GSEB Class 10 Social Science - Cultural Heritage of India PDF

# Cultural Heritage of India: Traditional Handicraft and Fine Arts ## Traditional Handicrafts * **Introduction** - India has a rich cultural heritage: materialistic, genetical, cultural heritage. - Cultural heritage includes traditions, customs, rituals, and daily life and skills like farming, tr...

# Cultural Heritage of India: Traditional Handicraft and Fine Arts ## Traditional Handicrafts * **Introduction** - India has a rich cultural heritage: materialistic, genetical, cultural heritage. - Cultural heritage includes traditions, customs, rituals, and daily life and skills like farming, trade, and education. - India has a rich history of 64 arts including handicrafts, music, drawing, dance, and craftsmanship. - India is known throughout the world for its heritage; 21 June is celebrated as the World Yoga Day. * **Art of Indian Artisans** - India's cultural heritage is evident in the craftsmanship of its artisans. - Arts and crafts in India have a unique identity including: - Weaving and embroidery - Wood art - Clay work - Drawing and painting - Leather industry - Enamel work - Sculpture - Architecture - Akik work - Diamond art - Knitting * **Art Clay Work** - Clay has been used since ancient times before metals were discovered. - Clay is used for pottery such as toys, pots, pitchers, lamps, stoves, utensils for storing food, and building materials. - India was famous for baked clay utensils and terracotta from ancient times, especially from Nagarjuna kaunda in South India and Laghnaj (Mehsana district). * **Art of Weaving** - The art of making long threads using small pieces of cotton from cotton balls (swab) and joining them together is called spinning. - The art of weaving is a significant cottage industry in India and has a strong connection to the nation's history. - **Hand Weaving** - India is well known for textiles. - The Dhakha muslin was known for being so fine that a whole-piece could be passed through a ring. - Other handicrafts like carpets, knitting, and attire are prominent too. * **2.1 Hand-woven Carpets** - The following are specific to India and are unique: - Patola of Patan in Gujarat - Kanjivaram and Banarasi Sarees - Bandhani of Rajasthan - Gujarat had many weavers during the Solanki era period. - The Patolas of Patan are known for their complex designs. - The designs are so intricate and time-consuming that only a handful of artisans have the skill to make them. - They are called a Bevad Ikt which means weaving. - The design is laid down in Patola such that if "the cloth may be torn the pattern will not fade. - The art of embroidery can be seen on the clothes of idols and statues that were found during the excavation of Harappa and Mohan-Jo-Daro. * **Art of Embroidery:** - Embroidery has been evident in clothing for men, women, and children from ancient times, particularly in Sindh, Saurashtra, and Kuchchha. - Kashmiri (kasab) work is very popular and known for its quality and craftsmanship. - The traditional style of Bandhani embroidery from Gujarat is very popular today. - Popular designs for Bandhani include elephants, puppets, dice, and pitchers. - Embroidery work is common in Kutch and Saurashtra regions of Gujarat. - Popular items of embroidery in this region include torans, chakda, pillow covers, bed sheets, shakh, todaliya, clothes like kediya, quilts, and shawls. - The Jat community of Banni in Kutch is known for its unique embroidery work. * **Leather Industry :** - Leather has been used extensively throughout India's history for many purposes and is still a significant part of the economy today. - It is used for: - Making a 'Masak' (a leather bag for fetching water) - Making kos, drums, dholak, tabla (musical instruments), and bellows - Making shoes - Making leather belts to tie animals - Making shields for battle - Making items for horses and camels such as a saaj, palan, lagaam, and whip * **Diamond - Bead