Greek & Rome PDF

Slide 6: Symposium: "drinking together" ~ was a social gathering for men 2 (18 - 45 ish) that nad drinking, eating, entertainment & discu...

Slide 6: Symposium: "drinking together" ~ was a social gathering for men 2 (18 - 45 ish) that nad drinking, eating, entertainment & discussion Step I: ~ pray to the Gods of politics ~ say blessing to the food Younger the better Step 2: ~ perform songs & poems (to see who's the best) Sexuality: Pederasty: (homosexual love between boy & adult man) Educational function: Eromenos: ~ the adult male lover was mainly Heterosexuality: adolescent boy the teacher , showing civic moral ~ female performers Slave = short hair virtues. The act of physical love & musicians Free women =Longhair was internalizing, the bond between the teacher and the learner ~ Hetarai: Prostitutes Erates: Adult active lover *Same age was shamed* Immigrants & Slaves The Greek army and the community: Changes in the archaic period ~ Hoplites: aristocrats and middle 720 - 650 changes in weapons Middle Class and tactics, being a shift of class (wealthy farmers and values from individual to the craftsman) - community (polis) ~Cavalry: wealthy aristocrats ~ light Troops: Poor people Social structures: A Entire thing would be about 30 kg Slaves was not based on perceived racial differences even Greeks became Free people: slaves A bottle would last less ~ citizens: both males and female if they were born from two Athenian than one hour and Slaves did not have legal rights and were denied access to create families casualties would be about parents they had rights in full except for women or maintain ties with their previous family 15% max ~Metics: “ a person that changed residence”, they had some rights and They were always subject to absolute power from their masters Summer Period = time for war duties. However, some things were restricted for them, such as offices, owning land. There were two types of slavery: communal slavery and chattel slavery Slaves were sold at slave markets ~ Foreigners: had no rights in the city and were different from their own Slaves, born into slavery due to the case of belots and Sparta Living conditions were based on where you were enslaved, for example, ~ Enslaved people: had no rights at all. They were considered property slaves working in the silver mines lived in much worse conditions when and could be owned by individuals or the polis compared to household slaves Hoplites Definition: Citizen-soldiers in heavy armor, carrying a large shield (hoplon) and a spear. Phalanx Formation: Soldiers arranged in tight rows to create a strong defense and offense, relying on teamwork. Cultural Significance: Represented Greek values of excellence (arete), bravery, and loyalty to city-states. Military Importance: Key to Greek victories, especially in the Persian Wars, due to superior armor and tactics. Tyranny in Athens Definition: Rule by a single individual who seized control, often non-hereditarily. Cylon’s Attempt: An early failed coup highlighting Athens' resistance to tyranny. Pisistratus: A tyrant who brought stability, promoted culture, and initiated important festivals and temple constructions, paving the way for democracy. Social Structure in Athens Citizens: Free male Athenians with political rights and land ownership; women were limited to home roles. Metics: Foreign residents without political rights but engaged in trade. Foreigners: Temporary visitors with no rights. Enslaved People: Integral to the economy, with no personal rights, primarily working in agriculture and domestic roles. Spartan Government and Education Athenian Government in the Archaic Period Dual Kingship: Two kings shared power. Transition to Democracy: Shift from monarchy to aristocracy, moving towards more inclusive Gerousia: Council of elders advising on policies and serving as a court. governance. Apella: Citizen assembly with limited influence. Ostracism: Allowed citizens to vote on exiling potential threats. Social Classes: Key Figures: ◦ Homoioi: Full citizens focused on military training. ◦ Solon: Enacted reforms to reduce debt slavery and improve justice. ◦ Perioikoi: Free non-citizens managing trade. ◦ Pisistratus: Unified Athens culturally and economically. ◦ Helots: Enslaved people tied to the land. ◦ Ephialtes and Pericles: Transferred power to popular assemblies for direct democracy. Agoge: Education system emphasizing discipline and loyalty. Slide 7: Athenian pottery & the invention of the red-figure: ~ Around the 2nd half of the 6th century (530.ca) some shops in athens tired to reverse the black figure scheme. so they would make the figures light and background dark, details are not incised but painted and a use of different diluting glaze Athenian government in the archaic period Tyranny: a form of government where there was autoerotic rule, which one person held absolute power without legal restraint 3 archons ~ "the leaders" elected Judicial officials: each year ~ 6/9 thesmothetai Cylon: In around 632 BC: an ancient Olympic Games champion (elected from the attempted to seize power by accompanying the acropolis. The clan of “Eupatrids” groups) 1. Basileus Alcmaeonides, the mythical ancestor was a nephew of Nestor that moved with his family from Messenia, due to falling his supporters 2. Eponymous Archon were killed by the archon Megacles that were accused of sacrilege & 3. Polemarch exiled Pisistratus: Rose to power in560 BC with the support of many poor Persian Wars people. Was driven into exile by two enemy faction. He enters the city Causes: Persian expansion threatened Greek independence, sparked by the Ionian Revolt. of Athens in a chariot, with a woman dressed up as the goddess of Key Battles: Athena. He maintained power and reform by putting his friends ◦ Marathon (490 BCE): Athenian victory showcasing hoplite strength. and family into key positions as his army always threaten the ◦ Thermopylae (480 BCE): Spartan stand against Persians. ◦ Salamis (480 BCE): Athenian naval victory. opposition. Economy, as in trade of coins, pottery, and agriculture. Consequences: Increased Greek unity and Athenian prestige, leading to the Delian League. Strong foreign politics development of public infrastructure so creation of jobs and growth of city population. Delian League Formation: Founded in 478 BCE as an Athenian-led alliance against Persia. Hippies: Was the last tyrant of Athens ruling from 527 to 510 BC. Athenian Control: Athens shifted the league’s focus for its own interests. He was deposed by Cleomenes 1 of Sparta, who forced him to flee to Consequences: Tensions with other city-states, leading to the Peloponnesian War. Persia. Peloponnesian War Cause: Resentment towards Athenian dominance. Phases: Social institutions: ◦ Archidamian War (431-421 BCE): Stalemate with Athens using its navy. ~ each household was part of one of four tribes each governed by a ◦ Sicilian Expedition (415-413 BCE): A disastrous Athenian defeat. ◦ Ionian War (413-404 BCE): Spartan alliance with Persia led to Athenian surrender. phylobasieus, each of the tribes had yet another division into brotherhood Aftermath: Weakened Greek city-states and set the stage for Macedonian conquest. ~ important aristocratic families reconnected through clans which was The Thirty Tyrants association of household through a common ancestor and administrated by Establishment: Oligarchic rule imposed by Sparta post-war. most important family in the group Downfall: Overthrown by pro-democracy forces in 403 BCE, restoring democracy. Created family law The Rise and Fall of Thebes Rise: Gained power after defeating Sparta at Leuctra in 371 BCE. Adoption and heir Decline: Defeated by Philip II of Macedon at Chaeronea in 338 BCE, leading to its destruction by rights Alexander the Great. Purity of family line: if a man died Tribunal and Trials in Athens with only one Citizen Juries: Large juries to decide cases, reinforcing democratic values. daughter, the next Public Trials: Open to public scrutiny, promoting transparency. male in line would Significance: Cases like Socrates’ trial highlighted Athenian values and tensions. have sex with her in order to produce a legitimate male heir Developments in Religion in the 4th Century Mystery Religions: Cults promising personal salvation, such as those of Demeter and Dionysus. Philosophical Influence: Philosophers like Plato questioned traditional beliefs. Hellenistic Influence: Exposure to Eastern religions led to new forms of worship. Philip II - Military Reforms: Created the Macedonian phalanx for greater mobility. Diplomacy: Formed alliances and secured control over Greece. The Agrarian crisis & the rise of Battle of Chaeronea: Defeated Greek forces in 338 BCE. Solon Alexander the Great Stenochoria: scarcity of arable Conquests: Expanded his empire across Persia, Egypt, and India. land ( indebtedness of small Cultural Integration: Merged Greek and local cultures through founded cities. farmers toward the aristocratic Legacy: Spread Hellenistic culture influencing arts and governance. landowners) Hellenistic Greece