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What type of education programs has the government implemented to help rural youth?
The government has only focused on urban areas for poverty alleviation.
False
What measures have been taken to prevent youth migration to cities?
Improved employment opportunities and development of local industries in rural areas.
Programs aimed at encouraging __________ education have been implemented for women.
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Match the following initiatives with their objectives:
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What is one of the goals by the year 2030 related to poverty?
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Financial benefits should not be provided to individuals living below the poverty line.
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Name one step taken to improve the economic conditions of rural areas.
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What is the primary basis for determining absolute poverty?
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Relative poverty is more commonly recognized in developing countries than in developed countries.
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As per the 2011-12 criteria, what is the per capita expenditure set for urban areas in India?
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Chhattisgarh has the highest poverty rate in India at _____%.
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According to the World Bank, what amount is considered the scale for the poverty line?
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Match the following states with their corresponding poverty rates:
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What was the poverty rate in India during 2009-10?
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How many crore people were living below the poverty line in India as per the 2010 World Bank report?
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What is the primary objective of the Sansad Adarsh Gram Yojna?
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Under MANREGA, families in rural areas are guaranteed employment for 150 days per year.
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What is the slogan associated with the Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MANREGA)?
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The Mission Mangalam program focuses on uniting women from families living below the poverty line in __________.
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Which of the following works are included under MANREGA?
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Match the schemes with their objectives:
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The Dattopant Thegdi Vyaj Shay Yojna provides high-interest loans for purchasing raw materials.
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What type of training do women receive under the Mission Mangalam program?
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What defines disguised unemployment?
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As per the 2011 census, the number of educated unemployed individuals in India was 32 million.
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What is industrial unemployment?
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The rate of unemployment in women in 2013 was ___%.
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Match the states with their unemployment condition:
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According to the 2013-14 labor bureau survey, what was the unemployment rate in India?
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Which age group had approximately 4.70 crore unemployed individuals?
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Educated unemployment is mainly prevalent in rural areas.
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Which of the following programs is aimed at enhancing the skills of youth in India?
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Technical colleges and universities have been set up only in urban areas to enhance vocational education.
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What is one benefit of introducing vocational and technical education in schools and colleges?
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The government provides low-interest loans to entrepreneurs under the __________ initiative.
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New employment options have emerged in which of the following fields?
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Match the following initiatives with their goals:
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What kind of courses have been introduced to meet the need for skilled manpower?
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The curriculum changes in universities are solely focused on traditional education methods.
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Study Notes
Measuring Poverty
- There are two main ways to measure poverty: expenditure on goods and services and total family income.
- A family is defined as a minimum of five members.
Absolute Poverty
- Individuals unable to afford basic necessities like food grains, pulses, milk, and vegetables at the lowest market prices are considered absolutely poor.
Relative Poverty
- In societies with different income groups, those with significantly lower incomes are considered relatively poor.
- This concept is more common in developed countries.
- For example, if three individuals earn ₹10,000, ₹20,000, and ₹30,000, the person earning ₹10,000 would be relatively poor.
Poverty in India
- In 2011-12, India's Planning Commission set the per capita expenditure for rural areas at ₹816, meaning a family expenditure of at least ₹4,080, and for urban areas at ₹1,000 per capita, equivalent to a family expenditure of at least ₹5,000.
- As per this criteria, the number of poor people decreased to 27 crore in 2011-12, reducing the poverty rate to 21.9% of the total population.
- The World Bank defines poverty as a per capita income of 1.90 US dollars (based on 2008 rates) in 2012.
- A 2010 World Bank report estimated 32.7% of India's population (approximately 121 crore) lived below the poverty line, totaling around 45.6 crore people.
- According to the UNDP in 2015, the poverty rate in India in 2011-12 was 21.92%, indicating that 26.93 crore people were living in poverty, with 21.65 crore in rural areas (25.7%) and 5.28 crore in urban areas.
- Chhattisgarh has the highest poverty rate at 36.93%, while Goa has the lowest at 5.09%.
- States with more than 30% poverty rates include Chhattisgarh, Assam, Uttar Pradesh, Manipur, Bihar, Arunachal Pradesh, Jharkhand, and Odisha.
- India has implemented policies to support traditional industries, handlooms, cottage industries, and household industries to increase employment in rural areas.
- The government has also initiated objective-based education, training, and skill development programs to provide alternative employment opportunities for rural youth.
- Self-employment programs are also being implemented to improve economic conditions.
- The government has improved infrastructure related to education, healthcare, housing, employment, family planning, and communication in rural areas.
- Irrigation facilities, roads, crop protection, agricultural training programs, agricultural research, and bank loans for seeds, fertilizers, and tractors are being utilized to enhance agriculture.
- Schools are being established in villages, with secondary and higher secondary schools located close by.
- Technical and vocational courses and training centers are being implemented through the establishment of nearby colleges.
- Scholarships, financial aid, and fee reduction programs are being implemented in residential schools to encourage higher education for rural students.
