GSEB Board Class 10 Social Science Chapter 17 PDF

# Economic Problems and Challenges: Poverty and Unemployment ## 17. Poverty and Unemployment The Indian economy faces many serious and complex economic and social problems, such as population growth, price rise, black money, poverty, unemployment, starvation, corruption, terrorism etc. Economic pr...

# Economic Problems and Challenges: Poverty and Unemployment ## 17. Poverty and Unemployment The Indian economy faces many serious and complex economic and social problems, such as population growth, price rise, black money, poverty, unemployment, starvation, corruption, terrorism etc. Economic problems such as poverty, unemployment, price rise, and population increase are major problems. ## Poverty A large number of people are deprived of satisfying their basic and essential requirements of life, such as food, clothes, shelter, education and health services. This situation is known as "comprehensive poverty," and people living in this condition are called "poor". ### People Living Below Poverty Line (BPL) Poverty is a qualitative concept. In India, poverty is viewed as the lowest level of life. Common features of people living below the poverty line are as follows: - A person who is not able to get two meals a day. - People suffer from the problem of unavailability of dwelling place. - They are forced to live in shabby or slum areas. - Their income is less than the determined expected income. - Their life span is less than the national average life expectancy. - Generally, they are illiterate. - Very often they suffer from various diseases due to a lack of nutritious food. - Children who have taken up the responsibility of looking after the family at the age when they are supposed to study. - The death rate is high due to malnutrition. ### Efforts Made by the Government to Improve Living Standards - Income of people living below the poverty line is very less in cities as well as in villages. Such families are called "Antyoday families" or families living below the poverty line (BPL). - After finding out such families, the government has started a public distribution system based on the ration card. These shops are called Fair Price Shops. Every month, they fulfill the requirements like rice, wheat, sugar, oil, salt, and kerosene etc. of such families. - The government has tried to raise their living standard. ### Concept of Poverty Line The concept of poverty was first propounded by the director of WHO. To calculate the poverty line, certain factors are considered, which include expenditure on food, clothing, accommodation, education, health, clean drinking water, electricity, sanitation facilities, transportation facilities, and income, as well as the intake of calories. The concept of poverty line changes according to time, location, and circumstances. ### Measurement of Poverty There are two ways of knowing the number of people living below the poverty line: 1. On the basis of expenditure behind various commodities or services by a family. 2. On the basis of the total income of the family (Family means minimum 5 members). ## Absolute Poverty Those people of society who are not able to purchase the basic necessities of life like food grains, pulses, milk, vegetables at the lowest market rate are considered absolutely poor. ## Relative Poverty A society has different income groups, among them, some groups have a low income compared to others. Such a group is considered relatively poor. This concept is more prevalent in developed countries. For example, if three people have incomes of ₹10,000, ₹20,000, and ₹30,000, then the person with ₹10,000 is considered poor relative to the other two. ## Poverty in India To decide the poverty line, in 2011-12, the planning commission of India declared per capita expenditure for rural areas as ₹816, which means ₹4080 per family expenditure, and for the urban area per capita expenditure was fixed at ₹1000 per person, which meant a family expenditure of at least ₹5000. This means this much per capita income should be there to reach out to the expenditure. On the basis of this new criteria, the number of poor reduced to 27 crore in 2011-12, and the poverty rate reduced to 21.9% in the ratio of total population. In 2009-10, the poverty rate in relation to the Indian population was 29.8%. Thus, approximately 35.47 crore people were living in poverty. To see that equality prevails at the international level, the World Bank has decided per capita income as 1.90 US $ (dollar) in 2012, as per the 2008 rate, which is considered the scale for the poverty line. According to one report of the World Bank in 2010, India's total population was approximately 121 crore, out of which 32.7% people were living below the poverty line, which makes about 45.6 crore. According to the report of UNDP-2015, the ratio of poverty in India in 2011-12 was 21.92%. This means that out of the total poor, 26.93 crore, 21.65 crore people were in the rural area (25.7%) and only 5.28 crore people were in the urban area. Chhattisgarh (36.93%) is the poorest state of India, while