Hektemoroi: farmers that had to Cultural Exchange: Blended Greek and Eastern influences. Alexandria: A center for advancements in science and philosophy. give 1/6 of the income to their Art: Developed realistic styles depicting ordinary life and emotions. creditors - (demands were more equality distribution of the land and the abolition of debts) Map Locations Athens: In northeast Greece (Attica). He was chosen as diallaktes and Sparta: In southern Peloponnese (Laconia). archon (594 or 592) after he Alexandria: Mediterranean coast in Egypt, founded by Alexander the Great. came back victorious from the war against megara for the control of the island of Salamis  Slide 8: Sparta Isagora's vs. Cleistheres (508 BC) 528 / 527 - the two sons of Pisistratus obtained the power He understood that a reform was needed to avoid meaning that no one now opposed this transmission of tyranny fight for power among the aristocratic families ed 514/3 - Hipparchos was killed, and the tyranny became more at After death re c From 4 to 10 tribes, which elected a strategos He violent. Everything turned into shit. Division of Attica in 3 areas 511/10 - Hippias was driven out of the city by Alcmaeonids with the help of the Spartans (Thanks to the Oracle of Delphi) Each area in 10/3 composed of residential units New loyalty system - (first name + patronymic + demotic) Proportional Boule: Chair and Secretary Representation: Ostracism: the process through which Athenian could expel the leading Council of 500 in which Prytaneis: Each tribe would lead the boule for 30 to 35 figure for 10 years 50 were chosen by each tribe and proportionally Ish days. The members from each village of the tribe would be would only happen once in a year called “Prytaneis”. For example if a person got expelled, they couldn’t come back into the colony for the next 10 years Sparta / lacedaemon: Im Their economy was based on agriculture The problem of the “Sparta Mirage” Spartan military Are all equal, have full rights & ahead defeat by the of society Expansion in Laconia & Wars for Messenia Argives at the Battle of Hysiae in first Messenian war 8 century 669вс. Have some rights & some freedom second Messenian war 7 century Messenian gained freedom during the 4 century BC Have no rights or freedom are under the rule of the spartan Territorial and a political organization Eunomia Education and lifestyle: Lycurgus: development of “Great Rhetra” given by the pthyia. -- boys received state education by age group called agoge. Division of the territory in: Division of powers: 7 to 13 children 3 tribes 2 kings ( Agiads & Eurypontides 5 territorial subdivisions families) Distribution of Kleroi 14 to 20 Youth Council of elders (90.000) 5 Ephors Apella (Assembly) 20 to 30 young men (serving a soldiers up to 60) Women and family: I Sparta women were only the ones in Greece that could exercise outside and Peloponnesian league drink wine Sparta gained the position of a strong city state in Peloponnese as well could inherit Included almost all the states of Peloponnesus ( no Democratic agros) Having children was odd only obligation. alliance for protection They had no share in the government, but were regarded by other other Greeks as.” Too free” Spartan assembly Assembly of the alliance  Slide 9: Persian Empire: Barbarians, or people who spoke unintelligible sounds “ Bar - Bar” from Iran: they conquered the assyrians and took the Babylonians under control during the 7 century, and during the 6 century they reach Lydia Religion: religious tolerance Natural elements - Zoroastrianism: one supreme being sky god Abura Mazda Ionian revolt: free will Three ethnical 499 BC the Greeks in the area of lion Asian minor started imperatives: a revolt Good thoughts Only real help from Athens & Eritreans Good words Aristagorags tyrant of Miletus Good deeds 494 BC terrible novel defeat terrible punishment for milesians, but the Persian city of sardis was destroyed First Persian war (490) Persians Athenians Second Persian war leader: Miltiades, was an prominent The Greeks won the Second Persian War. Key victories at the Battle of Salamis Leader: Darius 1st (486-484) military leader, and a member of the noble (480 BCE) and the Battle of Plataea (479 BCE) decisively defeated the Persian philaid family and was experienced since he forces, leading to the end of Xerxes' campaign in Greece. What? The war was intended to expand Persian was the tyrant of Chersonese. influence into Greece and punish Greek city Queen of Hilcarnassus (Artmisias), warned him, but he