KINES 350 Study Group Overview

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Questions and Answers

Which part of the brain is responsible for coordinating complex and quick movements?

Medulla oblongata

Pons

Midbrain

Cerebellum (correct)

Which of the following is NOT part of the brainstem?

Pons

Cerebellum (correct)

Midbrain

Medulla oblongata

Which type of sensory receptor is responsible for detecting touch, pressure, length, force, and gravity?

Mechanoreceptors (correct)

Nociceptors

Thermoreceptors

Photoreceptors

Which type of sensory receptor is responsible for detecting temperature changes?

Thermoreceptors (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which type of sensory receptor is responsible for detecting pain, both from chemical and thermal stimuli?

Nociceptors (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which type of sensory receptor is responsible for detecting light?

Photoreceptors (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which type of mechanoreceptor would be most likely to detect the tension produced by a muscle during a bicep curl?

Golgi-Tendon Organs (GTOs) (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which type of chemoreceptor would be most likely to detect changes in blood oxygen levels during intense exercise?

Chemoreceptors in the carotid bodies (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of a steady state system?

The concentration of glucose in the blood remains relatively stable, even after eating a meal. (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between a closed system in equilibrium and an open system in a steady state?

Closed systems do not exchange matter or energy with their surroundings, while open systems do. (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT an example of physiological homeostasis?

A gradual increase in body weight over time. (A) Signup and view all the answers

How does the body maintain a steady state during exercise?

The body increases its heart rate and breathing rate to deliver more oxygen and remove waste products. (B) Signup and view all the answers

Why is physiological homeostasis important for survival?

It allows the body to function optimally despite fluctuations in the external environment. (D) Signup and view all the answers

During exercise, the body maintains a steady state by increasing breathing rate. What is the stimulus in this scenario?

Increased carbon dioxide levels in the blood. (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of a negative feedback mechanism in the regulation of body temperature?

Sweating when the body is too hot. (C) Signup and view all the answers

How does a fever differ from exercise in terms of regulating body temperature?

Fever is regulated by the immune system, while exercise is regulated by the nervous system. (A) Signup and view all the answers

What component of the blood/CSF CO2 control loop is described as the detecting mechanism for changes in CO2 levels?

Detector (C) Signup and view all the answers

In the blood/CSF CO2 control loop, which component is responsible for responding to the signals from the integrating center?

Effector (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the integrating center in the CO2 control loop?

To send signals to effectors (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which signaling mechanism involves a cell communicating with nearby cells through chemical messengers?

Paracrine signaling (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which component of the blood/CSF CO2 control loop is considered the initial trigger for the entire response sequence?

Hypoventilation (C) Signup and view all the answers

What does GSG primarily offer to students?

A platform for group discussions and practice questions (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly identifies the role of the X-Axis in a graph?

Independent variable (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of the effector in a control loop?

It executes the response to a stimulus (D) Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'steady state' refer to in physiological contexts?

An unchanging system where inputs equal outputs (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which components are involved in a simple control loop?

Sensor, receptor, center, effector (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which system is primarily responsible for cell signaling?

The endocrine system (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the CNS?

Processing sensory information (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of these accurately describes the PNS?

It connects CNS to limbs and organs (B) Signup and view all the answers

What type of signaling occurs when a messenger acts within the same cell?

Intracrine (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes paracrine signaling?

Signaling acts on nearby cells (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary ion involved in depolarization during an action potential?

Sodium (Na+) (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the Sodium-Potassium Pump in maintaining the resting membrane potential?

It helps maintain the resting membrane potential through active transport (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which term describes the process when the resting membrane potential moves closer to the threshold?

Hypopolarization (C) Signup and view all the answers

During action potential, which phase follows depolarization?

Repolarization (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the range of resting membrane potential commonly found in neurons?

-40 to -75 mV (D) Signup and view all the answers

What occurs during hyperpolarization?

The resting membrane potential moves further from the threshold (C) Signup and view all the answers

What type of receptors are primarily sensitive to low oxygen levels?

Peripheral chemoreceptors (A) Signup and view all the answers

What muscle group has a low innervation ratio, requiring fine motor control?

Extraocular muscles (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which reflex involves the contraction of a muscle to avoid danger, such as stepping on a sharp object?

Withdrawal reflex (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately defines the innervation ratio?

The number of muscle fibers innervated by each motor neuron (B) Signup and view all the answers

What feedback do muscle chemoreceptors provide to the central nervous system?

The acidity of the muscle environment (C) Signup and view all the answers

What reflex involves the monitoring of muscle tension to prevent excessive force production?

Golgi tendon reflex (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is a contributing factor to muscle fatigue?

A combination of both central and peripheral factors (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which reflex promotes the extension of muscles in the opposite limb while a limb is contracted?