work and Enamel work:** - India's long coastline has abundant gems and diamonds, which are used extensively for jewelry. - Indians are fond of diamonds and beaded ornaments and are used to adorn and beautify thrones, crowns, and jewelry. - Famous diamonds like the 'Kohinoor' and the 'Great Mughal' were found in India. - Bead work is also prominent in Gujarat. - India is known for its beautiful enamel work; the unique art involves inlaying bright colors like red, green, and blue in gold and silver ornaments. * **Jari work:** - Jari work is known in India since ancient times. - It includes the weaving of gold and silver threads into clothing. - The work is known for its beauty and is a popular choice for decorating clothes among artisans in Surat. * **Metal Work : (Engraving)** - Metal work is very old in India, dating back to the stone age. - Metal tools like sickles, drills (curved saws), needles, were used along with copper and bronze. - Metals were also used for making utensils, idols, pots, and arms and ammunition for wars. * **Wooden Art:** - Wood has been used throughout India's history for many purposes. - Initially used as firewood, it now is used for creating weapons, idols, toys, pillars, windows, doors, and furniture. - Idar and Sankheda in Gujarat are known for their high-quality wooden furniture and toys and are well-known for their swings. * **Inlay Work:** - Inlay work is an ancient art. - Items of jewelry such as necklaces, bracelets, crowns, rings, and nose rings were adorned with precious gems like diamonds, pearls, rubies, etc. - Bikaner area of Rajasthan is popular for inlay ornaments. * **Akik Work :** - Akik is a type of precious stone, known for its beautiful semi-transparent quality and its red color. - Akik is mainly found in valleys of rivers in Gujarat. - It is cut into various sizes and used in the production of beautiful ornaments in Surat. * **Painting:** - Painting is considered one of most important and oldest art forms. - Evidence of painting dates back 5,000 years to the Harappan culture. - Cave paintings at Bhimbetka in Madhya Pradesh show images of animals and birds. - The earliest paintings included geometric designs and sketches. - Famous paintings from India can be found at Ajanta Ellora. - Traditional art of Rangoli making is very popular in some regions. * **2.2 Padma-Pani Ajanta** ## Fine Arts of India * **Music** - Indian music is unique in its rhythm, harmony, and tune. - It is a blend of singing and playing. - Indian Classical music is divided into two parts: - Classical music - Folk music - Classical music has five main ragas: (1) Shree; (2) Deepak; (3) Hindol (4) Megh; and (5) Bhairavi. - All ragas were believed to have come from the Panchmukh of Lord Shiva. - The following three texts are of significance in the history of Indian music : - Sangeet Makarand - Sangeet Ratnakar - Sangeet Parijat - **(1) Sangeet Makarand:** - Written by Narad around 900 BC. - It describes 19 veenas and 101 rhythms. - **(2) Sangeet Ratnakar:** - Written by Pandit Sarangdev in Daulatabad (Devgiri). - It is believed to be a unique book on music. - **(3) Sangeet Parijat:** - Written by Pandit Ahobale in 1665. - It is known for describing the characteristics and individual identities of ragas. - The period of Amir Khusroo in the time of Allauddin Khilaji was significant for Music. - Khusroo is known as "Tut-e-Hind" which means "Parrot of India". - Bhakti music developed during the 15th and 16th centuries. - Notable figures of Bhakti music include Chaitanya Mahaprabhu, Kabir, Tulsidas, Mirabai, Narasimha Mehta and the disciples Swami Haridas, Baiju Bavra (Baijnath), Tansen, and Tana - Riri are considered as notable contributions to music from the 15th century. * **Art of Dance** - Dance (Nritya) is derived from 'Nrit'. - Dance in India began with Shiva the Lord of Dance. - **2.4 The God of Dance: Nataraj** - India has many traditional classical dances: - Bharatnatyam - Kuchipudi - Kathak - Kathakali - Odissi - Manipuri - **Bharatnatyam:** - Believed to have originated in Tanjor, a district in Tamilnadu. - It is based on the 'Natyasashtra' by Bharatumuni and 'Abhinav Darpan' by Nandikeshwar - Artists such as Gopi Krishna, Mrinalini Sarabhai, Vaijanti Mala and Hema Malini have contributed greatly to this art. - **Kuchipudi** - Created in the 15th century. - This style of dance is based on women's beauty, but is performed by both men and women. - It is popular in Andhrapradesh. - It was preserved by: Guru Prahlad Sharma, Raja Reddy, Shobha Naidu. - **Kathakali** - Famous in Kerala. - The name "Kathakali" is derived from Sanskrit and Malayalam and is based on ancient epics like Ramayana and Mahabharata. - The characters wear beautiful ornate costumes; the audience recognizes their identities based on facial expressions. - Artists such as Shri Vallathod, Kalamandal Kathakali, Krishnaprasad, and Shivaraman have contributed to this art form. - **Kathak Dance** - The name "Kathak" is derived from the line, 'Kathan kare so Kathak kahave'. - It is based on stories of Lord Krishna and has been influenced by 'Shrugnaar Bhakti'. - The dance continues to be a popular art form, performed in India. - Well-known dancers include Pandit Shri Birju Maharaj, Sitara Devi, and Kumudini Lakhia. - **2.6 Manipari Dance Style** - **Manipuri Dance** - This dance is performed in Manipur, on every occasion and festival. - It focuses on Rasalilas and Bal Lila of Shri Krishna. - It is divided into two types: Lasya and Tandav. - The costume includes a green-colored petticoat known as the "Kumin" along with a silk blouse and a belt. - **Dramatic Art:** - This art form has a long history and is very popular in India. - Famous text are 'Natyashastra' by Bharatmuni. - Dramatic art includes singing, acting, and dancing, along with the use of audio-visual aids. - Bharatmuni is known for his book, "Natyashastra" and his first drama, 'Devasur- Sangram'. - The play 'Karnabhar', 'Urubhanga', 'Dutvakyam' are famous. - Other well-known dramatists include: Kalidas, Jayshankar Sundari, Amrut Nayak, Bapulal Nayak: Dina Pathak, Jashwant Thakar, Upendra Trivedi, Pravin Joshi, Deepak Gheewala. - **Bhavai** - A script-oriented drama. - 'Bhavai' is based on emotions and originated 700 years ago by Asait Thakar. - Performed in all parts of Gujarat, it combines entertainment and education. - Popular themes include the stories of Ramdev, Jhada Jhulan, and Kajoda. - A lot of Bhavaiis address social vices and advocate for social change. - **2.7 Jayshankar Sundari** - **Folk Dances of Gujarat** - The dance forms are based on traditions and customs of the region. - Popular folk dances include: tribal, folk, garba, rasa, and many more. - They are commonly performed at festivals, marriages, and fairs. - **Tribal Dance** - Tribal dances are performed to please the gods and goddesses. - People will form a circle and use traditional music like drums, manjira, thali, dholak, and songs in the regional language. - There are many types of tribal dances. - In the dance form called 'Chado', characters imitate birds, like peacocks, squirrels, and sparrows. - Typical dances in Dang include ‘Mali No Chaalo’ and ‘Thakryo Chaalo’. - ‘Tippani Dance’ performed by laborers in Dang. - In Bhils and Koli communities, dancers will perform in groups on a set of thick sticks which are joined with small sticks stuck to the ground. - **Garba:** - The word "Garba" is derived from "Garbh deep". - It is performed during the Navratri festival, which starts on the day ‘Aso Sud Ekam’ goes to ‘Aso Sud Navmi’ or is performed sometime upto to ‘Dasam’ or on ‘Sharad Poonam’. - Dancers will hold an earthen lamp in a pot on their heads and they will form a circle moving around while singing. - This dance is performed to worship and praise the deity, Adhya Shakti (goddess of power) or mother Jagdamba. - The dance is performed in an open area. - It is accompanied by the beats of