decided to continue states for their support of the lonian revolt Persian Side - What? Was Athenian general known for with the war, and when he reached out, then he put the city under fire crucial role in the battle of marathon where Why the war aim to research Persian controlled Who? Xerxes I: King of Persia, son of Darius I. Mardonius: A prominent general he led the Athenian forces to a victory over the lonian rebellious cities and prevent and advisor to Xerxes. during the first Persian war further Greek interference as a lonian revolt that had showcase the potential for Greek unity Why? He understood that the strategy What? The Persian Empire launched a massive military campaign to invade against Persian rule importance of stopping Persian expansion Greece, seeking to conquer the Greek city-states. into Greece, making the victory outcome to How? Darius launched a military campaign, inspire other Greek cities to resist Persian sending a fleet and army to Greece. The most How? Xerxes gathered a vast army, crossing the Hellespont (modern-day rule. notable battle was at marathon in 490 BCE, where Dardanelles) with a combination of land and naval forces. Key battles included his forces were defeated by the Athenian. This the Battle of Thermopylae, where they outnumbered the Greeks significantly, and How? He devised a bold battle strategy, setback did not only end his ambitions, but also the naval engagement at Salamis. deploying a double employment tactic that continued the plan of further campaigns against took advantage of the element of the Greek before his death. surprise.His leadership and tactics at the Why ? Xerxes aimed to avenge the defeat at the Battle of Marathon, expand Persian marathon were instrumental as it allowed control over Greece, and demonstrate the might of the Persian Empire. for a stunning victory, despite being outnumbered. The success boosted, Greek Side Athenian, moral, and established him as a hero in Greek history. Who? Leonidas I: King of Sparta and leader at Thermopylae. Themistocles: Athenian general and strategist, key in the naval victory at Salamis. Thermopylae: What? A coalition of Greek city-states united to resist the Persian invasion, with Sparta had the command in the war….. “ Stranger, passing by, go tell notable battles including Thermopylae, Salamis, and Plataea. this Spartans, that here, being their command, we lie” How? The Greeks formed alliances, with strategic positioning at Thermopylae to King Leonidas 4000 hoplties+300 Spartans against the Persians hold off the Persian advance and a coordinated naval strategy at Salamis to exploit the Persian fleet's vulnerabilities. At Plataea, a large Greek army defeated the Persian forces in a decisive land battle. 632 BC Cylon’s attempt to tyranny - 546 BC Pisistratus’ second attempt to tyranny - 490 BC 1st Persian War - 480-478 BC 2nd Persian War - 477 BC Why? The Greeks sought to protect their independence and homeland from Persian Creation of the Delian League - 431-404 BC Peloponnesian War - 431-421 domination. The desire for unity against a common enemy and the need to Archidamian War - 421 Peace of Nicias - 421-413 in between and Sicilian avenge past defeats motivated their collaboration. expedition - 413-404 Ionian War - 371 BC Battle of Leuctra - 338 BC Battle of Chaeronea - 323 BC Death of Alexander I (t) c - )  Slide 10: Building a wall: Athens first action after the Persian Wars (479 - 450 BC) After the Persian war, a new sense of The naval league had a specific Athens Hegemony 477 BC was the purpose since it was to contain the Helenic identity was creation of the expansion desire of the Persian created, meaning Delian league & taking booty from them to pay for that Athens became Cinon the leader the damages. They had done to the the new political hero of the league Greeks the allies had to pay tribute and had major artistic and cultural to the league. centres The dark evolution: episodes of forcing poleis to join the league (Carystus) & Was created as a idea of The fight with Naxos that wanted to leave the league, Cleruchy: scyros (island close to Euboea) saving money when the saw their fleet confiscated for them to pay monetary nation needed it, but then tributes Was voluntary in the past but now it it was just used for greed was just a way for them to make extra money Dependent colonies to solve conflicts - (the inhabitants will keep the Athenian I citizenship) Cimon vs. Ephialtes: A place to give land to A place that functions as prison for rebels Continuing-m in the leading