Goa (5.09%) has the lowest poverty rate. In Gujarat, the proportion of poverty is 16.63%. Chhattisgarh, Assam, Uttar Pradesh, Manipur, Bihar, Arunachal Pradesh, Jharkhand, Orissa etc. have more than 30% proportion of poverty in India. India is bestowed with natural resources in a large quantity and is prosperous in natural raw material, but because of a lack of ability to make a worthy profit, lack of education, training, and skill, defective planning, for many years, these natural resources have not been utilized to their best possible extent for the welfare of people. As a result, the proportion of poverty has not reduced. The poor live in wealthy India. ### Rural Poor Landless laborers, farm laborers, artisans of cottage industries or small-scale industries, marginal farmers, beggars, forced laborers, inhabitants of forests or mountainous regions, tribals, temporary craftsmen etc. are called rural poor. ### Urban Poor Temporary laborers, laborers on daily wages, domestic workers, rikshawalas, workers in tea stalls or hotels, or dhabas, workers working in garages, beggars, or those who are not able to satisfy their minimum and basic necessities and live in poverty are considered urban poor. ## Reasons of Poverty The origin of poverty is more deep-rooted in villages (rural areas) compared to urban areas. The reasons are: - Decrease in income from the agriculture sector because of insufficient development in agriculture and insufficient irrigation facilities. - A lack of alternative employment apart from farming. - Lack of knowledge regarding other employment, education, skill, or training in the rural area. - Increase in debt as a result of excessive expenditure because of the caste system and orthodoxy, traditions, and customs. This means that it is due to an increase in unproductive expenditure. - Due to illiteracy, the poor become victims of exploitation and injustice. They are not able to get proper benefit from government schemes because of a lack of information. - Ignoring the necessities and economic welfare of the poorest section of society during the formation of economic policies. - Production of cash crops was encouraged while production of edible crops was reduced. This triggered the scarcity of foodgrains and pulses and price rise because of which people could not get meals twice a day. - Because of the execution of economic reforms, the rural economy collapsed, cottage and small-scale industries broke down, migration increased, income in the agriculture sector decreased, and poor people become victims of malnutrition and diseases. Expenditure on health increased, although income was static, but expenditure on medicines increased. - Due to a change in technology, traditional business, cottage industries etc. were deteriorated, and unemployment had increased. - There was an increase in population growth, the death rate decreased, average life-span increased, and the supply of labor increased compared to the demand for labor, so unemployment increased on the other side, the production of things of basic requirement decreased, there was a price rise, and there was a downfall in purchasing power, which experienced a deteriorated living standard. Thus, poverty increased. ## Strategy for Poverty Eradication The vicious cycle of poverty is increasing its grip. The reasons for it have been understood in short. On this basis, it is easy to understand which type of strategy needs to be adopted to remove poverty. Until now, the 11th Year Plan has been completed. Till then, the neglect of rural areas in the strategy for the development of the Indian economy and work plan has been mainly responsible for poverty. The golden pinnacle of the Indian economy may be there in urban areas, but the base lies in rural areas. Villages are the heart of the Indian economy. So, to keep them alive and prosperous, a large part of the budget should have been spent after them. Actual economic development, social development, and cultural development of India is possible by developing villages only. Thus, through the programme "Gramoday se bharat uday," the present government has implemented the basic idea that the upliftment of the country is possible only through the upliftment of villages. Central and state governments have emphasized on the implementation of new plans and programs for the removal of poverty. For this, stress has been laid on the improvement of basic needs for life, development of the agriculture sector and cottage, small-scale industries etc. If opportunities for employment are created, a flow of income will increase, and poverty will be decreased. ### After Independence After Independence, the government has given a thrust to the development of large-scale, heavy, and key industries along with the slogan "Gareebi Hatao" (Remove poverty) and encouraged the development of cities. On the other hand, with the objective of the Green revolution, land reforms acts have been implemented, so that development may be there in the agriculture sector: - As a result, production will increase, employment opportunities will