Group 2 Narrative Report - Development of Correction PDF

COLLEGE OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE UNIVERSIDAD DE MANILA Cecilia Muñoz Palma Cor. Antonio Villegas St. Mehan Gardens, Ermita, Manila INSTITUTIONAL CORRECTIONS - CA311 BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN CRIMINOLOGY 33 GROUP 2 – WEEK 3 DEVELOPMENT OF CORRECTION SUBM...

COLLEGE OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE UNIVERSIDAD DE MANILA Cecilia Muñoz Palma Cor. Antonio Villegas St. Mehan Gardens, Ermita, Manila INSTITUTIONAL CORRECTIONS - CA311 BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN CRIMINOLOGY 33 GROUP 2 – WEEK 3 DEVELOPMENT OF CORRECTION SUBMITTED BY: CARLOS, IVAN CUERDO, JESSIE JEREMIAH DELOS REYES, KAYE CEE DOROJA, DREW NIYAKA SUBMITTED TO: PROF. VINCENT VISITACION DELOS REYES, KAYE CEE S. (1ST REPORTER) IMPORTANT DATES AND EVENTS IN THE HISTORY OF CORRECTIONS: 1468 (ENGLAND) - Torture as a form of punishment become prevalent. EXPLANATION: The use of torture as punishment for criminals became widespread. During this period, criminals were subjected to various forms of torture, such as enduring severe pain, which was considered a way to set an example for others. 16TH CENTURY - Transportation of criminals in England, was authorized. It partially relieved the overcrowding of prisons. But it was abandoned in 1835. EXPLANATION: The practice of sending criminals to colonies was approved as a solution to the overcrowding of prisons in England. This system was seen as a way to alleviate the congestion in jails and provide a second chance for criminals. However, this system was abolished in 1835. 17 C to late 18th C Death Penalty became prevalent as a form of punishment. EXPLANATION: The death penalty became common in the courts. During this time, this punishment was imposed for many types of crimes, from theft to more serious offenses. It was a way to maintain order and serve as a warning to others. THE GOLDEN AGE OF PENOLOGY The period from 1870 to 1880 was considered the golden age of penology because of the following significant events: 1870 - The National Prisons Association organized in Cincinnati, Ohio EXPLANATION: This association aims to improve the prison system in the United States. 1872 - The First International Congress was held in London which established the International Penal and Penitentiary Commission. EXPLANATION: The First International Congress took place in London, establishing the International Penal and Penitentiary Commission. This commission aimed to promote international cooperation for reforms in the prison system. 1875 - its headquarters was established at Hague, Netherlands. EXPLANATION: Here, international reforms in the field of penology are implemented. 1876 - The Elmira Reformatory (Forerunner of modern penology) was established in New York. EXPLANATION: This institution is considered a pioneer in modern penology due to its innovative methods in the rehabilitation of prisoners. 1878 - The First separate institution for women was established in Indiana and Massachusetts. EXPLANATION: The first separate institutions for women were established in Indiana and Massachusetts. These institutions aimed to improve the conditions for female prisoners and provide them with appropriate care and rehabilitation. GAOLS (JAILS) - Pre-trail detention facilities operated by English Sheriff. EXPLANATION: Gaols or jails are detention facilities before trial, managed by sheriffs in England. These are the places where individuals accused of crimes are held prior to their trial. GALLEYS - long, low, narrow, single-decked ships propelled by sails, usually rowed by criminals. A type of ship used for transportation of criminals. in the 16th century. EXPLANATION: These ships were used to transport criminals, where prisoners were placed in galleys as part of their punishment and to work on long sea voyages. HULKS - Decrepit transport, former warships used Ito house use prisoners in the 18th and 19th centuries. These were abandoned warships converted into prisons as means of relieving congestion of prisoners. They were also called "floating hells". EXPLANATION: Hulks were old and decrepit warships repurposed as prisons during the 18th and 19th centuries. These abandoned ships were converted into floating prisons or "floating hells" to alleviate overcrowding in land-based jails. THE AGE OF ENLIGHTENMENT The 18th century is a century of change. It is the period of recognizing human dignity. It is the movement of reformation, the period of introduction of certain reforms in the correctional field by certain person. EXPLANATION: The 18th century is known as the Age of Enlightenment, a period of profound change and intellectual development. During this time, there was a focus on respecting human dignity and reforming justice and imprisonment systems. Reformers introduced progressive ideas that transformed attitudes towards punishment, shifting from