Engineering Utilities 2 PDF

Engineering Utilities 2 Group 1 BSCE - 3E Rainwater is the water that falls from the sky as part of the Earth's natural water cycle. It forms when clouds become heavy with moisture, leading to precipitation in the form of rain. This water is essential for replenishing...

Engineering Utilities 2 Group 1 BSCE - 3E Rainwater is the water that falls from the sky as part of the Earth's natural water cycle. It forms when clouds become heavy with moisture, leading to precipitation in the form of rain. This water is essential for replenishing natural water sources, supporting ecosystems, and can be harvested for various uses. Rainwater has been vital for agriculture and construction since ancient time, but its usage declined due to urbanization and centralized water systems. Although still valuable, national plumbing codes have largely ignored rainwater harvesting since it was uncommon in cities when established in the 1900s. This oversight has hindered the wider adoption of rainwater harvesting practices. The high initial costs of installing rainwater harvesting systems, including cisterns, deter many from adopting this method compared to connecting to public water utilities. This financial barrier limits the consideration of rainwater harvesting, despite its benefits. Harvested rainwater is stormwater collected from roofs, stored in cisterns, filtered, and disinfected for uses like toilet flushing and irrigation. Gray water is untreated wastewater from showers, bathtubs, and washing machines, excluding toilet waste and kitchen sinks. Reclaimed water is the treated domestic wastewater used for specific purposes, like flushing toilets, often conveyed through purple pipes. Black water is the toilet waste.  “In terms of both quality and quantity, rainwater is an attractive alternative. “ ADVANTAGES: Abundant Availability Cost-effective Environmental Benefits Good Quality Reduced Runoff Sustainability Versatile Use Air Pollution Catchment Surface Roofing Material Fungicides Filtration system  Roof. Rainwater should only be collected from a roof and stored in a cistern. Rainwater runoff from parking areas and other outdoor surfaces typically contain harsh chemicals and other contaminants that are undesirable in a rainwater catchment system. Rainwater conductors. Leaders and gutters or an internally piped roof drainage system that conveys the storm water from the roof to the cistern. Rainwater Conductor  Cistern. A storage tank that allows large particulate matter to settle out of the water. Overflow from cistern. A pipe that takes overflow from the cistern to the storm drainage system. Pumping system. Provides the pressure required at the fixture most distant from the tank. Cistern  Disinfection system. Various filtration and disinfection systems can be used. Potable water makeup. Makeup water provided to the tank during dry seasons. Appropriate backflow prevention is required. Cistern To guarantee both use and contamination protection, an efficient rainwater harvesting system needs to be equipped with the right filter, storage, and safety features. Cisterns ought to have overflow devices installed, be kept in good condition, and be protected from the sun. Backup systems with air gaps or backflow preventers are necessary to avoid cross-contamination between rainwater and household water. During the design phase, consulting local authorities guarantees safe integration of rainwater with household systems and compliance with rules. Bacterial contamination in nonpotable water is less critical than for potable water, regular testing and safety measures like air gaps and backflow preventers are essential to prevent cross-contamination. Proper labeling of rainwater systems further ensures safety during future renovations. Studies show that rainwater is safe for nonpotable uses, such as toilet flushing, without the need for special disinfection, making it a viable option for sustainable water use. Gutter - A roof gutter is a channel installed along the edge of a roof to collect and direct rainwater away from the building, preventing water damage to the structure and foundation. The size of semi-circular bottom roof gutters shall be based on the maximum roof area, in accordance with this table. Downspout - is a vertical pipe attached to the side of a building that directs rainwater from the roof gutter to the ground or a drainage system, preventing water from accumulating near the foundation It shall be of cast iron, galvanized steel, iron. brass, copper, lead, Schedule 40 ABS, DWV, Series 1000, PVC DWV or other approved materials. Rainwater downspout on the exterior side of a low height building shall be not less than 26 ga. galvanized sheet metal Roof Drains - is a drainage component installed on flat or low-slope roofs to collect and remove rainwater, directing it into a piping system to prevent water pooling and damage to the roof structure. Roof drains shall be of cast 1ron, copper. or other corrosion-resistant materials. Roof drains shall be equipped with strainers extending not less than to 102 mm above the surface of the roof immediately adjacent to the draIn. Dome-Type Strainers shall have a minimum total net inlet area of one and one-half (1 1/2) times the area of the outlet pipe to which it is connected. Sizing of Roof Drains and Downspout Piping for Varying Rainfall Intensities Rainwater Piping - a system of pipes that collects and channels rainwater from gutters and downspouts to a designated drainage area, storage tank, or stormwater system, preventing water damage to buildings and landscapes. Rainwater piping shall be of galvanized iron pipe, Schedule 30; cast iron soil pipe, S.W.; Type DWV copper tube, Schedule 40 ABS, DWV, Series 1000, PVC, DWV, or other approved materials. It shall not be used as soil, waste & vent pipes, as well as installed in locations where they may be subjected to damage shall be protected Size of Horizontal Rainwater Piping Cistern- a cistern is an example of a storage tank for rainwater to collect and store rainwater harvested from roofs or other surfaces. The stored water can be used for non-potable purposes such as irrigation, flushing toilets, or cleaning. The average base use determined by water utilities is 7500 gallons per month, which is equivalent to an average yearly minimum need of 90,000 gallons per household. A minimum storage capacity of 5000 gallons is recommended for domestic cisterns. This capacity should eliminate having to buy or haul water. Cistern Size based on a storage capacity Bacterial contamination in nonpotable water is less critical than for potable water, regular testing and safety measures like air gaps and backflow preventers are essential to prevent cross-contamination. Proper labeling of rainwater systems further ensures safety during future renovations. Studies show that rainwater is safe for nonpotable uses, such as toilet flushing, without the need for special disinfection, making it a viable option for sustainable water use. Section 306.2 - Roofs, inner courts, vent shafts, light wells or similar areas having rainwater drains shall discharge outside of the building or to the gutter, and shall not be connected to the soil and waste pipe systems. Section 1102.1.1 - Rainwater downspout or conductor pipings placed within the interior of a building inside a vertical pipe chase or run within a vent shaft shall be of cast iron, galvanized steel, iron. brass, copper, lead, Schedule 40 ABS, DWV, Series 1000, PVC DWV or other approved materials. Section 1102.1.4 - Downspouts for high-rise buildings shall be of stronger pipe materials to resist the high hydrostatic pressure inside the vertical downspout installed within the pipe chase which has no immediate branch from the roof to the ground level. For Your Attention