Fundamentals of Electronic Technology Report PDF

**WRITTEN REPORT IN FUNDAMENTALS OF ELECTRONIC TECHNOLOGY** SUBMITTED BY: ESPINOSA, Joanna Mary DELOS SANTOS, Jeric DAVID, Noela Joy GARILLO, Jhon Christian GONZALES, Cian Jay I. **INTRODUCTION** The resistor is a passive electrical component that creates resistance in the flow of electric...

**WRITTEN REPORT IN FUNDAMENTALS OF ELECTRONIC TECHNOLOGY** SUBMITTED BY: ESPINOSA, Joanna Mary DELOS SANTOS, Jeric DAVID, Noela Joy GARILLO, Jhon Christian GONZALES, Cian Jay I. **INTRODUCTION** The resistor is a passive electrical component that creates resistance in the flow of electric current. In almost all electrical networks and electronic circuits they can be found. The resistance is measured in ohms (Ω). An ohm is the resistance that occurs when a current of one ampere (A) passes through a resistor with a one volt (V) drop across its terminals. The current is proportional to the voltage across the terminal ends. This ratio is represented by Ohms Law. In this lesson we will be able to learn about one of the fundamental components in electronic circuits and how does it work. This fundamental component has different types, sizes, functions and applications that we need to know so that we have enough knowledge when we perform a practicum. Let us know and explore more about resistor and its uses. Many of us have not yet memorized each color and how the resistor is computed. According to my searches, the color of the resistor is made up of a rainbow where it is mixed with white and black. On the other hand, these colors are used to calculate the resistive value, tolerance, and temperature coefficient of resistors with low wattage ratings because of their small size. Measuring the resistance of a resistor involves determining how much it resists the flow of electric current. This is typically done using an instrument called a multimeter, you have studied voltage and current measurements, but you will find resistance measurements different in several ways. Resistance is measured with the circuit's power turned off. The ohmmeter sends its own current through the unknown resistance and then measures that current to provide a resistance value readout, The resistance of a resistor indicates how strongly the resistor opposes the flow of current. It is measured in ohms; higher number of ohms means the opposition to the flow of current is larger. The way the resistors are connected in a circuit will change the equivalent resistance of the circuit. Resistors can be connected in series or in parallel, A resistor is a piece of material that impedes the electric current. Resistors are used to control both the voltage and the current running through a system. II. **LEARNING OUTCOMES** - Learn the different types of resistors. - Understand how does a resistor work. - Demonstrate on how to use and identify resistors. III. **ACTIVITY** Since the students already have background on resistors, in this game their knowledge will be tested to see if they still remember the types of resistors. To start this activity, you need to group yourselves into five members and make a circle. I will show a picture, and you need a representative to simply identify if this is a **LINEAR RESISTOR or a NON-LINEAR RESISTOR** by shouting your answers with dance steps. The first group who will do this will get the point. The group that gets lots of points will be the winner of this game and will receive the prize.  1\. 2.  3\. 4. 5. 6.  IV. **LEARNING CONTENT** **GARILLO, Jhon Christian** **1. What is a resistor?** Resistors are used for many purposes. A few examples include limiting electric current, voltage division, heat generation, matching and loading circuits, gain control, and setting time constants. They are commercially available with resistance values over a range of more than nine orders of magnitude. They can be used as electric brakes to dissipate kinetic energy from trains or be smaller than a square millimeter for electronics.  **Resistor Definition and Symbol** A resistor is a passive electrical component with the primary function to limit the flow of electric current. The international IEC symbol is a rectangular shape with leads at each end as shown in the figure at left. In the USA, the ANSI standard is very common and represents a fixed resistor as a zigzag line (shown on the right). **Common types of resistors** **How does a resistor work** Resistor is used to resistance the flow of current. When resistor is placed in a circuit, the current flow decreases when current passes through the resistor. The part of current energy dissipates in the form of heat in resistor, thus decreasing the total current. **Application of resistor** Resistors are used for controlling temperature and voltmeter. Resistors are used in digital multi-meter, amplifiers, telecommunication, and oscillators. They are also used in modulators, demodulators, and transmitters. **DAVID, Noela Joy** **Types of Resistors** Resistors are available in different shapes and sizes. Common types that are available are through-hole and surface mount. A resistor might be static, standard resistor, special, or a pack of variable resistors. There are two basic types of resistors as follows: - Linear resistor - Non-linear resistor **LINEAR RESISTORS** The resistors whose values change with change in applied temperature and voltage are known as linear resistors. There are two types of linear resistors: 1. **Fixed resistors:** These resistors have a specific value and these values cannot be changed. Following are the different types of fixed resistors: - Carbon composition resistors - Wire wound resistors - Thick film resistors - Fusible resistors - Cermet film resistors - Metal oxide resistors - Thin film resistors - Carbon film resistors - Metal film resistors **Carbon composition resistor** **Wire wound resistors** **Thick film resistors** **Thin film resistors** 2. **Variable resistors:** These resistors do not have a specific value and the values can be changed with the help of dial, knob, and screw. These resistors find applications in radio receivers for controlling volume and tone. Following are the different types of variable resistors: - Potentiometers - Rheostats - Trimmer resistors **Potentiometers** **Rheostats** **Trimmer resistors** **NON-LINEAR RESISTORS** The resistor values change according to the temperature and voltage applied and is not dependent on Ohm's law. Following are the different types of non-linear resistors: - Thermisters - Photo resistors LDR - Varisters resistors - Surface Mount **Thermisters** **Photo resistors LDR** The Light Dependent Resistor (LDR) or also popularly known as Photoresistor is just another special type of Resistor and hence has no polarity so they can be connected in any direction. **Varisters resistors** A Varistor is a varying resistor whose resistance depends on the applied voltage. The name has been coined by linguistic blend of words; "varying" and "resistor". They are also known by the name VDR \[voltage dependent resistor\] and have non-ohmic characteristics **Surface Mount** Surface Mount Resistors, also known as SMT Resistors or SMD Resistors, are designed for use on printed circuit boards (PCBs). Unlike their through-hole counterparts, these resistors are mounted directly on the surface of the PCB, hence the name Surface Mount Resistors. They are a key component in surface mount technology, a method that allows for more efficient use of space on a circuit board and has revolutionized electronics manufacturing. **GONZALES, Cian Jay G.** **Resistor Color-coding** Color-coding is a method used to indicate the resistive value, tolerance, and temperature coefficient of resistors with low wattage rating because of their small size. Color bands are used because they can be easily and cheaply printed on a small electronic component. Color-coding is also used for capacitors, inductors and diodes. When the resistor body surface is large enough, as in large wattage resistors, the resistance value, tolerance, and wattage are usually printed on the body of the resistor. Surface mounted resistors (SMD) use another coding system that uses alphanumeric codes printed on its surface instead of color codes. The coding is defined in the international standard [IEC 60062:2016](https://www.sis.se/api/document/preview/8021442/). It describes the coding standard for both resistors and capacitors. **Reading of Color Coding** Resistors cases usually have three to six bands that indicate their resistance, tolerance and sometimes their temperature coefficient of resistance (TCR). The bands are read from left to right. The reading direction is not always clear. To distinguish the reading direction, the tolerance band width is sometimes printed with 1.5 - 2 times the width of other bands. A larger gap between the tolerance band and the other bands is sometimes noticeable. If a gold or silver band is present, then they must be at the right end since they are never used for significant digits. It is always better to check the manufacturer's documentation or use a multimeter to get the exact resistance value In a three-band resistor, the first two bands represent the first two significant digits followed by one band for the multiplier. Since no tolerance band is available, the tolerance