be created, employment will increase, and the poverty level could be reduced. It was believed that as a result of development of industries, benefits achieved by owners of industries would increase, rich farmers or landlords would be distributed among poor people and thus, the income of the rich would be decreased. But this strategy proved to be optimistic. The speed of economic development remained slow. Along with slow economic development, distribution of income was inequitable and unequal. As a result of it, income and wealth were concentrated in the hands of few rich people only. Thus, no improvement was there in the condition of poor people. As a result of improper distribution of income, the rich became richer and the poor remained where they were. - To remove the disparity of income, the government framed a taxation policy so that the poor may get commodities essential for their life and production of such commodities increases. For this purpose, heavy tax was levied on the luxurious goods used by rich people, articles and services of luxury or enjoyment. For this, the strategy was made to provide essential commodities to the poor people from "Fair Price Shops" (FPS) under the public distribution system (PDS). By doing so, the government has tried to improve the living standard of the poor. The government tried that there should be a decrease in the production of luxurious items, utilized by the rich, and available resources should be utilized to produce the commodities used by poor people. The government has undertaken such efforts, so as a result, there will be an increase in employment among the poor, the ability to work would increase, production would increase and finally income would increase, leading to a better life style. - Understanding the need to improve the agriculture sector, government implemented several programs like land-ceiling act, regulation of tenancy act, security of cultivating rights etc. so that there is a decrease in the income of rich farmers and landlords, and an increase in the income of farm labors or tenants. This could improve the condition of the poor. - The government announced policies to encourage the agriculture, agriculture-related industries like cattle rearing, dairy industry, pisciculture and afforestation. This helps to develop small irrigation schemes, household industries, cottage industries, small-scale industries etc. To make people self-reliant, the government has stressed on labor intensive industries so that employment increases. At the same time, policies were announced and helped many traditional industries, handloom, and cottage industries. Arrangements were made for many household industries so that there is an increase in employment in rural areas. Arrangements were made to ensure that the youth of rural areas get opportunities of alternative employment. For this purpose, objective-based education, training, and skill development programs have been started. The government has implemented programs of self-employment as a part of the strategy to improve their condition. For this purpose, new fields of employment have been opened so that their income increases. - The government has improved the structure of education, health, residence, employment, family planning, communication etc. The government developed irrigation facilities, roads, crop protection, skills and training fields, agriculture, developed varieties of crops, bank loans for obtaining seeds, fertilizer, tractor etc. Such type in home itself. So that youth does not migrate towards the cities which causes the burden of the population. - Schools were started at the village, and secondary and higher secondary schools have been opened at a close distance. By starting colleges at a close distance, facilities have been created to provide technical and vocational courses and training centers. To take care of those students who complete their higher studies, they are encouraged by giving them motivation in the form of economic help like scholarship, facility of fee, reduction of residential schools promoting girls education. - Several programs for women empowerment have been started to make women self-reliant economically. Various solid steps have been taken to create self-employment. India will have to take firm steps to fulfill the dream of eradicating deep-rooted problems of poverty and to complete the mission of the World Bank regarding eradicating poverty from the world by 2030. ## Poverty Alleviation Programme (PAP) To make poverty alleviation solutions successful, the rural and urban people living below the poverty line should get direct financial benefit from various welfare schemes. There may be a change in the names of these programs, but the basic objective is to create an opportunity of employment for families suffering from poverty, improve agriculture, rural upliftment, food security, provide education, develop skills through training so that the economic condition may improve leading to social security and may bought them above poverty line. The central and state government have implemented