Was kicked out ostracism from Athens Took over once cimon kicked Break with poor people league in a out peaceful way Sparta and develop a new form of After ephialtes assassination Pericles took democracy over (461 - 429) 462 BC earthquake in Peloponnese and revolt of the helots: Sparta 2 asked for help from the members of the Hellenic League Series of conflict between Athens and Sparta and the I leagues they were leading Was a way to stabilize relations and avoid conflict between Democracy had male citizens Athens and Sparta as the negotiated this treaty. To prevent war which were all participants between two powers and their respective allies outlining territorial No citizenship for rights and establishing a framework for diplomatic relations. immigrants 445 BC: Crisis in the Athenian Empire and Ton of slaves the Thirty Years’ Peace Less power to the old - Conflicts between Athens and other neighbouring cities ~ aristocrats assembly (Corinth and Aegina) Broken in less than 20 years - Sparta intervent 457 BC - Disastrous expedition in Egypt (through the Island of Cyprus) - 451 BC: Cimon back from exile organized a peace (5 years) between Athens and Sparta - 445 BC: Crisis in the Athenian Empire and the Thirty Years’ Peace Scared of the Persian people due to all of their attacks  Slide 11: Catharsis is a tragedy refers to dramatic representation of a heroic or significant The importance of theatre in classical Athens: auction. It uses rich language in different styles throughout the plate, focussing - on characters in action rather than telling a story. The aim is to invoke feeling of Tragedies (re-elaboration of mythical stories) pity and fear in the audience leading to a purification of these emotions Indirect lost wax casting method now there was a development of movement in statues active and global figures Details are a natural and more dramatic in characterization The peloponnesian war 431 - 404 BC The falling of Democracy Leading to this Causes Rivalry: Competition between Athens (naval power) and Sparta (land 411 BC - Athenians abandoned Democracy for Oligarchy power) grew as both sought to dominate Greece. Athens expanded its influence through the Delian League, while Sparta aimed to maintain (motion of Pisandrus) control in the Peloponnesian League. Establishment of the Council of Four Hundred Imperialism: Athens' aggressive expansion and tribute demands from allied city-states caused resentment, particularly from key allies of Sparta, The Democrats in Samo like Corinth and Thebes. council of the Five Thousand Phases 1 Archidamian War (431–421 BCE): a mix between Democracy and Oligarchy Spartan Strategy: Sparta invaded Athenian territory annually to disrupt agriculture. Athenian Response: Under Pericles, Athens focused on naval power and avoided land battles. 407/6 BC Athenian fleet is defeated Plague: A devastating plague struck Athens in 430 BCE, killing many, including Pericles, and weakening morale. 406/5 BC Athens won, but refuted the Spartan request for peace 2 Peace of Nicias (421 BCE): 405/4 BC Famine- Theramenes agreed to the Spartans’ term of the peace: destruction of the walls of the city and surrendering of great Temporary Truce: Intended to last 50 years, it failed to resolve underlying part of the fleet. tensions. Minor conflicts continued, reflecting a lack of trust. 3 Sicilian Expedition (415–413 BCE): Alexander the Great was born in 356 BCE in Pella, the ancient capital of Macedonia. He was the son of King Philip II and Queen Olympias, both influential figures in their Athenian Ambition: Athens launched an expedition to conquer Sicily, own right. From a young age, Alexander demonstrated exceptional intelligence and aiming for expansion. ambition, often overshadowing his peers. His education under the philosopher Disaster: Poor leadership and strong resistance led to significant losses for Aristotle instilled in him a deep appreciation for knowledge, philosophy, and the arts. Athens. At just 20 years old, he ascended to the Macedonian throne after the assassination of his father. Almost immediately, he set out to consolidate power by defeating rebellious 4 Ionian or Decelean War (413–404 BCE): city-states and asserting Macedonian dominance over Greece, establishing himself as a formidable leader. Spartan Naval Expansion: With Persian support, Sparta built a navy to challenge Athens. Alexander's military campaigns radically transformed the Greek world and extended Key Battles: The Battle of Aegospotami in 405 BCE was decisive, leading to far beyond. In 