Air Quality & Climate Change in the Philippines (5th Topic)

AIR QUALITY MANAGEMENT AND CLIMATE CHANGE IN THE PHILIPPINES OLDEST PHILIPPINE LAW AS LEGAL BASIS FOR CLEAN AIR AND ON CLIMATE CHANGE REPUBLIC ACT NO. 8749 An act providing for a comprehensive air pollution control policy and for other purposes This act establishes a comprehensive...

AIR QUALITY MANAGEMENT AND CLIMATE CHANGE IN THE PHILIPPINES OLDEST PHILIPPINE LAW AS LEGAL BASIS FOR CLEAN AIR AND ON CLIMATE CHANGE REPUBLIC ACT NO. 8749 An act providing for a comprehensive air pollution control policy and for other purposes This act establishes a comprehensive air pollution control policy for the country by: Preserving and Protecting Air Quality Establishing an Air Quality Management System Prohibiting certain forms of Waste Disposal Regulating Emissions AIR QUALITY MANAGEMENT AND CLIMATE CHANGE IN THE PHILIPPINES OLDEST PHILIPPINE LAW AS LEGAL BASIS FOR CLEAN AIR AND ON CLIMATE CHANGE REPUBLIC ACT NO. 9729 An act mainstreaming climate change into government policy formalities, establishing the frameworks strategy and program on climate change, creating for this purpose the climate change commission and for other purposes. This act aims to integrate disaster risk reduction measures into; Climate Change Adaptation Plans, Development and Poverty Reduction Programs AIR QUALITY MANAGEMENT AND CLIMATE CHANGE IN THE PHILIPPINES SOURCES AND EXAMPLES OF AIR POLLUTION MOBILE SOURCE Means any vehicle propelled by or through the combustion of carbon-based or other fuel, constructed and operated principally for the conveyance of persons or the transportation of property or goods; STATIONARY SOURCE Means any building or immobile structure, facility, or installation which emits or may emit any air pollutant. POINT SOURCE Any single identifiable source of pollution from which pollutants are discharged. AIR QUALITY MANAGEMENT AND CLIMATE CHANGE IN THE PHILIPPINES SOURCES AND EXAMPLES OF AIR POLLUTION AREA SOURCE Is a source of air emissions that is not confined to a discrete point or points of emissions, examples of which (but not limited to) are construction activities (TSP or PM10), unpaved roadways (TSP or PM10), lagoons (photochemically reactive compounds and/or other emissions), industrial facilities with many small or generalized potential sources such as valves, seals, etc. (photochemically reactive compounds and/or other emissions); and common generally industrial, small, non-regulated point sources (e.g. dry cleaners and gasoline stations) where the point source(s) cannot feasibly or practically be measured. AIR QUALITY MANAGEMENT AND CLIMATE CHANGE IN THE PHILIPPINES SOURCES AND EXAMPLES OF AIR POLLUTION EXAMPLES Mobile Source 1.Motorcycles and Tricycles 2.Public Utility Vehicles (PUVs) 3.Passenger Cars 4.Delivery Trucks and Cargo Vehicles Stationary Source 1.Industrial Facilities 2.Power Plants 3.Waste Incinerators 4.Oil Refineries 5.Cement Plants AIR QUALITY MANAGEMENT AND CLIMATE CHANGE IN THE PHILIPPINES SOURCES AND EXAMPLES OF AIR POLLUTION EXAMPLES CAUSING OF AIR POLLUTION Vehicular Emissions Jeepneys Industrial Pollution Slash-and-Burn Agriculture Use of Fireworks Coal Burning Open Burning Agricultural Activities Household Pollution AIR QUALITY MANAGEMENT AND CLIMATE CHANGE IN THE PHILIPPINES CAUSES AND EFFECTS OF AIR POLLUTION Our atmosphere serves both as a resource for nutrients and as a depository for Waste for example photosynthetic plants take in carbon dioxide from the atmosphere as a nutrient and expel oxygen as waste animals that utilize oxygen give off carbon dioxide however humans have the ability to add extra waste to the atmosphere that we call air pollution. AIR POLLUTION is the addition of chemicals and or particles to the atmosphere and concentrations that are harmful to life on Earth. Few of the major air pollutants, it's important to note that these pollutants are naturally added to the atmosphere all the time. It's just the excess addition by human AIR QUALITY MANAGEMENT AND CLIMATE CHANGE IN THE PHILIPPINES CAUSES AND EFFECTS OF AIR POLLUTION AIR QUALITY INDEXING (AQI) which is used to measure the level of air quality and how polluted the air is. AQI is generally measured by six levels of air pollution. The lower the level, the better. As soon as the AQI increases, the