many welfare programs. The government has tried to improve the living standards of the poor in cities by improving geographical and infrastructural services, with a reduction in unemployment. Poverty will reduce. ### Five Sections of Poverty Alleviation Programmes Poverty alleviation programs or schemes may be divided into five sections: 1. Wage-based employment programs 2. Self-employment programs 3. Programs related to food security 4. Programs related to social safety 5. Programs for the elimination of poverty in urban areas Presently, many series of programs are implemented in these five sections. However, we will be making compiled and omnibus discussion of main programs out of them as follows. ### Major Objectives of Poverty Alleviation Programmes The major objectives of the programs mentioned below are to provide employment in the field of agriculture and irrigation, road, food security, organic farming, and selling of agricultural products so that direct income is earned, which will improve the financial condition of the poor: 1. **Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchai Yojna:** To improve the irrigation facilities. There should be an increase in agriculture growth rate and sectors related to it. Every part of agricultural land should be irrigated, the drip irrigation system should be used, along with the construction of small, big, medium-sized check dams to combat water problems. This should ensure that every field gets water. Such type of steps have been taken to save farmers from the dangers of agriculture and debt, and to make them free from the vicious circle of poverty by providing them employment in order to fulfill their income.. 2. **Prime-Minister Farm Safety Insurance Plan:** By improving farm safety insurance plans, farmers need to be helped at the time of natural calamity by providing them economic support. The government started giving bonuses at the purchase of cotton, and concessions at the loss/damage of crops. Kshtimukt Krushi bhav panch has been set up to stabilize the prices. 3. **National Drinking Water Programme:** Programmes like providing water to every field, improving existing canal network, stop soil erosion, new tubewells for tribals, prevention of salinity have been implemented. Other than this program of digging ponds, watershed development, construction of tanks, conservation of rainwater, afforestation, constructing lining of canals, planting trees and shrubs, renovation, and revitalization of check dams etc. have been started so that people get employment in rural areas, and families come out of the vicious circle of poverty. 4. **Subsidy Under the Scheme ‘Vanbandhu Kalyan Yojana for Allround Development of Adivasis':** Adivasi women are provided with training and guidance for livestock rearing under 'Comprehensive Dairy Development Employment Scheme', for the development of creeper crops in agriculture and plantation, for constructing pavilions (pendals), organic farming, grading, and packaging etc., Samras hostels and Smart Ashrams are also established. 5. **Encouragement to Organic Farming:** This scheme helps farmers in registration, paying fees, help in purchasing farm products, arrangement for training and education of farmers, finance at a low rate, arrangement for setting up a proper market etc., along with environment protection and reduction in expenditure in the agriculture sector. This are major objectives of this scheme. 6. **Chief Minister Village Road Scheme:** Planning is done regarding work related to roads. Village Panchayats were helped to connect villages with one another through roads and highways. Programmes like the construction of toilets are implemented. 7. **MAA Annapurna Yojna:** This programme provides absolute poor families and those living below the poverty line in cities and villages 35 kg of food grains per family, every month, by the Gujarat Government. This is provided free of cost and poor people of the middle class are given 5 kg food grains at a low rate. This is covered under the scheme of Rs. 2 per kg, rice Rs. 3 per kg, at fair price shops, which 3.82 crore people who are covered under this scheme get the benefits of food security, because of which a large sum of money spent on food will be saved to purchase other things and improve their of living standard. 8. **Sansad Adarsh Gram Yojna:** Objectives of this scheme is to stop migration of the people from the villages to adopt, for members of the parliament, improve education, health, employment facilities in the village adopted by them in their constituency. Thus, they set up ideal village. Other than this, to create permanent public assets, to develop opportunities for good life, rural upliftment, taking care of cultural heritage, creating opportunities for employment through social harmony, increase in human development, etc. 9. **Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MANREGA):** Employment-oriented MANREGA programmes have become popular with the slogan "Our village, Our work," along with reasonable price. The objective of MANREGA is to enhance