blood due to exercise causing the body to ventilate at a higher rate to expire more CO2 ~ 2 b. A book resting on a table not moving X unchanged 30c. The Panama Canal connecting the Atlantic and Pacific Ocean Y d. A bathtub with a closed drain X 13 Question: Multiple Answer Which of the following is an example of a steady state system? a. Carbon dioxide increases in the blood due to exercise causing the body to ventilate at a higher rate to expire more CO2 b. A book resting on a table not moving c. The Panama Canal connecting the Atlantic and Pacific Ocean d. A bathtub with a closed drain 14  Question Multiple Choice Both exercise and fever increase core body temperature. When comparing biological control for the two conditions… 1. Both exercise and fever change the stimulus only Y O 2. Exercise changes the stimulus, a fever changes the integrating center ~ 3. Exercise changes integrating center, fever changes stimulus ~ 4. Both change the integrating center X 15 Both exercise and fever increase core body temperature. When comparing biological control for the two conditions… control center 1. Both exercise and fever change the stimulus only or 2. Exercise changes the stimulus, a fever changes the integrating center 3. Exercise changes integrating center, fever changes stimulus 4. Both change the integrating center Fever is a change in the set point caused by the body Exercise produces heat and raises body temperature accordingly ○ Exercise is a disturbance to the set point by changing the stimulus 16 Question: Multiple Answer Which of the following are examples of negative feedback? O a. Increase in blood CO2 levels causes higher ventilation decreases blood CO2 ~ b. The propagation of an action potential + Feedback ○ Cells depolarize further from their RMP in order to communicate with other cells, encouraging entry of more Na+ Oc. Increase in room temperature~increases the air conditioner and decreases room temperature d. Calcium induced calcium release + feedback ○ After depolarization due to contraction calcium is released into the t-tubules which then after a chain of events cause calcium release into the muscle from the SR 17 Question: Multiple Answer Which of the following are examples of negative feedback? a. Increase in blood CO2 levels causes higher ventilation decreases blood CO2 b. The propagation of an action potential ○ Cells depolarize further from their RMP in order to communicate with other cells, encouraging entry of more Na+ c. Increase in room temperature increases the air conditioner and decreases room temperature d. Calcium induced calcium release ○ After depolarization due to contraction calcium is released into the t-tubules which then after a chain of events cause calcium release into the muscle from the SR 18  Question: What are the components of a control loop in the correct order? 1. Stimulus 1. effector. 2 Sensor/receptor. 3 Control center 19 Control Systems Components 1. Stimulus 2. Sensor/Receptor 3. Control Center 4. Effector 20  Put the components of the blood/CSF CO2 control loop in order, and label them properly. (Stimulus, variable, detector, integrating center, and effector) ⑤ Increased ventilation ③ Peripheral/central chemoreceptors ① ② Hypoventilation Increased arterial CO2 concentration ⑨ Medullary respiratory centers 21 Put the components of the blood/CSF CO2 control loop in order and label them properly. => (Stimulus, variable, detector, integrating center, and effector) ~ 1. Hypoventilation- Stimulus 2. Increased arterial CO2 concentration- Variable 3. Peripheral/central chemoreceptors- Detector 4. Medullary respiratory centers- Integrating center 5. Increased ventilation- Effector 22 Question: Multiple Choice Which of the following is a cell sending chemical messengers to other cells close to it? a. Endocrine signaling b. Juxtacrine signaling c. Paracrine signaling d. Autocrine signaling 24 Question: Multiple Choice Which of the following is a cell sending chemical messengers to other cells close to it? a. Endocrine signaling b. Juxtacrine signaling c. Paracrine signaling acts on nearby cells d. Autocrine signaling 25  CELL SIGNALING M or C Intracrine Messenger INSIDE the cell triggers response c Juxtacrine Messaging b/w 2 connected cells c Autocrine Messenger acts within the same cell (auto - oneself) c Paracrine Act on nearby cells (para - around, near, next to) c Messengers released into the blood and affects Endocrine cells with the receptor for this hormone 26  Question Why do we need excitable cells? Rapid transmission of information to promote response How do they work? Neurons & muscle fibers use electrochemical signals to communicate to other cells Turn electrical/chemical/mechanical/thermal info into electrical impulses 28 29 Resting Membrane Potential: steady-state (quiet) Ranges from -5 - 100 mV ○ Neurons: -40-75 mV Maintained by the Sodium-Potassium Pump ○ 1/3 of resting metabolic rate RMP may change with permeability ○ Hypopolarization: RMP moves closer to threshold Depolarization ○ Hyperpolarization: RMP moves further to threshold Repolarization Question: What is the process of changing membrane potential? AP 30  Action Potentials Question: What is the process of changing membrane potential? The cell membrane has different levels of permeability for all ions ○ Most permeable to potassium (K+) At rest, 25x more permeable to K+ > Na+ Increased sodium permeability during depolarization Depolarization: Increased sodium permeability causes influx = rapid increase in charge (~ + 70) Nat opens Repolarization: immediately follows depolarization Potassium channels open and K+ exits the cell Membrane potential decreases 31  ? Depolarization ? Repolarization ? ? ? Period Refractory 32  Depolarization Repolarization a in the Refractory Period - you don't want or APto happen you again threshold to happen Question: Why is the refractory period important? ↓ 33  Question Why is the refractory period important? The refractory period helps prevent the excitable cells from depolarizing uncontrollably - Protects the heart from arrhythmia 35  Question How fast do APs spread along neurons? As slow as ~1-2 m/s Myelination increases to >100m/s What factors affect this speed? Diameter (larger = faster) Myelin Sheathing ○ Saltatory Conduction: depolarization jumps from nodes of Ranvier 37  Anatomical Divisions of the Nervous System Motor division divided into... ○ Somatic motor Anatomical Divisions of the Voluntary functions Nervous System Autonomic motor SaMe ○ Involuntary functions (think Sensory =Afferent automatic) ○ Afferent =Away ○ Sympathetic: fight or flight Motor =Efferent ○ Parasympathetic: (opposite) calms it down “Rest & digest” 38 LABEL THE BRAIN! The brain and the spinal cord make up the CNS 1. Cerebrum 2. Diencephalon 3. Cerebellum (coordinates complex & quick movements) 4. Midbrain 5. Pons Train 6. Medulla oblongata is 4, 5, & 6 make up the Brain Stem 40 Types of Sensors Sensory Function Mechanoreceptors Touch (pressure, length, force, gravity) Thermoreceptors Temperature Pain (chemical and thermal -- when it’ s so Nociceptors hot you cannot touch it Photoreceptors Light Chemoreceptors Chemical Stimuli (ex- chemical change in blood cause a ventilatory response) 42  Question You are in the gym doing bicep curls. You are feeling good today, so you increase your normal load by 20 pounds. Which mechanoreceptor will monitor the tension produced by the muscle to prevent excessive force? 43  Question You are in the gym doing bicep curls. You are feeling good today, so you increase your normal load by 20 pounds. Which mechanoreceptor will monitor the tension produced by the muscle to prevent excessive force? Golgi-Tendon Organs (GTOs): found in ligaments & around joints Pacinian corpuscles surround joints and detect rate of rotation Free nerve endings sense touch and pressure & are the most abundant Muscle spindles detect length 44  Question You are hiking a mountain at a greater intensity than usual, and you are finding it hard to catch your breath. You’re wondering if you are experiencing symptoms of hypoxia. Which chemoreceptor would detect this change? 45  Question You are exercising at a greater intensity than usual, and you are finding it hard to catch your breath. You’re wondering if you are experiencing symptoms of hypoxia. Which chemoreceptor would detect this change? Peripheral Chemoreceptors: sensitive to hypoxia (low oxygen) & located at the bifurcation of the common carotid artery Central: sensitive to H+ and CO2, located in floor of 4th ventricle Muscle: sensitive to H+, CO2, and K+ or changes in the chemical environment surrounding a muscle ○ Tells the CNS how hard the muscles are working Sends feedback to CV and respiratory systems on how to compensate 46  Question Why is muscle innervation ratio important? Which muscles have a low innervation ratio? High innervation ratio? 47  Question Which muscles have a low innervation ratio? Muscles that require fine motor control have a low innervation ratio (extraocular muscles) Innervation Ratio: the number of muscle fibers innervated by each motor neuron Motor Unit: a motor neuron and all of the muscle fibers it innervates ○ The more motor units recruited, the more fibers activated, the stronger the contraction is! (Motor Unit Recruitment) Higher ratio in larger muscles = more fibers innervated by each neuron 48  Question Apply the following motor reflexes to scenarios Muscle Spindle Monitors length of muscle, stretch causes reflex contraction Knee-jerk reflex Myotatic Monitors tension in muscle, prevents excessive forces Golgi Tendon Reflex that could produce injury, causes reflex relaxation ○ inverse stretch reflex (inverse myotatic) Withdrawal Avoid danger by reflexively contracting a muscle to remove it from a painful stimuli (like heat) Promotes muscles of the opposite limb to extend and support Crossed Extensor the body while removing/contracting an injured limb Think of stepping on a lego! 50  Question Fatigue is induced by... a. CNS b. The PNS c. A and B d. None of the above 51  Question Fatigue is induced by... a. CNS b. The PNS c. A and B d. None of the above Fatigue is a combination of both central and peripheral factors. Central fatigue reflects the idea that a depletion of NTs in the motor cortex reduces output to muscle, ending activity Central Governor Theory: proposes that the brain regulates all exercise and limits activation of muscle by reducing motor output 52 What is most likely the innervation ratio for is gonne the extraocular muscles? how you know digit a a.1000/1 5 b.5/1 c. 120/1 d.50/1 What is most likely the innervation ratio for the extraocular muscles? a.1000/1 b.5/1 c. 120/1 d.50/1 The largest chemosensory organ in the human body is a. Tongue O b. Muscle c. Skin d. Skeletal system The largest chemosensory organ in the human body is a. Tongue b. Muscle c. Skin d. Skeletal system