Pointer for IT elective 2.pdf

IT ELECTIVE 2 Pointers Prepared By: Jose Francisco T. Dolorfino Robotics is a branch of engineering and computer science that involves the conception, design, manufacture and operation of robots Robotics is a branch of engineering and...

IT ELECTIVE 2 Pointers Prepared By: Jose Francisco T. Dolorfino Robotics is a branch of engineering and computer science that involves the conception, design, manufacture and operation of robots Robotics is a branch of engineering and computer science that involves the conception, design, manufacture and operation of robots. In the 1930s, George Devol began realizing the value of factory automation while working on magnetic recording technology. In 1954, he filed a patent for a robotic arm that could move with six degrees of freedom and store step-by-step digital commands on a drum or other medium. This would become the Unimate industrial robot. Resistor - A passive electrical component with two terminals that are used for either limiting or regulating the flow of electric current in electrical circuits. Variable Resistor- are electrical components that give you control over the current flow through an electric circuit. Variable resistors can be used in a variety of different types of devices, including the volume and gain control on electric instruments such as guitars and basses. Electrolytic Capacitor-An electrolytic capacitor is a capacitor that uses an oxide film made of aluminum, tantalum or other oxidizable metal as a dielectric. Because of its potential for large capacitance, this type of capacitor is used extensively in power supply circuits and similar applications. Ceramic Capacitor -is a fixed-value capacitor where the ceramic material acts as the dielectric. It is constructed of two or more alternating layers of ceramic and a metal layer acting as the electrodes. The composition of the ceramic material defines the electrical behavior and therefore applications. Diode- is a semiconductor device that essentially acts as a one-way switch for current. It allows current to flow easily in one direction, but severely restricts current from flowing in the opposite direction. IT ELECTIVE 2 Pointers Prepared By: Jose Francisco T. Dolorfino Transistor- is a miniature semiconductor that regulates or controls current or voltage flow in addition amplifying and generating these electrical signals and acting as a switch/gate for them. Voltage Regulator- is an integrated circuit (IC) that provides a constant fixed output voltage regardless of a load or input voltage change. Depending on the circuit's topology, it can do this in many ways, but to keep this project basic, we will mainly focus on the linear regulator. Integrated Cicruit (IC)- also known as a microchip, computer chip, or simply chip, is a small electronic device made up of multiple interconnected electronic components such as transistors, resistors, and capacitors. These components are etched onto a small piece of semiconductor material, usually silicon. 7 Segment LED Display-is a digital display module specialized to display numerical information. Light-emitting diodes (LEDs) arranged in the shape of numbers offer an easily visible display. Relay-is an electrically operated switch. It consists of a set of input terminals for a single or multiple control signals, and a set of operating contact terminals. PRACTICE IN CIRCUIT DIAGRAM IT ELECTIVE 2 Pointers Prepared By: Jose Francisco T. Dolorfino Embedded system Definition of embedded system An embedded system can be defined as an isolated system, designed to perform a designated function with the help of its hardware and embedded software. In simple terms, an embedded system is a bit like a special-purpose computer that has been built into a device that is not generally considered to be a computer. They are named 'embedded' systems because they always function as part of a complete device. Embedded systems were first developed in the latter half of the 20th century. ❑ The earliest known embedded system is the Apollo guidance computer. This was developed in 1960 by Dr Charles Stark for the Apollo Program. ❑ The first commercially introduced embedded system or microprocessor unit was the Intel 4004, released in 1971. Embedded System has Two Types of Component Hardware The hardware is comprised of the mechanical or electronic parts required to form a complete circuit. The hardware of an embedded system is made up in large part of microcontrollers and microprocessors. Power Supply – battery or external source Processor – controls electrical and mechanical functions Memory – stores hardware instructions Timers – measure time intervals or elapsed time Communication Ports – used to communicate with other types of embedded systems (UART, USB, Ethernet) Software Assembly language is a low-level programming language that provides a symbolic representation of a system's machine code instructions. Each assembly language instruction corresponds directly to a machine code instruction. Advantages It allows for fine-grained control over hardware and is easier to understand and write compared to raw binary machine code. Emulators -Run on a standard computer and simulate the behavior of an embedded system's processor, memory, and peripherals. Advantages Emulators provide a controlled environment where developers can identify and fix bugs in their code. This environment mimics the behavior of the actual hardware, making it easier to debug issues. Debugger- is a tool used to examine and control the execution of code running on embedded hardware. It provides developers with the ability to identify and resolve issues in their software, ensuring that it functions correctly and efficiently Compiler- is a tool that translates high-level programming code into machine code or assembly language that can be executed by the embedded system's processor. Characteristic of embedded system ❑ Self-Functioned -A self-functioned embedded system refers to an embedded system designed to operate independently, without the need for continuous intervention or external control. These IT ELECTIVE 2 Pointers Prepared By: Jose Francisco T. Dolorfino systems are often characterized by their ability to perform specific tasks or functions autonomously. ❑ TIGHTLY CONSTRAINED- A tightly constrained embedded system refers to an embedded system that operates under strict limitations regarding its resources, including processing power, memory, storage, and energy consumption. These constraints are critical considerations during the design and implementation of such systems ❑ REAL TIME-A real-time embedded system is an embedded system designed to perform tasks or respond to events within a strict time constraint. The key aspect of real-time systems is their ability to guarantee that certain operations are completed within a specified time frame, making them crucial for applications where timing and deadlines are critical. ❑ REACTIVE-A reactive embedded system is designed to respond to events or stimuli from its environment in real-time. These systems react to changes or inputs rather than performing a predefined sequence of tasks. Reactivity is a key characteristic in systems where immediate response to external events is crucial.