air becomes super polluted, having major bad health effects on our health. The levels range from being perfect, which ranges from zero to fifty, followed by moderate from 51 to 100, from 101 to 150 (asking sensitive people to look out), from 150 to 200 (showing it unhealthy), 201 to 300 (as very unhealthy), and finally the most polluted 301+ and above proclaiming it's hazardous. AIR QUALITY MANAGEMENT AND CLIMATE CHANGE IN THE PHILIPPINES CAUSES AND EFFECTS OF AIR POLLUTION THE MAJOR EFFECTS OF AIR POLLUTION EFFECTS ON HEALTH Some of the pollutants in the air can be very harmful for health of living beings. Breathing polluted air may cause infections in eyes and nose. Air pollution due to traffic is the main reason behind the increase in number of asthma patients. Chemical pollutants in the air when mixed with rain, it forms ACID RAIN which is very harmful for all living beings. ACID RAIN destroys trees, crops, farms, animals, and also pollute the water bodies that again harms the living things that AIR QUALITY MANAGEMENT AND CLIMATE CHANGE IN THE PHILIPPINES CAUSES AND EFFECTS OF AIR POLLUTION THE MAJOR EFFECTS OF AIR POLLUTION SMOG It is formed when fog is mixed with smoke and a poisonous form of fog is formed which we call as smog. It can be very harmful to breathe in too much of smog, as it contains a pollutant called OZONE and ozone is a gas that is very harmful for our lungs. Smog also reduces the visibility. AIR QUALITY MANAGEMENT AND CLIMATE CHANGE IN THE PHILIPPINES CAUSES AND EFFECTS OF AIR POLLUTION THE MAJOR CAUSES OF AIR POLLUTION EMISSION FROM INDUSTRIES Emissions from industries and manufacturing activities almost all types of industries, emit a lot of smoke that is released into the atmosphere and pollutes the air. BURNING OF FOSSIL FUELS Fuels like gasoline, diesel, kerosene, and coal are examples of fossil fuels. All vehicles use some fossil fuel, mainly gasoline for running and emit a lot of smoke that contains a lot of pollutants AIR QUALITY MANAGEMENT AND CLIMATE CHANGE IN THE PHILIPPINES CAUSES AND EFFECTS OF AIR POLLUTION THE MAJOR CAUSES OF AIR POLLUTION HOUSEHOLD AND FARMING CHEMICALS Crop dusting, fumigating homes, household cleaning products, painting supplies, insecticides, weedicides, fertilizers, all emit harmful substances into the air and cause some kind of pollution. AIR QUALITY MANAGEMENT AND CLIMATE CHANGE IN THE PHILIPPINES AIR QUALITY MANAGEMENT AND CLIMATE CHANGE IN THE PHILIPPINES WHAT IS COVID-19? AIR QUALITY MANAGEMENT AND CLIMATE CHANGE IN THE PHILIPPINES According to the World Health Organization Covid-19 COVID 19 is caused by the SARS- CoV- 2 coronavirus and symptomatically manifests as mild to moderate respiratory illness but it can be severe in senior citizens or those with co- morbid conditions. It transmits from mouth through droplets and aerosols via talking, sneezing as well as coughing. AIR QUALITY MANAGEMENT AND CLIMATE CHANGE IN THE PHILIPPINES In 2019 Philippines was ranked as being 57 out of 98 countries, with an average US AQI reading of 63 and an average PM2.5 reading of 17.6 µg/m³. (micrograms per cubic meter) AIR QUALITY MANAGEMENT AND CLIMATE CHANGE IN THE PHILIPPINES What is PM2? AIR QUALITY MANAGEMENT AND CLIMATE CHANGE IN THE PHILIPPINES PM stands for particulate matter (also called particle pollution): the term for a mixture of solid particles and liquid droplets found in the air. Some particles, such as dust, dirt, soot, or smoke, are large or dark enough to be seen with the naked eye. Others are so small they can only be detected using an electron microscope. AIR QUALITY MANAGEMENT AND CLIMATE CHANGE IN THE PHILIPPINES Particle pollution includes: PM10 : inhalable particles, with diameters that are generally 10 micrometers and smaller; and PM2.5 : fine inhalable particles, with diameters that are generally 2.5 micrometers and smaller AIR QUALITY MANAGEMENT AND CLIMATE CHANGE IN THE PHILIPPINES Source of PM2 These particles vary in size and composition, made up of different chemicals. Some are directly emitted from sources like construction sites, roads, fields, smokestacks, or fires. Most particles form in the atmosphere through chemical reactions involving pollutants like sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides from power plants, industries, and vehicles. AIR