livelihood for families or adult living in rural areas of the state, who can do physical labour though unskilled but are willing to work. For this purpose, one person from every family is guaranteed wage employment for at least 100 days (7-hour per day) in a financial year. The government has fixed the wage rate accordingly, it pays daily wages. If after asking for work, the government fails to provide employment, then as per rule, the government has to pay unemployment allowance. The work includes work for the development of the village, the construction of personal toilets, personal wells, work leveling the land plain, horticulture, labour work in Indra Awas Yojna, cattle shade, making organic manure, shade for cocks and goats, yard for drying fish, cleaning of the canal, work related to water storage, tree plantation on roads are included. By guaranting definite wage-based employment from these to every family, government tries to improve living standard of poor people under this program. 10. **Mission Mangalam:** This program, the state government has united women from families living below the poverty line in 'sakhi mandal' or 'self-helping groups'. Here they are given skill-based training so that they may generate employment for themselves through household industries and come out of the vicious cycle of poverty by preparing papad, pickle, agarbatti (incense stick) etc. 11. **Dattopant Thegdi Vyaj Shay Yojna:** This scheme provides loan to artisans of handicrafts and handloom carriage industries at a low rate of interest to purchase raw material. 12. **Jyoti Gramodyog Vikas Yojna:** The objective of this plan is to provide self-employment opportunities to the unemployed in the rural areas to increase income and set up industry by giving them economic help and subsidy for establishing industrial plant, implements, electricity, land etc. With the new idea of "Start up India," the government provides training, free electricity, land, and economic help to the unemployed youth who are interested in setting up industry. 13. **Bajpai Bankable Yojna:** This program provides training, so that they may set up industry or carry on traditional craft. They are also given finance of fixed amount, so that they may generate self-employment. Through Agro Business Policy 2016, the state government has implemented a plan to provide employment to 10 lakh people by setting up Agro-food processing units along with helping in export of processed food products, so that poverty may be reduced. ## Unemployment Among current problems of India, the problem of unemployment is crucial. Poverty originates due to unemployment. It is a long-term problem and has got deep-rooted in the economy. Maximum countries of the world are facing a problem of unemployment. ### Meaning of Unemployment An adult, who is 15-60 years of age, is ready to work at the prevalent market rate of wages, has energy and qualification to work, is in search of work but is not getting work, such a person is said to be unemployed. Such type of a condition in a group is called unemployment. Unemployment that has to be faced mandatorily is called employment against a person's wish. People who demand wages more than the prevalent market rate, who are not in the age group of 15-60, who are handicapped, weak, sick, or old, lazy, housewives, those who are not willing to work inspite of being capable are not considered as unemployed. ### Types of Unemployment 1. **Seasonal Unemployment:** Due to the lack of irrigation facilities, irregularity in rainfall and a lack of alternative employment farmers have to remain unemployed for 3 to 5 months in India. This is called seasonal unemployment. 2. **Frictional Unemployment:** When new technology is introduced in place of old technology, laborers remain unemployed for some time. This is called frictional unemployment. 3. **Structural Unemployment:** The Indian economy is backward and orthodox. Social backwardness, traditional orthodoxy, customs, illiteracy, and a lack of structural facilities are responsible for structural unemployment. 4. **Disguised Unemployment:** Sometimes, more than the required number of workers are involved in an occupation. Even if a few laborers are removed from work, no decrease is recorded in the total production. So, these extra labourers are said to be unemployed in a disguised way. 5. **Industrial Unemployment:** In the industrial field, if anyone has to remain unemployed for a short-term or long-term due to changes taking place in the industrial sector, such a situation is called industrial unemployment. 6. **Educated Unemployment:** If a person has obtained at least secondary education or a degree and is unemployed, they are called educated unemployed. ### Proportion of Unemployment in India There is a difference in the state-wise condition of unemployment in India. Due to the indifference of the employment exchange in registering the details of people interested in getting a job, it is difficult to take out exact or an approximate figure. Still, on the basis of figures of labor and employment from the Ministry of India and the National Sample Survey (NSS), we can get an idea about the comprehensiveness of unemployment. According to the census count of 2011, 116 million people were in search of employment. 