334 BCE, he launched an ambitious campaign against the Persian the capture of the Athenian fleet. Empire, one of the most powerful empires of the time. His strategic genius led to a Fall of Athens: In 404 BCE, Athens surrendered due to starvation and series of remarkable victories, including the Battle of Granicus, the Battle of Issus, internal conflict, resulting in the imposition of the Thirty Tyrants. and the Battle of Gaugamela, which effectively dismantled Persian power. By the time he reached Egypt, he was hailed as a liberator, founding the city of Alexandria, which became a center of learning and culture. His conquests extended into Central Asia Outcome and culminated in India, where he fought the Battle of the Hydaspes against King Spartan Victory: The war ended with Athens’ defeat, leading to the fall of Porus in 326 BCE. Although his troops, exhausted and longing for home, refused to its empire. Sparta briefly became the dominant power but struggled to march further into India, the cultural exchanges he initiated had a lasting impact on maintain control. both Greek and Indian civilizations. Impact Beyond his military prowess, Alexander was perceived as a god-like figure by many of the peoples he encountered. During his visit to the oracle at Siwa Oasis in Egypt, he Weakening of City-States: Many Greek city-states were left devastated, was proclaimed the son of Zeus-Ammon, a title that blended Greek and Egyptian creating instability and power struggles. deities and enhanced his divine status. This perception not only solidified his authority Rise of Macedon: The weakened state of Greece allowed Macedon, under but also facilitated his acceptance among diverse cultures across his empire. After his Philip II, to rise and eventually unify the region. untimely death in 323 BCE at the age of 32, Alexander left a monumental legacy. His conquests and the subsequent Hellenistic period fostered a rich cultural exchange Sparta won the Peloponnesian War. The conflict ended in 404 BCE with that influenced art, science, and philosophy for centuries, forever altering the course Athens' defeat, leading to the fall of the Athenian Empire. Sparta of history in both the Mediterranean and Asia. established itself as the dominant power in Greece, but its victory came at a cost, as the prolonged warfare weakened many Greek city-states and set the After Alexander’s death in 323 BCE, his generals divided his empire, but the cultural stage for future conflicts. impact of his conquests endured. The Hellenistic influence remained potent in the Eastern Mediterranean and Asia, setting the foundation for centuries of interaction between Greek and Eastern cultures and shaping the ancient world in ways that would last well beyond Alexander's empire.  1. The oligarchy only 395 BC Corinthian war: Thebes+Corinth+Athens [Boeotian League] lasted 8 months Slide 12: vs. Sparta 2. They were defeated by Even the kings of 394 BC: Sparta defeated by Persia (king Artaxerxes) and Athens! Political changes democratic exiles helped by forces spartan ( Agis & of the Thebes (Thrasybulus) Pausanias) ended up approving the fall of the In the he end, Sparta became the guarantor of the Peace Was much needed after the tryrannts - Lysander’s pelopmnesian war politics 382 BC: Sparta completed the destruction of the Boeotian 3. A lot of blood shed cause of League and installed a oligarchic pro-spartan movement in ~ Economic crises. (trades, agriculture, · wanting mine and power, along with sentencing many citizens Thebes to death & pottery production) 379 BC: second Athenian league ~ Political instability: civil Naval league with Athens as leaders , but strifes & inter cities I fights all the members were free & independent ~ New criticisms & 2 assembles of equal weight & the Athenian ekklesia 2. development of Lysander: commander & synedrion assembly of the allies of spartan (Persians) political thought was in-charge of reorganizing the city. 3 No tributes anymore Si states that had won With Athens they did the Thirty Tyrants + 700 spartan Thebans against the Spartans & Thebes' Hegemony The Athenian Justice System and Socrates’ trial solders + 1. Decarchies: once 379 BC the oligarchic government of Thebes is overthrown spartan dikasteria = people’s courts(in the 4th century even more relevant democracy had failed garrison by the democrats led by epaminodas & Pelopides than the ecclesia) Dikasts = jurors ~ a board of 10 pro- commander Between 201 and 501 jurors in normal cases Spartans officials were Battle of Leuctra 