QUALITY MANAGEMENT AND CLIMATE CHANGE IN THE PHILIPPINES Roughly seven million people die each year, that’s globally, due to air pollution, a third of that figure is actually in Asia. In the Philippines, that’s 100 people per 100,000 (dying) each year due to air pollution,” said Maria Obiminda Cambaliza, Manila Observatory air quality dynamics laboratory research scientist, as she cited data from the World Health Organization (WHO) during a press conference. AIR QUALITY MANAGEMENT AND CLIMATE CHANGE IN THE PHILIPPINES AIR QUALITY MANAGEMENT AND CLIMATE CHANGE IN THE PHILIPPINES A report conducted by the University of the Philippines’ Institute of Environmental Science and Meteorology (IESM) PM2.5 levels in Quezon City dropped by 40% after the enhanced community quarantine began in March, compared to levels recorded in January. AIR QUALITY MANAGEMENT AND CLIMATE CHANGE IN THE PHILIPPINES Data showed PM2.5 levels had fallen to 7.1 µg/m³ during the first week of the lockdown, much lower than the 20 µg/m³ recorded two weeks earlier and below the World Health Organisation’s recommended safety guideline of 10 µg/m³ AIR QUALITY MANAGEMENT AND CLIMATE CHANGE IN THE PHILIPPINES BEFORE COVID-19 LOCKDOWN DURING COVID-19 LOCKDOWN AIR QUALITY MANAGEMENT AND CLIMATE CHANGE IN THE PHILIPPINES How it is related to the covid 19? Air pollution, linked to health issues like heart attacks and diabetes, may also worsen COVID-19 outcomes. A Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health study found that long-term exposure to polluted air is associated with an 11% increase in COVID-19 mortality for every 1 microgram/cubic meter rise in air pollution, suggesting a concerning connection between pollution and higher death rates. AIR QUALITY MANAGEMENT AND CLIMATE CHANGE IN THE PHILIPPINES According to the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), inhaling particles causes respiratory tract inflammation, increasing sensitivity to irritants, reducing lung function, and potentially leading to cell damage and chronic issues like asthma. The balance between inflammation and the body's anti-inflammatory defenses is crucial in the development and progression of these diseases. AIR QUALITY MANAGEMENT AND CLIMATE CHANGE IN THE PHILIPPINES AIR QUALITY MANAGEMENT AND CLIMATE CHANGE IN THE PHILIPPINES AIR QUALITY MANAGEMENT AND CLIMATE CHANGE IN THE PHILIPPINES AIR QUALITY MANAGEMENT AND CLIMATE CHANGE IN THE PHILIPPINES AIR QUALITY MANAGEMENT AND CLIMATE CHANGE IN THE PHILIPPINES "1800's the start of industrial revolution" AIR QUALITY MANAGEMENT AND CLIMATE CHANGE IN THE PHILIPPINES AIR QUALITY MANAGEMENT AND CLIMATE CHANGE IN THE PHILIPPINES AIR QUALITY MANAGEMENT AND CLIMATE CHANGE IN THE PHILIPPINES Global warming is the long term warming of the planets over all temperature. AIR QUALITY MANAGEMENT AND CLIMATE CHANGE IN THE PHILIPPINES Climate change is the changes in earth's weather, especially due to the increase in the temperature of the earth's atmosphere that is caused in part by the increase of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases emission. AIR QUALITY MANAGEMENT AND CLIMATE CHANGE IN THE PHILIPPINES A carbon footprint is the total amount of greenhouse gases (including carbon dioxide and methane) that are generated by our actions. AIR QUALITY MANAGEMENT AND CLIMATE CHANGE IN THE PHILIPPINES Climate change mitigation Climate change mitigation refers to any action taken by governments, businesses or people to reduce or prevent greenhouse gases, or to enhance carbon sinks that remove them from the atmosphere. AIR QUALITY MANAGEMENT AND CLIMATE CHANGE IN THE PHILIPPINES Climate change adaptation Climate change adaptation refers to actions that help reduce vulnerability to the current or expected impacts of climate change like weather extremes and hazards, sea-level rise, biodiversity loss, or food and water insecurity. AIR QUALITY MANAGEMENT AND CLIMATE CHANGE IN THE PHILIPPINES 1. National Climate Change Mitigation and Adaptation Measures Climate Change Act of 2009 (Republic Act No. 9729) established by Climate Change Commission, which is responsible for coordinating, monitoring, and evaluating government programs on climate change. AIR QUALITY MANAGEMENT AND CLIMATE CHANGE IN THE PHILIPPINES National Framework Strategy on Climate