32 million people were uneducated unemployed, and 84 million were educated unemployed. Approximately 4.70 crore people of the 15-24 age group were unemployed. According to the survey of the labour bureau 2013-14, the rate of unemployment in India was observed to be 5.4% and in Gujarat 5.4% per 1000 people. In Gujarat, 12 persons (1.2%) were unemployed. In 2009-10, per 1000 people, 34 persons (3.4%) were unemployed in urban areas in India, while in rural areas, 16 people (1.6%) were unemployed. The ratio of educated unemployed was more in the urban area. The rate of educated unemployment was more in urban areas. The rate of unemployment in women was 7.7% in 2013. In India, more unemployment has been witnessed in states like Sikkim, Kerala, West Bengal, Uttar Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Jammu-Kashmir, Tripura. While the ratio of unemployment in Himachal Pradesh, Haryana, Karnataka, Chandigarh, and Gujarat has remained low. The condition of employment in Gujarat is good and noteworthy. According to an estimation, 15% highly educated people are youth. 66% youth of the world, who are 35 years of age, live in India. If India wants to become a super power on the basis of youth, it will have to change the unpleasant form of unemployment. ## Main Reasons Responsible for Increasing Unemployment in India - Increase in population. - Theoretical knowledge only, lack of practical knowledge, and lack of technical knowledge or skill. - Failure in providing complete employment. - Irregularity in rainfall in the agriculture area and more risk, losing interest in the agriculture sector. - Improper irrigation facilities, lack of alternative employment during time other than the agriculture season, weak condition of cottage industries, household industries, and small-scale industries. - Caste system, joint family system, people are forced to follow traditional business or family business, a lack of courage to set up a new business, flaws in knowledge, skill, training, and experience. - Immobility of labor, flawless planning of labor, low growth rate of industrial development, and a less rate of saving tendency. This causes a decrease in the rate of capital creation. New business in the industry can not be set up due to a lack of investment. ## Efforts to Reduce Unemployment The problem of unemployment is the weakest link of our planning. Poverty and unemployment are two sides of the same coin. Both are interrelated. The main reason for poverty is unemployment. This challenging problem has mainly affected educated youth. As a result, they lost attitude of interest towards studies, and negative effect on their social and mental condition is seen. They become disappointed psychologically. If they remain unemployed for a long time, they get involved in Antisocial or immoral activities, e.g. drug trafficking, illegal activities, robberies, recovering ransom etc. When price rise joins unemployment, the condition of the poor and unemployed becomes more narrowing and pathetic, and they turn towards narcotic drugs and other addictions. Thus, unemployment has proven to be deadly for individuals, families, as well as the economy. ### Plans of the Government to Remove Unemployment The government has implemented several programs to remove unemployment while studying about poverty alleviation programs. - **High Goal for Economic Development:** By aiming for a 10% per year economic development, which is acceptable to all, Increasing capital investment and opportunities of employment. New fields should be opened for fast and balanced economic development, along with development in agriculture sector, small and household industries, cottage industries etc. To increase employment, government has started giving economic help, education, opened training centers through different schemes. - **Labor-Intensive Method for Production:** The government should lay stress on the development of units using labor-intensive methods for production of consumer goods, small and cottage industries, gramodyog, handloom, and handicraft skill. For it, encouraging policies should be implemented in the schemes. - **Rural Employment Opportunities:** More number of people may be employed in the rural area by less investment by developing new methods at the rural level in which more than one crop can be taken from the field in order to remove unemployment during the time when farmers are not engaged in agriculture, to bring new land under cultivation, arranging water and electricity for every field, small and big irrigation schemes, dam, check dam, ponds, canals, tubewell, activities of construction of road, activities related to agriculture, poultry, fishery, cattle rearing, dairy industry, programmes of afforestation. For this planning should be employment oriented. Employment opportunities should be increased in villages, so that villagers get enough income