harsh penalties to more humane treatment and rehabilitation of prisoners through new methods and programs. WILLIAM PENN He fought for religious freedom and individual right. He is the first leader so prescribe imprisonment as a correctional treatment for major offenders. He is also responsible for the abolition of the death penalty and torture as a form of punishment. EXPLANATION: He pioneered the use of incarceration as a form of correction instead of physical punishment for serious crimes. He also led the movement to abolish the death penalty and torture, paving the way for a more humane judicial system and improving the conditions for prisoners. CHARLES MONTESQUIEU A French historian and philosopher who analyzed law as an expression of justice. He believed that harsh punishment would undermine morality and that appealing to moral sentiments was a better means of preventing crime. EXPLANATION: He believed that cruel punishments undermine morality and that it is better to use principles of moral sentiment to prevent crime. His ideas emphasized just and humane treatment of offenders, forming the basis for reforms in the justice system. VOLTAIRE (FRANCOIS MARIE AROUET) He was the most versatile of all philosophers during this period. He believes that fear of shame was a crime deterrent. He fought the legality-sanctioned practice of torture. EXPLANATION: He believed that the fear of shame could deter crime. He strongly opposed legal torture, condemning this barbaric practice and advocating for humane reforms in the treatment of offenders. His views paved the way for a more just justice system and the introduction of more humanitarian methods. DOROJA, DREW NIYAKA D. (2nd REPORTER) CESARE BECCARIA (1738-1794) He wrote an essay entitled “An Essay on Crimes and Punishment”, which presented the humanistic goal of law.  He is also considered as the founder of the Classical School of thought along with Jeremy Bentham. EXPLANATION: Cesare Beccaria was an influential Italian philosopher and criminologist who authored the seminal work "An Essay on Crimes and Punishments" in 1764. In this essay, Beccaria argued for a rational and humane approach to criminal justice, emphasizing that laws should be designed to prevent crime rather than simply punish it. He championed the principles of proportionality in sentencing, deterrence, and the need for a fair legal system that protects human dignity. Beccaria's ideas challenged the brutal and arbitrary practices of his time and advocated for a justice system based on Enlightenment principles of reason and equity. Along with Jeremy Bentham, Beccaria is considered a founder of the Classical School of criminology, which focuses on the idea that people make rational choices and that punishment should be proportionate to the crime to effectively deter criminal behavior. His work laid the groundwork for modern criminal justice reforms and continues to influence legal thinking today. JEREMY BENTHAM (1748-1832) The greatest leader in the reform of English Criminal law. He believes that whatever punishment designed to negate whatever pleasure or gain the derives from crime, the crime rate would go down. Bentham was the one who devise the ultimate Panopticon Prison - a prison that consists of a large circular building containing multi cells around the periphery. It was never built. EXPLANATION: Jeremy Bentham was a leading figure in the reform of English criminal law and is best known for his development of the philosophy of utilitarianism, which advocates for actions that maximize overall happiness. He argued that effective punishment should outweigh the pleasure or benefit criminals derive from their actions, thereby reducing crime rates. Bentham also conceived the design for the Panopticon, an innovative prison structure featuring a central observation tower surrounded by cells arranged in a circular layout. This design was intended to allow a single guard to observe all prisoners without them knowing whether they were being watched, thus promoting self-discipline among inmates. Although the Panopticon was never constructed, Bentham's ideas significantly influenced modern prison design and the broader field of criminal justice reform. JOHN HOWARD (1726-1790) Sherriff of Bedfordshire in 1773 who devoted his life and fortune to prison reform. After his findings on English Prisons, he recommended the following: single cells for sleeping, segregation of women, segregation of youth, provision of sanitation facilities, abolition of fee system by which jailers obtain money from prisoners. EXPLANATION: John Howard was the Sheriff of Bedfordshire in 1773 and is celebrated for his significant contributions to prison reform. After extensive investigations into the deplorable conditions of English prisons, Howard dedicated his life and fortune to advocating for systemic changes. His reform recommendations included the use of single cells for sleeping to provide privacy and