- Several programs for women's empowerment are being initiated to promote economic independence.
- India is working to address its poverty challenges and contribute to the World Bank's goal of eliminating poverty by 2030.
Poverty Alleviation Programs (PAP)
- PAPs aim to provide direct financial benefits to rural and urban people living below the poverty line through various welfare schemes.
Sansad Adarsh Gram Yojana (SAGY)
- The objective of SAGY is to prevent rural-to-urban migration by improving education, health, and employment facilities in villages chosen by Parliamentarians.
- SAGY aims to create model villages that provide permanent public assets, enhance living standards, achieve rural upliftment, preserve cultural heritage, create employment opportunities through social harmony, and increase human development.
Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA)
- MGNREGA, known for the slogan "Our village, Our work," focuses on providing employment opportunities for unskilled rural families willing to work.
- Every eligible household is guaranteed 100 days of wage employment (7 hours per day) per financial year.
- The government sets and pays daily wages.
- If employment is not provided upon request, the government is obligated to pay unemployment allowance.
- Work under MGNREGA includes village development projects, construction of personal toilets and wells, land leveling, horticulture, labor in the Indra Awas Yojna scheme, cattle shade construction, organic manure production, construction of animal shelters, fish drying yards, canal cleaning, water storage projects, and roadside tree plantation.
Mission Mangalam
- This program establishes "Sakhi Mandals" (self-help groups) for women from families living below the poverty line, providing skill-based training to enable them to generate income through household industries (like papad, pickle, and agarbatti production) and break the cycle of poverty.
Dattopant Thegdi Vyaj Shay Yojna
- This scheme provides artisans in handicrafts and handloom industries with low-interest loans to purchase raw materials.
Types of Unemployment
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Disguised Unemployment: This occurs when more workers are involved in an occupation than required, leading to extra laborers effectively being unemployed as their removal does not affect production.
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Industrial Unemployment: Occurs when individuals experience short-term or long-term unemployment due to changes in the industrial sector.
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Educated Unemployment: Individuals with at least secondary education or a degree who are unemployed are designated as educated unemployed.
Proportion of Unemployment in India
- India faces varying levels of unemployment across different states.
- Exact figures are difficult to obtain due to inconsistencies in employment exchange registration.
- According to the 2011 census, 116 million people were seeking employment, including 32 million uneducated unemployed and 84 million educated unemployed.
- Around 4.7 crore people aged 15-24 were unemployed.
- The labor bureau's 2013-14 survey reported a national unemployment rate of 5.4% and a rate of 1.2% in Gujarat, indicating 12 unemployed individuals per 1,000 people.
- In 2009-10, urban areas in India had 3.4% unemployment, while rural areas had 1.6% unemployment.
- The rate of educated unemployment was higher in urban areas.
- The unemployment rate for women was 7.7% in 2013.
- States with high unemployment levels include Sikkim, Kerala, West Bengal, Uttar Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Jammu and Kashmir, and Tripura.
- Himachal Pradesh, Haryana, Karnataka, Chandigarh, and Gujarat have comparatively lower unemployment rates.
Addressing Unemployment
- India needs to tackle unemployment, particularly among youth, to realize its potential as a global power.
- The curriculum in schools and colleges should be adapted to meet the demands of local industries.
- The government should provide skills training and education to youth, emphasizing specific skills to enhance production quality, create jobs, increase income, and improve living standards.
- The government should ensure ongoing employment opportunities.
Collaborative Government Initiatives
- "Make in India," "Skill India," and "Digital India," launched by the Indian government and state governments, aim to enhance youth knowledge, understanding, enthusiasm, and work capacity while promoting industrial development.
- Skills development programs have been introduced through educational and training initiatives.
- Technical colleges and universities are being established across the country to provide vocational and technology-focused education.
- Efforts are being made to align school and college curricula with job market requirements through vocational and technical education programs.
- Institutes of higher learning, like IITs and IIMs, are being established in many Indian states.
New Employment Options
- Emerging areas of employment include computer technology, information technology, pharmaceuticals, business management, packing and processing, outsourcing, marketing, catering, event management, office management, hotel management, and share-stock marketing.
- Universities are adapting their curricula to meet these local needs.
- Education, training, and teaching methods are being adjusted to prepare students for future job opportunities.
- Short-term diploma and certificate courses, such as those in spinning, weaving, tanning, plumbing, radio, TV, refrigerator, mobile, and air conditioning repair, have been introduced to address manpower requirements.
- The rise in automobile, electronics, computer science, genetic science, aerospace, and robotics sectors is leading to the creation of new courses for skilled artisans, engineers, and technicians.
- The government has facilitated low-interest loans for entrepreneurs through the "Startup India" program to encourage new business ventures.
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Description
Explore the different ways to measure poverty, including absolute and relative poverty concepts. Understand how the Planning Commission of India has defined poverty thresholds for rural and urban families. This quiz will enhance your knowledge of poverty-related statistics and social implications in India.
