KINES 350 Study Group Overview

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Questions and Answers

Which part of the brain is responsible for coordinating complex and quick movements?

  • Medulla oblongata
  • Pons
  • Midbrain
  • Cerebellum (correct)

Which of the following is NOT part of the brainstem?

  • Pons
  • Cerebellum (correct)
  • Midbrain
  • Medulla oblongata

Which type of sensory receptor is responsible for detecting touch, pressure, length, force, and gravity?

  • Mechanoreceptors (correct)
  • Nociceptors
  • Thermoreceptors
  • Photoreceptors

Which type of sensory receptor is responsible for detecting temperature changes?

<p>Thermoreceptors (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of sensory receptor is responsible for detecting pain, both from chemical and thermal stimuli?

<p>Nociceptors (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of sensory receptor is responsible for detecting light?

<p>Photoreceptors (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of mechanoreceptor would be most likely to detect the tension produced by a muscle during a bicep curl?

<p>Golgi-Tendon Organs (GTOs) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of chemoreceptor would be most likely to detect changes in blood oxygen levels during intense exercise?

<p>Chemoreceptors in the carotid bodies (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of a steady state system?

<p>The concentration of glucose in the blood remains relatively stable, even after eating a meal. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between a closed system in equilibrium and an open system in a steady state?

<p>Closed systems do not exchange matter or energy with their surroundings, while open systems do. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT an example of physiological homeostasis?

<p>A gradual increase in body weight over time. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the body maintain a steady state during exercise?

<p>The body increases its heart rate and breathing rate to deliver more oxygen and remove waste products. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is physiological homeostasis important for survival?

<p>It allows the body to function optimally despite fluctuations in the external environment. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During exercise, the body maintains a steady state by increasing breathing rate. What is the stimulus in this scenario?

<p>Increased carbon dioxide levels in the blood. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of a negative feedback mechanism in the regulation of body temperature?

<p>Sweating when the body is too hot. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does a fever differ from exercise in terms of regulating body temperature?

<p>Fever is regulated by the immune system, while exercise is regulated by the nervous system. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What component of the blood/CSF CO2 control loop is described as the detecting mechanism for changes in CO2 levels?

<p>Detector (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the blood/CSF CO2 control loop, which component is responsible for responding to the signals from the integrating center?

<p>Effector (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the integrating center in the CO2 control loop?

<p>To send signals to effectors (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which signaling mechanism involves a cell communicating with nearby cells through chemical messengers?

<p>Paracrine signaling (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which component of the blood/CSF CO2 control loop is considered the initial trigger for the entire response sequence?

<p>Hypoventilation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does GSG primarily offer to students?

<p>A platform for group discussions and practice questions (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly identifies the role of the X-Axis in a graph?

<p>Independent variable (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of the effector in a control loop?

<p>It executes the response to a stimulus (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'steady state' refer to in physiological contexts?

<p>An unchanging system where inputs equal outputs (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which components are involved in a simple control loop?

<p>Sensor, receptor, center, effector (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which system is primarily responsible for cell signaling?

<p>The endocrine system (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the CNS?

<p>Processing sensory information (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these accurately describes the PNS?

<p>It connects CNS to limbs and organs (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of signaling occurs when a messenger acts within the same cell?

<p>Intracrine (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes paracrine signaling?

<p>Signaling acts on nearby cells (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary ion involved in depolarization during an action potential?

<p>Sodium (Na+) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the Sodium-Potassium Pump in maintaining the resting membrane potential?

<p>It helps maintain the resting membrane potential through active transport (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which term describes the process when the resting membrane potential moves closer to the threshold?

<p>Hypopolarization (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During action potential, which phase follows depolarization?

<p>Repolarization (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the range of resting membrane potential commonly found in neurons?

<p>-40 to -75 mV (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What occurs during hyperpolarization?

<p>The resting membrane potential moves further from the threshold (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of receptors are primarily sensitive to low oxygen levels?

<p>Peripheral chemoreceptors (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What muscle group has a low innervation ratio, requiring fine motor control?

<p>Extraocular muscles (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which reflex involves the contraction of a muscle to avoid danger, such as stepping on a sharp object?

<p>Withdrawal reflex (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately defines the innervation ratio?

<p>The number of muscle fibers innervated by each motor neuron (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What feedback do muscle chemoreceptors provide to the central nervous system?

<p>The acidity of the muscle environment (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What reflex involves the monitoring of muscle tension to prevent excessive force production?

