Lesson 5 - Material Properties and Treatment PDF

01 Lesson 5 Materials Science and Engineering MATERIAL PROPERTIES AND TREATMENT Mechanical Engineering  02 Lesson Overview Knowing material properties and treatments is important because it helps engineers choose the right materials for each jo...

01 Lesson 5 Materials Science and Engineering MATERIAL PROPERTIES AND TREATMENT Mechanical Engineering  02 Lesson Overview Knowing material properties and treatments is important because it helps engineers choose the right materials for each job, making sure things work well, last longer, and stay safe. It also helps improve performance, save costs, and avoid failures in tough conditions. Plus, it leads to new ideas and better materials for future technologies.  03 Material Properties Mechanical Properties 04 Strength - The ability of a material to resist breaking or yielding under applied forces. The internal resistance is called stress. Tensile Strength: The ability of a material to resist tension or pulling forces without breaking or stretching excessively. Compressive Strength: The ability of a material to withstand compressive forces that attempt to compress or shorten it without breaking or failing. Shear Strength: The ability of a material to resist forces that cause the material to slide or shear along a plane. Hardness - Is the resistance of a material to surface deformation, indentation, or scratching. It indicates how well a material can withstand wear, abrasion, and pressure. Brinell Hardness: Hardness is determined by pressing a steel or carbide ball into Brinell Hardness Test the material under a specific load and measuring the size of the resulting indentation. Vickers Hardness Test Vickers Hardness: A diamond pyramid indenter is pressed into the material, and the hardness is calculated based on the size of the indentation. Rockwell Hardness: The depth of penetration of an indenter (diamond cone or steel ball) into the material is measured, with the result expressed on a scale. Elasticity - The property of a material to return to its original shape after deformation when external forces are removed. Steel is more elastic than rubber. Plasticity - The ability of a material to retain permanent deformation after being loaded, essential for processes like forging and stamping. Rockwell Hardness Test Fatigue Resistance - The ability of a material to resist failure from repeated or fluctuating stresses, even if the stresses are lower than the material’s tensile Thermal 05 Properties Thermal Conductivity - The ability of a material to conduct heat. Materials with high thermal conductivity transfer heat efficiently, while those with low conductivity resist heat flow. Expansion - The increase in a material's size or volume when heated, as the atoms or molecules move apart. Specific Heat Capacity - The amount of heat energy required to raise the temperature of a unit mass of a material by one Thermal degree Celsius.  Electrical & Magnetic 06 Properties Conductivity - The ability of a material to conduct electricity. Materials with high conductivity, like metals, allow electrical current to flow easily. Magnetic Permeability - The ability of a material to support the formation of a magnetic field within itself. Materials with high magnetic permeability are easily Electrical & Magnetic magnetized. Electrical & Magnetic  Optical 07 Properties Refractive Index - A measure of how much a material slows down and bends light as it passes through. Higher refractive indices indicate stronger bending of light. Transmission or Absorption - Transmission refers to the amount of light or energy that passes through a material, while Optical absorption is the amount of light or energy that is taken in by the material. Optical  Corrosion 08 Resistance The ability of a material to resist deterioration or damage caused by chemical reactions with its environment, such as rusting in metals or degradation in polymers. Corrosion Resistance Corrosion Resistance  09 Material Treatments Material 10 Treatments Heat Treatment - A process used to alter the properties of a material (usually metal) by heating and cooling it in a controlled way to improve characteristics like hardness, strength, and ductility. This treatment includes specific Heat Treatments; Annealing, Quenching, Tempering and Normalizing. Surface Treatment - Techniques used to alter the surface properties of a material to improve its wear resistance, corrosion resistance, or appearance, such as coating, plating, or hardening. Work Hardening - The process of strengthening a material through plastic deformation, which increases its hardness and reduces its ductility, often used in metal forming processes. Alloying - The process of adding other elements to a base metal to improve its properties, such as strength, corrosion  11 ACTIVITY  1). What is the ability of a material to conduct electricity called? 2). What is the process used to alter the properties of a material by heating and cooling it in a controlled way to improve characteristics like hardness and strength? 3). What is the ability of a material to return to its original shape after deformation called? 4). What is the ability of a material to resist failure from repeated or fluctuating stresses called? 5). Which hardness test uses a diamond pyramid indenter to measure the size of the indentation? 6). What is the process of adding other elements to a base metal to improve its properties called? 7). What is the ability of a material to resist breaking or yielding under applied forces called? Activity 8). What is the increase in a material's size or volume when heated due to atoms or molecules moving apart? 9). What is the ability of a material to resist deterioration or damage caused by chemical reactions with its environment? 10-14). What are the four sub treatments of heat treatment used to alter the properties of a material? Here’s the updated list with an additional question added: 1. What is the ability of a material to conduct electricity called? ⚬ Answer: Conductivity 2. What is the process used to alter the properties of a material by heating and cooling it in a controlled way to improve characteristics like hardness and strength? ⚬ Answer: Heat Treatment 3. What is the ability of a material to return to its original shape after deformation called? ⚬ Answer: Elasticity 4. What is the ability of a material to resist failure from repeated or fluctuating stresses called? ⚬ Answer: Fatigue Resistance 5. Which hardness test uses a diamond pyramid indenter to measure the size of the indentation? ⚬ Answer: Vickers Hardness 6. What is the process of adding other elements to a base metal to improve its properties called? ⚬ Answer: Alloying 7. What is the ability of a material to resist breaking or yielding under applied forces called? ⚬ Answer: Strength 8. What is the increase in a material's size or volume when heated due to atoms or molecules moving apart? ⚬ Answer: Expansion 9. What is the ability of a material to resist deterioration or damage caused by chemical reactions with its environment? ⚬ Answer: Corrosion Resistance 10. What are the four sub treatments of heat treatment used to alter the properties of a material? ⚬ Answer: Annealing, Quenching, Tempering, Normalizing 11. What is the term for the ability of a material to withstand compressive forces that attempt to shorten it without breaking or failing?