371 BC - Precedents not important: each jury decided freely made to insure the Oblique phalanx ~ rows of 50 on the left + the sacred band - Dicasts choose the penalty stability of the newly - 1 trial = 1 day - No appeal created oligarchic Various wars led by Thebes: ~ the Spartans lose their - Self-help: each individual brought the case to the tribunal supremacy &, after centuries, Messenia and the hotels in (no police, no investigations) regimes. the area - development of professional speech writers - (Lawyers) -Njjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjj Battle of Mantinea 362 BC - Importance of witnesses: for the actions and the character of the defendant 2. Harmosts: Military - Death penalty very common (killed with a drink) garrisons with a Put coin & will roll to a row and that is the jury Spartan governor Arcadians + Sparta + Athens vs. Thebes Thebans Victorious but with death of epaminondas the theban dream of imperialism ended How did the political struggles Individualism in sculpture changed art and religious practices? ~ Each artist a distinguishable and unique style ( Changed cause wanted to be known) A personal relationship with the Praxiteles deity started to appear - Contrapposto = more and more critical - S-curved at the expense of the - Soft bodies and “state religion”. The undeveloped muscles sack of Delphi in 373 BC - Boys was a symbol of the - Scandalous nudity crisis. (goddess) Serpent entwined staff Lysippos ! (still used as symbol of - The new canon of proportions: medicine) the ratio head body was 1:7. - Slimmer figures - new ideal of manhood: not 5th century idealism, but specificity even with notes of realism & Head of Alexander the Great Pottery in the 4th century BC Decline in painted pottery: Athens stopped, halted in Greece but quite rich in Southern Italy The introduction of Persian metalware - 330 BC Sanctuary of Asklepios at Epidauros Vases not produced to be used but to portray status and Would sleep here on the beach in hellenism but now with medal hopes of getting healed by the god of medicine  Slide 13: Assembly of Election of a king; that King rules over I Government: aristocratic is a warrior & Priest confederation of warrior men ( became pass down) people Macedonia started as a small, unstable kingdom Hellenized Barbarians Hetairoi: They had more things common Homeric Society: companions of Hoplites: farmers 2 Major centres of power: society than contemporary Greek Socity free or dependent Slaves Pella & Agae king Philip II The third sacred war (356 - 346 BC) Population: Farmers & attempt to make themselves similar to he- - Born in 382 BC Semi-nomadic Pastors Greeks from King Amyntas III and Thebes vs. Phocis - attack on the sanctuary Euridice princess of at Delphi Athens solution: Illyria - Youth in exile at The attack on a place that was secret for the Cultural differences: ~ economic problem still lingering Polygamy; tumulus Thebes entire world gave a Philip the II the excuse for burials from the pelopmnesian war - 360/59 BC King, putting his nose into Greek affairs, was and Fabulous & theory fund: public initially as tutor - managed to obtain control of the Delphic benefits, but also more money for the nephew who Deflections of allies during later died amphictyony back into military expenses the third sacred war - Great reformer /ALEX) Battle of Granicus (334 BC) The “conquest” of Egypt (331 BC): the creation of the fist city Alexandria and the consultation of the oracle of Zeus-Ammon The creation of a myth Head of Zeus Ammon Battle of Issus (Darius III vs. Alexander) (333BC) Battle of Gaugamela (331 BC) Hellenistic period (321 to 30 BC) The Etruscans or "Rasenna" indigenous people or immigrants? Cosmopolis= a city-state comprising the world The problem of the language The last confrontation with Darius III in Northern Iraq United by a common language for the Etruria - territory between the river Arno and the Destruction of Persepolis administration and a common culture (the Greek Tiber one) but still a “melting pot” of cultures However they were never a unified, centrally Il Religious syncretism organized kingdom, but independent city- states: a weakness that will give great opportunities to Rome. Rome End of world?? Re-organization of the empire and union of Greeks and barbarians- death in Babylonian 323 BC CALEX) -- Villanovan culture 950 ca. - 750 ca. Ancestors to the Etruscans, only archaeological sources Cremation and peculiar burial practice. Cinerary urns interred in pit-graves covered with a stone-slab.