<p>Golgi tendon reflex (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a contributing factor to muscle fatigue?

<p>A combination of both central and peripheral factors (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which reflex promotes the extension of muscles in the opposite limb while a limb is contracted?

<p>Crossed extensor reflex (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Equilibrium

A closed, static system where all forces are balanced.

Steady-state

An open system where gains equal losses, maintaining stability.

Physiological homeostasis

A steady-state condition in biological systems, balancing internal processes.

Fluid regulation example

We lose fluids through urine and compensate by drinking water.

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Strength training effect

Increases muscle formation rate while decreasing muscle loss rate.

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Examples of steady-state

Conditions where systems maintain stability despite changes, like breathing during exercise.

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Exercise and fever comparison

Both increase core body temperature but affect different stimuli and integrating centers.

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Stimulus vs. Integrating center

Exercise changes the stimulus, while fever changes the integrating center in temperature control.

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Control Center

The component that processes information and sends commands to effectors.

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Stimulus

An event or change that initiates a response in the control system.

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Effector

The component that carries out the response to the stimulus.

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Detector

Sensory components that monitor changes and detect alterations in the internal environment.

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Paracrine Signaling

A type of cell signaling where chemical messengers affect nearby cells.

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Autocrine signaling

A type of signaling where a cell releases a messenger that acts on itself.

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Intracrine signaling

Signaling where a messenger inside the cell triggers a response within the same cell.

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Juxtacrine signaling

Direct communication between two connected cells through signaling molecules.

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Endocrine signaling

Signaling where hormones are released into the bloodstream to affect distant cells.

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Resting Membrane Potential

The electrical charge difference across a cell's membrane at rest, typically between -5 to -100 mV.

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Depolarization

The process where the membrane potential becomes more positive due to sodium influx.

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Repolarization

The process after depolarization where the membrane potential returns to resting level due to potassium efflux.

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Peripheral Chemoreceptors

Sensory receptors sensitive to low oxygen, located at carotid artery bifurcation.

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Central Chemoreceptors

Sensitive to H+ and CO2 levels, found in the floor of the 4th ventricle.

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Muscle Chemoreceptors

Receptors sensitive to H+, CO2, and K+, inform CNS about muscle activity.

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Innervation Ratio

The number of muscle fibers innervated by each motor neuron, affecting control precision.

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Motor Unit

A motor neuron and all muscle fibers it innervates; affects strength of contraction.

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Muscle Spindle Reflex

Monitors muscle length; stretch causes reflex contraction, e.g., knee-jerk reflex.

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Golgi Tendon Reflex

Monitors muscle tension; prevents excessive force, causes reflex relaxation.

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Withdrawal Reflex

Reflex for avoiding danger by rapidly removing a body part from painful stimuli.

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Cerebellum

Part of the brain that coordinates complex and quick movements.

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Brain Stem

Consists of the midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata.

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Mechanoreceptors

Sensors that detect touch, pressure, length, and force.

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Nociceptors

Sensors that detect painful stimuli, including thermal and chemical pain.

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Golgi-Tendon Organs (GTOs)

Mechanoreceptors that monitor tension in muscles to prevent excessive force.

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Pacinian Corpuscles

Mechanoreceptors that detect rate of rotation and deep pressure.

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Chemoreceptors

Sensors that detect chemical changes in the body, such as blood composition.

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Muscle Spindles

Mechanoreceptors that detect changes in muscle length.

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GSG

A free service by Penn State for students to review lecture material together.

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Control Loops

Systems that manage inputs and outputs for maintaining desired states.

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Cell Signaling

The process by which cells communicate with each other through molecules.

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CNS

Central Nervous System, made up of the brain and spinal cord.

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PNS

Peripheral Nervous System, connecting the CNS to limbs and organs.

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Independent Variable

The variable manipulated in an experiment to observe its effect.

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Dependent Variable

The variable that is measured and affected in an experiment.

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Reading Graphs

Interpreting data represented visually in graph form.

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Study Notes

KINES 350 GSG Information

  • Leader: Mike
  • Location: 127 Noll Lab
  • Day: Monday
  • Time: 6:00 PM - 8:00 PM
  • Contact: In person: Sign in; Zoom: Ignore me
  • QR code: Provided for attendance tracking

GSG Study Groups

  • Description: Free service for Penn State students
  • Focus: Review of lecture content, practice questions
  • Purpose: Clarify confusing topics from lecture; not a replacement for lectures
  • GroupMe Link: Provided through a QR code.