and working in their own village only, so migration towards cities may reduced and pressure on the demand for employment may be decreased. Encouraging plantation agriculture, organic farming, dry farming, and multi-cropping, growing vegetables and fruits. The importance should be given to the improvement of the quality of education in villages. - **Sustainable Human Development:** In order to sustain human development in rural areas, health, education, pure drinking water, nutritious food, electricity, roads, banking, insurance, internet, improvement in communication and entertainment, water harvesting activities, constructing permanent public property, development of local industries, and encouraging them, adopting result-oriented improvement programs among youth, should be undertaken. The qualitative life of rural people as well as result-oriented improvement has been the main objective. - **Skill Development and Business Growth:** To decrease educated unemployment and unemployment among youth, skills should be developed, and employment should be provided as per qualification. Such type of business-oriented or technical education policies should be adopted, which produce skilled artisans. The curriculum of schools and colleges should be such that it satisfies the requirement of local industries. To develop skills, the government should provide education and training to the youth, special skills may be developed in them, quality improves along with production, employment increases, increase in income, and improvement in living standards. The government should be given assurance that they keep on getting employment. - **Collaborative Government Initiatives:** The labor ministry of the Indian government and state government have implemented ambitious programmes like "Make in India," "Skill India," and "Digital India" to enhance knowledge, understanding, enthusiasm and work capacity of youth along with industrial development, for this educational and training programs have been started to develop skills. Technical colleges and universities have been set up nationwide. They should provide education facilities as per vocational curriculum and modern technology. Efforts are being made to fulfill the requirement of employment through a near curriculum in schools and colleges, vocational, and technical education. Currently, Higher institutions like IIT and IIM are being established in most of the states of our country. - **New Employment Options:** New areas of employment have opened up in computer technology, information technology, pharmaceutical, business management, packing and processing, outsourcing, marketing, catering, event management, office management, hotel management, share-stock marketing etc. So new curriculum has been set up in the universities fulfilling that local requirement. Accordingly, the curriculum of education, training, and teaching has been changed so that it may fulfill the requirement of job in the future. At the end of acquiring education, short term diploma or certificate courses have been started to fulfill the need of manpower, like courses in spinning, weaving, tanning, plumbing, radio, TV, fridge, mobile, A.C. repairing. As a result of revolution in the field of automobile, electronics, computer science, genetic science, aero-space, robot making, new courses have been started in order to produce skilled artisans, engineers, and technicians. To promote new business, the government has tried to provide low-interest loans to entrepreneurs under "start up India" for promoting new business. Mutual coordination has become possible because of co-operation between local industries and training institutes, so that as per local requirement supply of labor could be made for generating employment and in place of white collar job, self-employment should be fostered with government’s economic help. For this purpose, such an environment and proper and strong structure should be created, that educational courses and educational expenses become cheaper and admission becomes easy. - **New Business Industry Development:** It is necessary that new business industry should be set up for industrial growth and generating of new employment opportunities. Investment is essential along with the development of skill, co-operation, to increase entrepreneurship among youth. To promote opportunities of self-employment, governments have started many plans for providing of financial help at a low rate of interest for small investments for various purposes to purchase, implements, small margins, raw material or office furniture initially, along with help for selling produced goods. Efforts have been started to provide technical and commercial knowledge, managerial skills, help. With the efforts of banks, economic help of financial institutes, economical easy loan facility, local businessmen and welfare organizations, women have been provided self-employment by setting up household industries. Thus, coming out of the traditional business, a new firm of members of family was prepared, which expanded the horizon of new business and the industrial sector. - **Employment Exchange Centres:** Employment exchange centers work as a chain between unemployed and owners who were in search of such youth who were looking for employment, laborers, workers or educated skilled and unskilled labor. This organization provides authentic information regarding registration of educated unemployed, this place and the type of work. It gives guidance in choosing one’s own career. These centers provide sufficient information through magazines like "Rozgar Karkidi." It provides free services through model career centers and help line numbers. 