GRAMMATICAL CATEGORY.docx

GRAMMATICAL CATEGORY- grammatical class (verb, noun, adjective, adverb, determiners, preposition, pronoun, conjunction, interjection) ORTOGRAPHY- the conventional spelling system of a language Free morphemes- can stand by themselves as single words Bound morphemes- must be attached to another for...

GRAMMATICAL CATEGORY- grammatical class (verb, noun, adjective, adverb, determiners, preposition, pronoun, conjunction, interjection) ORTOGRAPHY- the conventional spelling system of a language Free morphemes- can stand by themselves as single words Bound morphemes- must be attached to another form and cannot stand alone Content words -are those which carry clear meaning - Function words -are grammatical words that glue a sentence together - Derivational morphemes - are used to create new words or to "make words of a different grammatical class from the stem" - Inflectional morphemes are used to show some aspects of the grammatical function of a word - -s/ -es marks as more than one \"When you play the game of thrones, you win or you die. There is no middle ground." --- Cersei Lannister - -'s marks for ownership \"They say night's beauties fade at dawn, and the children of wine are oft disowned in the morning light.\" --- Barristan Selmy - -est marks as superlative "Some old wounds never truly heal, and bleed again at the slightest word." --- George R.R. Martin - -s marks to agree with singular third person \"\'A reader lives a thousand lives before he dies,\' said Jojen.' The man who never reads lives only one.\'\" --- Jojen Reed - -d/-ed marks past tense \"We are only human, and the gods have fashioned us for love. That is our great glory, and our great tragedy.\" --- Aemon Targaryen - -n/ -en marks past participle "And I have a tender spot in my heart for cripples and bastards and broken things." --- Tyrion Lannister - Derivation- deriving a new word from an existing word by adding, changing, or removing a non-inflectional affix - Compounding- combining two or more words to form a new word - Blending- similar to compounding, but parts of the free morphemes involved are lost (usually 1st part of 1st word + end of 2nd word are blended) - Clipping- removing some segments of an existing word to create a synonym - Acronyms- process whereby a word is formed from the initials or beginning segments of a succession of words - Back formation- a word (usually a noun) is reduced to form another word of a different type (usually a verb) Reverse of the the customary pattern: (v) + (ER n) = (n) - Functional shift (aka conversion or category change) a change in the part of speech - Eponym- naming after a person, place, or thing - Coining- creating a completely new free morpheme, which is unrelated to any existing morphemes - Onomatopoeia - words imitate sounds in nature (or in technology) - Suffixoidal Splinters- originally (mostly) non-morphemic portions of a word that have been split off and used in the formation of new words with a specific new meaning - Morpheme- the smallest unit that pairs a consistent form with a consistent meaning - Allomorph- a phonetic variant form of a morpheme - Additive allomorphs- used to add affixes to words to modify their meanings \- added to verbs to form the simple past tense; can be pronounced as /-t/, /-d/, or /-ɪd/. - Replacive allomorphs- replace sounds in words with other sounds to signify the change of meaning of the word - Strong suppletion go suppletive stem wen simple past tense: wen-t good suppletive stem bett comparative degree: bett-er - Zero allomorphs- cause a slight change in meaning of the word they are attched to (ø) - Weak suppletion- buy/bought, catch/caught, teach/taught root allomorphs are not as radically different, but cannot be described by phonological rules either (Haspelmath: 2002: 29) - -ing marks present participle \"The storms come and go, the big fish eat the little fish and I keep on paddling.\" --- Lord Varys -er marks for comparison \"Fear cuts deeper than swords.\" --- Arya Stark - Reduplication- full or partial repetition of a free morpheme; sometimes with variation - Suppletive allomorphs- change the word shape completely the use of an etymollogically unrelated word for a grammatically marked form of a lexeme, e.g. went as the past tense form of the verb go