Agenda

  • Topics: Interpreting graphs, steady-state/equilibrium, control loops, cell signaling, CNS/PNS

Warm-up/Opener (Brain Dump)

  • Instructions: Write down known information about control loops, cell signaling, CNS, and PNS.
  • Preparation: Be ready to share without repeating others' information.

Reading Graphs

  • X-axis: Independent variable
  • Y-axis: Dependent variable
  • Independent Variable: The variable that is changed or manipulated.
  • Dependent Variable: The variable that changes in response to the independent variable.
  • Graph Information Usage: Identify statements from the graph. Understand how to apply the information presented in the graph in a practical setting.

Physiological Review

  • Types of Research: Provide examples of non-experimental and experimental research.
  • Distinctions: Define the differences between physiology, exercise physiology, and sport physiology.
  • Dots: Explain what it means to see a dot over a variable (e.g., VO2).

Steady State vs. Equilibrium

  • Equilibrium: Closed, static systems
  • Steady State: Open-system, gains are equal to losses
  • Homeostasis: Example, regulating fluid loss and intake.

Multiple Choice Questions

  • Steady-State System: Identify which example is a steady-state system
  • Biological Control: Distinguish how exercise and fever increase core body temperature, focusing on how they differ from each other in the biological control mechanisms.
  • Negative Feedback: Understanding negative feedback examples.

Cell Signaling

  • Types: Intracrine, juxtacrine, autocrine, paracrine, endocrine
  • Descriptions: Intracrine (messenger inside cell), Juxtacrine (message between 2 cells), Autocrine (messenger acts on the same cell), Paracrine (messenger on nearby cells), Endocrine (messenger in the blood).

Excitable Cells

  • Purpose: For rapid information transmission.
  • Mechanism: Neurons and muscle fibers use electrochemical signals for communication.
  • Conversion: Changes in electrical, chemical, or mechanical/thermal situations to electrical signals.

Neuron Structure and Function

  • Key structures: dendrites, cell body, nucleus, axon, myelin sheath , nodes of Ranvier axon terminal
  • Healthy vs. Damaged (e.g. as seen in Multiple Sclerosis)

Resting Membrane Potential

  • Range and Typical Neuron Values: -5 to +100 mV; -40–75 mV
  • Maintenance Mechanism: Sodium-Potassium Pump
  • Permeability Changes: Hypopolarization, depolarization, hyperpolarization, repolarization

Action Potentials

  • **Membrane Permeability:**Different levels for different ions
  • Depolarization: Increased sodium permeability causes influx.
  • Repolarization: Potassium channels open, K+ moves out of the cell.

Refractory Period

  • Importance: Prevents uncontrolled depolarization; protects the heart against arrhythmia

Action Potential Speed

  • Factors: Myelin Sheaths, Axon diameter
  • Mechanism: Saltatory conduction (depolarization jumps along the nodes of Ranvier)

Anatomical Divisions of the Nervous System

  • Sensory (Afferent): Away from the stimulus
  • Motor (Efferent): Towards the stimulus
  • Somatic: Voluntary functions (e.g., skeletal muscle)
  • Autonomic: Involuntary functions (e.g., heart rate); Sympathetic and parasympathetic (opposite reactions).

CNS Components

  • Brain Components: Cerebrum, Diencephalon, Cerebellum, Midbrain, Pons, Medulla Oblongata; Brain Stem (formed from midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata).
  • Function: Cerebrum (coordination) ; Diencephalon(processes); Cerebellum,(complex and quick movements); midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata (Brain Stem)

Sensor Types

  • Mechanoreceptors: Respond to pressure, length, force, gravity;
  • Thermoreceptors: Respond to temperature
  • Nociceptors: Respond to pain
  • Photoreceptors: Respond to light
  • Chemoreceptors: (Respond to chemical stimuli (e.g., blood chemicals triggering breathing))

Muscle Innervation Ratio

  • Definition: Number of muscle fibers connected to each neuron
  • Fine Motor Control: Low ratio
  • Large Muscles: Higher ratio
  • Example: Extraocular muscles (controlling eye movements) typically have a low ratio for fine control.

Motor Reflexes

  • Muscle Spindle: Monitors muscle length; stretch reflex; knee-jerk
  • Golgi Tendon Reflex: Monitors muscle tension; inverse stretch reflex.
  • Withdrawal Reflex: Removing from painful stimulus
  • Crossed Extensor Reflex: Promotes opposing limb extension

Fatigue

  • Causes: CNS and PNS factors implicated

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