will always be ±20%. In a four-band resistor, which is the most common, the first two bands also represent the first two significant digits. The third band represents the multiplier. The fourth band represents the tolerance. In a five-band resistor, the first three bands represent the first three significant digits. The fourth band represents the multiplier. The fifth band represents the tolerance. In a six-band resistor, the first five bands have the same representation as a five-band resistor followed by one extra sixth band that represents the temperature coefficient of resistance (TCR). **Tolerance** Tolerance is the percentage of error between the actual measured resistive value and the stated value. This is due to the manufacturing process, and it is expressed as a percentage of its preferred value. **Calculating** To calculate the resistance value, you need to group the values of the significant digits bands --- i.e., the values of the first two or three bands from the left, depending on the total number of bands. Then you need to multiply that value by the multiplier to get the resistance value of the resistor. Let\'s take for example a four-band resistor with the following band colors: Violet Green Yellow Gold Since it is a four-band resistor, the first two bands (violet and green) will indicate the significant digits which are, according to the table above; 75. We then multiply that number by the multiplier indicated with the 3^rd^ band (yellow) which has the value of; x10^4^ = 10000. The result of the multiplication will be: 75 x 10000 = 750000Ω = 750kΩ. The fourth band (gold) will indicate the tolerance which in our example is: ±5%\ To calculate the minimum and maximum resistance values, we multiply the resistance value by the tolerance percentage to come up with the following values:\ Minimum = 750000 - (750000 x 5/100) = 750000 - 37500 = 712500 = 712.5kΩ\ Maximum = 750000 + (750000 x 5/100) = 750000 + 37500 = 787500 = 787.5kΩ **Exceptions** A zero-ohm resistor is a resistor having a single black band. Its resistance is approximately zero and it is used to connect two traces on a printed circuit board (PCB). Is it used in automated PCB assembly where using the same equipment used to mount other resistors is easier than using a separate machine to install a wire jumper. Resistors manufactured for military use, may include an additional band indicating the failure rate. **DELOS SANTOS, Jeric** **ESPINOSA, Joana Mary** **Measuring Resistance of Resistor** - **What are resistors?** A resistor is a piece of material that impedes the electric current. Resistors are used to control both the voltage and the current running through a system. Without resistors, your electronics could easily burn out or overheat from too much electricity running through it. - **What is resistance?** Resistance is the opposition that a substance offers to the flow of electric current. Resistance to electricity--that is, electrical resistance--is a force that counteracts the flow of current. - **Resistance is designated with R and its unit is the ohm (Ω).** A resistor is a device designed to produce resistance. Resistors can be used to limit current, divide voltage, or generate heat. Resistance is the restriction of the flow of electrons. - **Two methods are normally used when measuring a resistor for resistance.** The first method used is the resistor color code. This method offers a way to find the value without equipment at the cost of some accuracy. The second methods are using a multi-meter which is very precise but require some more advance equipment. - **How is resistance measured?** \- Resistance measurement is done using an analog or digital multimeter, which can measure current, voltage, and other parameters. It\'s calculated by measuring the voltage drop caused by a current applied to the circuit. Ohm\'s Law is used to determine the resistance value, allowing for various applications. **Instruments for measuring electrical resistance** - **How to find resistance with an analog tester**  When measuring resistance with an [analog multimeter](https://www.hioki.com/sg-en/products/testers/analog/id_5895), switch off power to the circuit under measurement. Plug the red test lead into the positive input terminal with the "+" mark and the black test lead into the COM input terminal. Switch the instrument to Ω mode and set the range button as appropriate based on the circuit's anticipated resistance. Short the black and red test pins and set the needle to 0 Ω using the 0 Ω adjustment knob. Then place the red and black test pins in contact with both ends of the circuit under measurement and read the value indicated by the meter.  