drums, and "Mandvi" is kept in the center of a circle. - The dance is connected to stories from Krishna Bhakti. - Dayaram is known for his poems written in Gujarati, which are sung by Gujarati women. - **Rasa** - Dancers will form a circle while singing. - It is believed that it is based on a story of Lord Krishna performing the Rasa Lila for Narsinh Mehta. - It is performed in Gujarat during Navratri and Janmashtami. - Dandiya Rasa is one of the most popular forms. - The traditional costumes include embroidered 'Chaniya-choli' for women and embroidered 'kediya-dhoti' for men. - **Other Dances of Gujarat** - (1) **Gof Gunthan Dance** - A group dance that involves forming a circle while holding a rope in one hand and a dandiya in the other. - (2) **Dhamaal Dance of Siddis** - A dance that is unique to the Siddis, who originate from Africa and today live in Jambur village near Gir. - Dancers will wear peacock feathers, strike small drums, and hold a 'Mashira'. - The sound of the drums is a very powerful element of this dance. - (3) **Merayo Dance, Padhar Dance, and Kali and Mer Dance** - A group dance originating from the Banaskantha region. - Dancers will imitate animals and birds. - The dance is accompanied by the sound of Jhunjhadi. - The 'Merayo Dance' is performed on the ocean like sea waves. - The 'Padhar Dance' is performed by the Padhar community, which is a coastal community. - This dance is influenced by the ocean and boats. - **Koli Dance of Saurashtra** - Well-known and is performed by the Kolis of Saurashtra. - The dancers wear turbans adorned with embroidery and a 'Bhet' around their waist. - The dancers will wear a necklace made of mirrors, which are strung together with green colored thread. - 'Mer Dance' is also from Saurashtra and commonly danced by the Bharwad Tribe. - India's culture is vibrant and rich. - The country has diverse artistic practices, which have continued to evolve over time. - These expressions of culture have contributed to the beauty and richness of India. ## Excercise 1. **Answer the following Questions in detail:** - Explain Clay work of ancient Indian heritage. - 'Leather work is a very old art of India'. Explain the statement. - Give an introduction of 'Sangeet Ratnakar'. - Give information about Kathakali Dance. 2. **Write answers to the following questions pointwise:** - Explain the progress of Dance Art in India. - Give information about Garba and Garbi of Gujarat. - Describe the art of Diamond, Bead work, and Enamel work of India and Gujarat. - Describe tribal dances of Gujarat. 3. **Answer the following questions in brief:** - Name the writers of 'Sangeet Ratnakar' and 'Sangeet Parijat'. - What is the process followed in spinning? - What are the items made of metal prepared by the artisans of Lothal? - Which designs did artists make on clay utensils? - Write a short note on ‘Bhavai’. 4. **Answer the following questions choosing the correct option from those given below:** - Which of the following is a work of Kalidas? (A) Urubhanga (B) Karnabhar (C) Meghdoot (D) Dutvakyam - With which dance style are Vaijayanti Mala and Hema Malini associated? (A) Manipuri (B) Kuchipudi (C) Kathakali (D) Bharatnatyam - Which Veda is associated with music? (A) Rigveda (B) Samveda (C) Yajurveda (D) Athrvaveda - Who is known as Tuti-e-Hind in the field of Indian music? (A) Tansen (B) Tulsidas (C) Kabir (D) Amir Khusroo - ‘Chaado’ dance means which dance? (A) Tribal Dance (B) Dance of Bharvaad (C) Dance of Kolis (D) Dance of Padharaas - Siddhis, the dancer of Dhamaal dance were native of . . . . (A) Rajasthan (B) Andaman (C) Africa (D) Thailand - On which day is the "World Yoga Day" celebrated? (A) 21 June (B) 1 May (C) 21 April (D) 5 September ## Activity - Take students to Ajanta - Ellora. - Show videos of various dances to the students. - Take students to sGovernment owned handloom corporation. - Visit the 'Handicraft Fair' organized in your locality and observe the products.