reduce the spread of disease, the segregation of women and youth from adult male prisoners to prevent exploitation and abuse, the installation of proper sanitation facilities to improve hygiene and health, and the abolition of the corrupt fee system that allowed jailers to extort money from inmates. Howard's work brought to light the inhumane conditions within prisons and significantly influenced the development of modern prison reform. His efforts not only improved prison conditions but also set the stage for future advocacy on human rights and criminal justice. THE REFORMATORY MOVEMENT This consisted in the introduction of certain reforms in correctional field by certain persons, gradually changing the old punitive philosophy of punishment (Mass treatment, enforced silence, idleness, regimented rules and severe punishment) to a more humane treatment of prisoners with innovative institutional programs. ALEXANDER MACONOCHIE Superintendent of the penal colony at Norfolk Island in Australia (1840). He introduced the “Mark System”, in which a prisoner is required to earn a number of marks based on proper department, labor, and study in order to entitle him for a ticket for leave or conditional release which is similar to parole. EXPLANATION: Alexander Maconochie, serving as Superintendent of the Penal Colony at Norfolk Island in 1840, implemented the "Mark System," a reformative approach designed to replace harsh corporal punishment with a more humane and structured method. This progressive system required prisoners to earn marks through good conduct, labor, and educational efforts, which could lead to conditional release similar to parole. The Mark System included five stages: 1) Strict custody upon admission to the penal colony; 2) Mandatory work with government gangs; 3) Limited freedom within a specific area on the island; 4) Ticket of leave, allowing for conditional release; and 5) Full restoration of liberty upon proving rehabilitation. Maconochie's system was groundbreaking for its focus on rewarding positive behavior and encouraging rehabilitation, and it laid the groundwork for modern concepts of inmate reform and parole. Despite its eventual abandonment, the Mark System influenced subsequent penal reform efforts and is considered a pioneering model in the evolution of criminal justice practices. MANUEL MONTESIMOS Director of Prisons in Valencia Spain (1835) who divided the number of prisoners into companies and appointed certain prisoners as petty officers in charge, which allowed good behavior to prepare the convict for gradual release. EXPLANATION: Manuel Montesinos, who served as Director of Prisons in Valencia, Spain, in 1835, introduced a reformative approach to prison management by dividing prisoners into companies and appointing certain inmates as petty officers. This innovative system allowed for the delegation of responsibility among prisoners and used these roles to encourage good behavior. Montesinos's approach aimed to prepare convicts for gradual reintegration into society by promoting a structured environment where inmates could demonstrate their readiness for release through improved conduct. This method not only helped manage prison populations more effectively but also fostered a sense of responsibility and self-discipline among inmates. Montesinos’s reforms were notable for their early emphasis on rehabilitation and gradual reintegration, setting a precedent for future developments in prison management and reform. DOMETS OF FRANCE Established an Agricultural Colony for delinquent boys in 1839 providing housefathers as in charge of these boys. He concentrated on re-education. Upon their discharge, the boys were placed under the supervision of a guardian. EXPLANATION: Domets of France, in 1839, established an Agricultural Colony for delinquent boys, a reformative institution focused on the re-education and rehabilitation of young offenders. This innovative colony was structured to provide a supportive environment for these boys, with housefathers appointed to oversee their daily activities and guide their development. The colony emphasized agricultural work as a means of instilling discipline and practical skills, fostering a sense of responsibility and purpose among the boys. Upon their discharge from the colony, each boy was placed under the supervision of a guardian, ensuring continued support and monitoring as they reintegrated into society. Domets' approach highlighted the importance of education and structured care in rehabilitating young offenders, setting a precedent for future juvenile reform initiatives and demonstrating an early commitment to the principle of rehabilitative justice. CUERDO, JESSIE JEREMIAH (3rd REPORTER) SIR EVELYN RUGGLES BRISE The Director of the English Prison who established the Borstal Institution for young offenders. Today, the Borstal Institution is regarded as one of the top reform centers for young offenders. Borstal system - reformatory designed for youths between 16 and 21. EXPLANATION: The Borstal Institution is a type of prison established by the Director of Prisons in England for young offenders aged 16 to 21. This institution served as a reformatory where young people were given the opportunity to change and correct their paths through education, training, and various rehabilitation programs. Today, the Borstal Institution is recognized as one of the leading reform centers for young offenders, known for its success in providing new hope and opportunities for these youths to start anew. WALTER CROFTON He served as the Director of the Irish Prison in 1854 and introduced the Irish System, which was adapted from Maconochie's mark system. EXPLANATION: He served as the Director of Prisons in Ireland in 1854 and introduced the "Irish System," adapted from Maconochie's "mark system." This system was a type of reformatory program where prisoners were awarded marks or points based on their behavior and performance within the prison. By earning sufficient marks, prisoners had the opportunity to receive lighter punishment or be released earlier. The "Irish System" is considered a significant step in prison reform because it emphasized rehabilitation and the reintegration of offenders into society. ZEBULON BROCKWAY The Director of the Elmira Reformatory in New York implemented several innovative programs, including a training school model, compulsory education for prisoners, casework methods, extensive use of parole, and the indeterminate sentence. He earned the title "Father of Prison Reform" in the United States. EXPLANATION: As the Director of Elmira Reformatory in New York, he implemented many innovative programs, including a school model for training, mandatory education for prisoners, casework methods, extensive use of parole, and indeterminate sentencing. Due to these groundbreaking reforms, he was recognized as the "father of prison reform" in the United States. His initiatives focused on the rehabilitation of prisoners rather than mere punishment, aiming to give them a greater chance to reform and reintegrate into society. THE TWO RIVAL PRISON SYSTEM IN THE HISTORY OF CORRECTION AUBURN PRISON SYSTEM The prison system called the "Congregate System” Prisoners were kept in their cells at night and brought together for work in workshops during the day, where strict silence was maintained at all times.  The goal was to rehabilitate criminals by instilling personal discipline and teaching them to respect work, property, and others. EXPLANATION: The Auburn Prison System, also known as the "Congregate System," is a prison system where inmates are confined to their cells at night but are grouped together in workshops during the day for work, with strict silence enforced at all times. The aim of this system is the rehabilitation of criminals by enhancing personal discipline and teaching respect for work, property, and fellow humans. The system believes that through proper discipline and the instruction of correct behavior and values, prisoners will have the opportunity to reform and become productive members of society. PENNSYLVANIA PRISON SYSTEM The prison system called the "Solitary System" Prisoners were confined to individual cells around the clock, where they lived, slept, ate, and received religious instruction. Strict silence was enforced, and they were also required to read the Bible. EXPLANATION: The Pennsylvania Prison System, also known as the "Solitary System," is a prison system where inmates are confined to their individual cells both day and night. In their cells, they live, sleep, eat, and receive religious instruction. Strict silence is enforced at all times, and prisoners are required to read the Bible. The goal of this system is to enhance the morality and spirituality of inmates through reflection on their sins and seeking salvation through faith. BABYLONIAN AND SUMERIAN CODES The Code of King Hammurabi, established in Babylon around 1990 BC, is recognized as one of the oldest legal codes, known for its harsh and severe punishments. EXPLANATION: The Code of King Hammurabi, established in Babylon around 1990 BC, is recognized as one of the oldest law codes, known for its strict and severe punishments. This code consisted of laws designed to provide justice and order in society through penalties proportional to the offenses committed. The Code of Ur-Nammu, originating From Mesopotamia, is the oldest known law code still in existence today. Written in the Sumerian language on tablets, it provides an early example of Formalized legal principles. EXPLANATION: Meanwhile, the Code of Ur-Nammu, originating from Mesopotamia, is the oldest known law code that remains intact to this day. Written in Sumerian on clay tablets, it provides an early example of formal legal principles. The Code of Ur-Nammu outlines societal and justice regulations that served as a foundation for subsequent laws. CARLOS, IVAN (4th REPORTER) EARLY CODES (PHILIPPINE SETTING) The Philippines is one of the many countries under Roman Law's influence. History has shown that the Roman Empire reached its greatest extent in the most of continental Europe such as Spain, Portugal, France, and Central Europe. Eventually, the Spanish Civil Code became effective in the Philippines on December 7, 1889, the “Conquistadores” and the “Kodigo Penal” (The Revised Penal Code today) was introduced by the Spaniards promulgated by the King of Spain. These laws adopted the Roman Law Principles. EARLY PRISONS Prison - From the Greco-Roman word ‘presidio’ which is synonymous with fence, cave, or dungeon. EXPLANATION: The term "prison" derives from the Greco-Roman word 'presidio,' which means a place of protection or defense, similar to a fence, cave, or dungeon. This reflects the concept of a prison as a secure place where individuals are confined. Mamertine Prison - The only early Roman place of confinement which is built under the main server of Rome in 64 B.C. EXPLANATION: The Mamertine Prison (also known as the Tullianum) is an ancient prison located in Rome, Italy. It is one of the oldest prisons in the world and is situated near the Roman Forum, at the foot of the Capitoline Hill. The prison was originally constructed as a cistern for a spring and was later repurposed as a dungeon. Bridgewell Workhouse - The most popular workhouse in London which was built for the employment and housing of English prisoners. EXPLANATION: This was a prominent workhouse in London designed for the employment and housing of prisoners. It was well-known for integrating work and incarceration, aiming to provide both shelter and labor opportunities for English prisoners. Walnut Street Jail - Originally constructed as a detention jail in Philadelphia. It was converted into a state prison and became the first American Penitentiary. EXPLANATION: The Walnut Street Jail is often recognized as the first penitentiary in the United States, representing a shift from purely punitive incarceration to a system that aimed, however imperfectly, at the moral reform of prisoners. Alcatraz Prison - It is an island in San Francisco Bay. It was the site of the infamous prison noted for its inhumane treatment and torture. EXPLANATION: Alcatraz Prison, also known as Alcatraz Federal Penitentiary, was one of the most notorious prisons in American history. It was located on Alcatraz Island in San Francisco Bay, California. The prison operated from 1934 to 1963 and was designed to hold some of the most dangerous and high-risk criminals in the United States.  Auschwitz Prison - Built by the Germans near Cracow Poland. It was popularly known as the death camp headed by Rudolf Hoess. More than 2 million innocent victims perished either by torture, or gas chambers in this infamous dreaded concentration camp. EXPLANATION: Auschwitz served several functions for the Nazis: it was a concentration camp for political prisoners, a forced labor camp, and an extermination center designed to carry out the "Final Solution," the Nazi plan to systematically eliminate the Jewish population of Europe. EARLY PRISON IN THE PHILIPPINES The main insular penitentiary was the Old Bilibid Prison in Manila constructed in 1874 and formally opened by a Royal Decree in 1865. The San Ramon Prison in Zamboanga City was next established in 1869, originally to confine Muslim rebels, but was closed during the Spanish-American War, and reopened in 1898. During the pre- Spanish period, the prison system in the Philippines was tribal in nature. Village chieftains administered it. It was historically traced from the early written laws. In 1847, the first Bilibid Prison was constructed and became the central place of confinement for Filipino Prisoners by the Royal decree of the Spanish crown. In 1936, the city of Manila exchanged its Muntinlupa property with the Bureau of Prisons originally intended as a site for a boys’ training school. Today, the old Bilibid prison is now being used as the Manila City Jail, famous as the ‘May Halique Estate’’. EXPLANATION: The Old Bilibid Prison, established in Manila in 1874 and officially opened by a Royal Decree in 1865, was the main penitentiary in the Philippines during the Spanish colonial era. It served as the central facility for incarcerating prisoners. The San Ramon Prison in Zamboanga City, founded in 1869, was initially used for confining Muslim rebels but was closed during the Spanish-American War and reopened in 1898. Prior to Spanish rule, the Filipino prison system was tribal, managed by village chieftains based on early written laws. In 1847, the first Bilibid Prison was built to centralize confinement. In 1936, Manila exchanged its Muntinlupa property with the Bureau of Prisons, originally meant for a boys' training school, leading to the establishment of the New Bilibid Prison. The old Bilibid site is now the Manila City Jail, known as the ‘May Halique Estate’.