Keep in mind that applying a voltage to the test leads while the instrument is set to resistance mode could damage the tester. Additionally, if you are unable to perform 0 Ω correction, the analog multimeter's battery may be low. If you encounter this issue, check the battery\'s voltage. Resistance measurement circuit of an analog meter. Always conduct zero adjustment when measuring resistance. (Mechanical and electrical zero adjustment). Situations where voltage is being applied is hazardous, therefore separation is critical. - **Sources of error when measuring resistance** - Electromotive force - Thermal noise - Leakage current - Dielectric absorption - Friction noise - External noise - Temperature, humidity, and wind **Measuring the resistance of a resistor involves determining how much it resists the flow of electric current. This is typically done using an instrument called a multimeter. Here's a basic introduction to the process:** a. Turn Off Power: Ensure that the circuit with the resistor is powered off to avoid any electrical hazards or damage to the meter. b. Prepare the Multimeter: Set the multimeter to the resistance measurement mode (often denoted by the symbol Ω for ohms). c. Connect the Probes: Attach the multimeter probes to the resistor's leads. It doesn't matter which probe goes on which lead, as resistance is a scalar quantity. d. Read the Measurement: Observe the reading on the multimeter display. This value represents the resistance of the resistor in ohms (Ω). e. Interpret Results: Compare the measured resistance to the resistor's labeled value or specification to check if it is within tolerance. f. This simple process allows you to check resistor values and troubleshoot circuits effectively. V. **EVALUATION** DIRECTION: Read the questions and choose the correct answer. STRICTLY NO ERASURE. 1. These resistors have a specific value, and these values cannot be changed. A. Fixed resistors B. Variable resistors C. Linear resistors D. Non-linear resistors 2. These resistors do not have a specific value, and the values can be changed with the help of dial, knob, and screw. A. Fixed resistors B. Variable resistors C. Linear resistors 3. What is resistance? A. is a device designed to produce resistance. Resistors can be used to limit B. is the opposition that a substance offers to the flow of electric current C. is done using an analog or digital multimeter, which can measure current, voltage, and other parameters. 4. This is due to the manufacturing process, and it is expressed as a percentage of its preferred value A. Calculating B. Color Code C. Tolerance D. Resistance 5. Resistors cases usually have three to six bands that indicate their resistance, tolerance and sometimes their temperature coefficient of resistance (TCR). A. Resistance color coding B. Tolerance C. Reading of color coding D. Exceptions VI. **REFERENCES:** EETech Group, LLC. (n.d.). EEPower. Retrieved from What Is a Resistor? Admin. (2023, February 24). What is resistor? - symbol, types, unit, applications, color code. BYJUS. Byju's. (2022b, July 4). What is the role of resistor in electric circuit -. Admin. (2023, February 24). What is resistor? - symbol, types, unit, applications, color code. BYJUS. Shaik, A. (n.d.). Carbon composition resistor - Definition, construction, advantages, disadvantages and applications. [Wirewound Resistor \| Resistor Materials \| Resistor Guide (eepower.com)](https://eepower.com/resistor-guide/resistor-materials/wirewound-resistor/) Agarwal, T. (2022, April 14). Thick Film Resistor - Construction, working, types and its applications. ElProCus - Electronic Projects for Engineering Students. Ramteke, M. (2022, July 23). Thin film resistor -- construction & its applications. Semiconductor for You. [Potentiometer: Definition, Types, And Working Principle (electrical4u.com)](https://www.electrical4u.com/potentiometer/) Matthew. (2021, February 15). An overview on Rheostats. DERF Electronics. WatElectronics. (2022, June 27). Trimmer Resistor: Construction, working, types & its applications. WatElectronics.com. LDR (Light Dependent Resistor) or photoresistor. (n.d.). Components101. John. (2017, September 22). Varistor -- symbol, working, types & applications. Electronic Circuits and Diagrams-Electronic Projects and Design.. Matan. (2023, October 26). Surface Mount Resistors \| How it works, Application & Advantages. Electricity - Magnetism. Instructables (2019) How to Measure Resistance \| Hioki, n.d.) (Libretexts, 2021) (Fluke, n.d.) (Citizens Electric Fundamentals of Electricity, n.d.) [**https://resistorcolorcodecalc.com/**](https://resistorcolorcodecalc.com/)