Crossed extensor reflex (A) Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

KINES 350 GSG Information

Leader: Mike
Location: 127 Noll Lab
Day: Monday
Time: 6:00 PM - 8:00 PM
Contact: In person: Sign in; Zoom: Ignore me
QR code: Provided for attendance tracking

GSG Study Groups

Description: Free service for Penn State students
Focus: Review of lecture content, practice questions
Purpose: Clarify confusing topics from lecture; not a replacement for lectures
GroupMe Link: Provided through a QR code.

Agenda

Topics: Interpreting graphs, steady-state/equilibrium, control loops, cell signaling, CNS/PNS

Warm-up/Opener (Brain Dump)

Instructions: Write down known information about control loops, cell signaling, CNS, and PNS.
Preparation: Be ready to share without repeating others' information.

Reading Graphs

X-axis: Independent variable
Y-axis: Dependent variable
Independent Variable: The variable that is changed or manipulated.
Dependent Variable: The variable that changes in response to the independent variable.
Graph Information Usage: Identify statements from the graph. Understand how to apply the information presented in the graph in a practical setting.

Physiological Review

Types of Research: Provide examples of non-experimental and experimental research.
Distinctions: Define the differences between physiology, exercise physiology, and sport physiology.
Dots: Explain what it means to see a dot over a variable (e.g., VO2).

Steady State vs. Equilibrium

Equilibrium: Closed, static systems
Steady State: Open-system, gains are equal to losses
Homeostasis: Example, regulating fluid loss and intake.

Multiple Choice Questions

Steady-State System: Identify which example is a steady-state system
Biological Control: Distinguish how exercise and fever increase core body temperature, focusing on how they differ from each other in the biological control mechanisms.
Negative Feedback: Understanding negative feedback examples.

Cell Signaling

Types: Intracrine, juxtacrine, autocrine, paracrine, endocrine
Descriptions: Intracrine (messenger inside cell), Juxtacrine (message between 2 cells), Autocrine (messenger acts on the same cell), Paracrine (messenger on nearby cells), Endocrine (messenger in the blood).

Excitable Cells

Purpose: For rapid information transmission.
Mechanism: Neurons and muscle fibers use electrochemical signals for communication.
Conversion: Changes in electrical, chemical, or mechanical/thermal situations to electrical signals.

Neuron Structure and Function

Key structures: dendrites, cell body, nucleus, axon, myelin sheath , nodes of Ranvier axon terminal
Healthy vs. Damaged (e.g. as seen in Multiple Sclerosis)

Resting Membrane Potential

Range and Typical Neuron Values: -5 to +100 mV; -40–75 mV
Maintenance Mechanism: Sodium-Potassium Pump
Permeability Changes: Hypopolarization, depolarization, hyperpolarization, repolarization

Action Potentials

**Membrane Permeability:**Different levels for different ions
Depolarization: Increased sodium permeability causes influx.
Repolarization: Potassium channels open, K+ moves out of the cell.

Refractory Period

Importance: Prevents uncontrolled depolarization; protects the heart against arrhythmia

Action Potential Speed

Factors: Myelin Sheaths, Axon diameter
Mechanism: Saltatory conduction (depolarization jumps along the nodes of Ranvier)

Anatomical Divisions of the Nervous System

Sensory (Afferent): Away from the stimulus
Motor (Efferent): Towards the stimulus
Somatic: Voluntary functions (e.g., skeletal muscle)
Autonomic: Involuntary functions (e.g., heart rate); Sympathetic and parasympathetic (opposite reactions).

CNS Components

Brain Components: Cerebrum, Diencephalon, Cerebellum, Midbrain, Pons, Medulla Oblongata; Brain Stem (formed from midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata).
Function: Cerebrum (coordination) ; Diencephalon(processes); Cerebellum,(complex and quick movements); midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata (Brain Stem)

Sensor Types

Mechanoreceptors: Respond to pressure, length, force, gravity;
Thermoreceptors: Respond to temperature
Nociceptors: Respond to pain
Photoreceptors: Respond to light
Chemoreceptors: (Respond to chemical stimuli (e.g., blood chemicals triggering breathing))

Muscle Innervation Ratio

Definition: Number of muscle fibers connected to each neuron
Fine Motor Control: Low ratio
Large Muscles: Higher ratio
Example: Extraocular muscles (controlling eye movements) typically have a low ratio for fine control.

Motor Reflexes

Muscle Spindle: Monitors muscle length; stretch reflex; knee-jerk
Golgi Tendon Reflex: Monitors muscle tension; inverse stretch reflex.
Withdrawal Reflex: Removing from painful stimulus
Crossed Extensor Reflex: Promotes opposing limb extension

Fatigue

Causes: CNS and PNS factors implicated

Studying That Suits You

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Description

This quiz covers important topics discussed in the KINES 350 study group, including interpreting graphs, control loops, and cell signaling. It is designed to reinforce understanding of lecture materials and assist students in preparing for upcoming exams. Participation is encouraged to foster collaboration and deeper comprehension.