1800-425-1514 helps people by providing them important information, skill programs, employment fairs etc. In 2015 there were 947 employment exchange centers in our country. In which, till 2013, 468.23 lakh unemployed had registered all over the country, while in Gujarat, 8.30 lakh unemployed had registered their names. ## World Labour Market When the change of labor is there among the nations of the world, it is called the world labor market. When laborers migrate from one country to another for employment, business, training, or higher education, it is called the movement of labor at an international level. The walkout of brain power for educational knowledge, higher technical knowledge, and skill development, in search of more income, more facilities, a better job, is brain-drain or migration at the international level. Because of increasing social status, migration to other countries or due to permanent settlement of intelligent and talented people, who have spent a lot of money on them facing a great flaw of personalities having talent and intelligence, technical knowledge and scientific attitude. As a result of globalization and liberalization, a new situation has started arising in our economy. In the present time, demand for people having knowledge and skill in information technology, communication, technology, biotechnology, computer or medical has increased. Many countries are appointing such people who have special qualification and skill as trained expert labors and experts. They adopt attractive tactic and practices with high perks. Industrial firms send their employees to foreign countries to obtain required qualification, knowledge, and skill so that they may survive the competition. This is a part of international migration. Like a country receives foreign exchange as a part of income due to migration of people to foreign countries for jobs. Because of the flow of foreign money into our country in this way, the problem of foreign exchange is solved to a certain extent. ## Exercise ### 1. Answer the Following Questions in Detail: 1. Explain various solutions of poverty alleviation programmes. 2. Discuss in detail the steps taken by the government for poverty alleviation programmes in agriculture sector and programme "Gramodaya thi Bharat uday". 3. Give information about efforts made by the government to reduce poverty. 4. Explain in detail schemes and programmes undertaken by the government to reduce unemployment (main four). ### 2. Answer the Following Questions Points Wise: 1. What is poverty? What are the characteristics of people living below poverty line? 2. Explain poverty in India. 3. What are the reasons for the origination of poverty? 4. What are the steps taken by the government for social security and food security? 5. Explain "Poors live in rich India". 6. State the reasons for unemployment. 7. State the effects of unemployment. ### 3. Answer the Following Questions Briefly: 1. Relative poverty and absolute poverty. 2. Explain about "Agro-business policy". 3. Clarify MANREGA programme. 4. What is industrial unemployment? 5. Explain the idea of world labor market. ### 4. Answer the Following Questions by Choosing the Correct Alternative: 1. Which state in India has the highest rate of poverty? - a. Uttar Pradesh - b. Odisha - c. Chhattisgarh - d. Bihar 2. What was the rate of poverty in India in 2011-12 (in crores)? - a. 21.65 - b. 26.93 - c. 36.93 - d. 21.92 3. Which scheme has been started to connect women empowerment, skill development training, self-employment, and market? - a. Pradhan Mantri Jeevan Jyot Yojna - b. Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act - c. Mission Mangalam Yojna - d. Agro Business Policy 2016 4. In which Indian state is the rate of unemployment found to be highest? - a. Bihar - b. Jharkhand - c. Kerala - d. Chhattisgarh 5. Which scheme was implemented under the Food Security Act in Gujarat? - a. Ma Annapurna Yojna - b. MANREGA - c. Antodaya Yojna - d. Sukanya Samriddhi Yojna 6. Which scheme encourages unemployed youth with new ideas to become an entrepreneur and get self-employed? - a. Make in India - b. Start up India - c. Digital India - d. Swachchh Bharat Abhiyan 7. The Institute which registers unemployed persons to eradicate unemployment: - a. Employment Exchange Centre - b. Labour Ministry - c. Model Career Centre - d. Gram Panchayat ## Activities: - Collect cuttings related to “Poverty in India” from news published in magazines or periodicals and prepare a