Change (2010-2022) is a strategic document developed by the Climate Change Commission. This framework was created following the enactment of Republic Act No. 9729, the Climate Change Act of 2009. It also defines procedures for monitoring and evaluation, partnerships with local and international stakeholders, and the integration of climate change actions into local development plans. AIR QUALITY MANAGEMENT AND CLIMATE CHANGE IN THE PHILIPPINES Philippine Greenhouse Gas Inventory Management and Reporting System (GHGIMRS) Launched in 2014, this system offers vital information that allows policymakers to make informed decisions about climate change mitigation and adaptation methods. Renewable Energy Act of 2008 (Republic Act No. 9513) promotes the development and utilization of renewable energy sources to reduce dependence on fossil fuels, thereby contributing to climate change mitigation. AIR QUALITY MANAGEMENT AND CLIMATE CHANGE IN THE PHILIPPINES National Climate Change Action Plan (NCCAP) 2011-2028 is an in-depth framework developed by the Philippines' Climate Change Commission. The plan describes the country's long-term strategies for mitigating the impacts of climate change strengthening and and communities ecosystems AIR QUALITY MANAGEMENT AND CLIMATE CHANGE IN THE PHILIPPINES 2. Local Climate Change Adaptation and Mitigation Projects Project NOAH (Nationwide Operational Assessment of Hazards) is a DOST-integrated disaster prevention and mitigation program, utilizing science and technology to generate accurate data and inform decision-making for disaster risk reduction, it conducts extension services on natural hazards, disaster risk reduction, and climate change actions. AIR QUALITY MANAGEMENT AND CLIMATE CHANGE IN THE PHILIPPINES Barangay Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Committees (BDRRMCs) The National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council (NDRRMC) is the Philippines' major institution in charge of protecting the safety and well-being of its citizens during disasters and crises the NDRRMC encourages the formation and operation of Barangay Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Committees (BDRRMCs). AIR QUALITY MANAGEMENT AND CLIMATE CHANGE IN THE PHILIPPINES Eco-town Framework assist local government units (LGUs) in developing sustainable, climate-resilient communities. This framework is part of the bigger initiative under the Climate Change Act of 2009 (RA No. 9729) to include climate change adaptation and mitigation methods into local planning and development. Solid Waste Management Ordinances Solid Waste Management Ordinances are municipal regulations implemented by LGUs to govern solid waste collection, disposal, and management within their jurisdiction. AIR QUALITY MANAGEMENT AND CLIMATE CHANGE IN THE PHILIPPINES 3. Ordinances, Violations, and Penalties Penalties for Illegal Logging and Mining Presidential Decree No. 705, also known as the "Revised Forestry Code of the Philippines," is a comprehensive legislation governing the management, protection, and use of forest resources in the Philippines. Similarly, the Mining Act of 1995 (Republic Act No. 7942) regulates mining activities and imposes penalties for illegal mining and environmental violations AIR QUALITY MANAGEMENT AND CLIMATE CHANGE IN THE PHILIPPINES Environmental Protection Ordinances serve as essential to ensure that environmental regulations are properly implemented at the local level. Violations of these ordinances typically result in fines, community service, or other penalties Punishments for Non-Compliance with Environmental Laws The Clean Air Act (Republic Act No. 8749) and Clean Water Act (Republic Act No. 9275) impose penalties for violations such as exceeding emission limits or discharging pollutants into water bodies without proper permits. AIR QUALITY MANAGEMENT AND CLIMATE CHANGE IN THE PHILIPPINES Climate Resilient Cities Ordinances are local laws passed by city governments to strengthen their defense against the effects of climate change. It aim to prepare urban areas for the negative effects of climate change, such as severe weather events, rising sea levels, and higher temperatures, while also fostering sustainable urban growth.Non-compliance may result in project suspension or cancellation. Thank You!