Grammar Review PDF

Grammar Review Prepositional Phrases: phrases that begin with a preposition and end with a noun. Important to identify because they are NOT part of the main parts of a sentence (subject and predicate verb). They can be at the beginning of a sentence, in the middle, or at the end. The preposition an...

Grammar Review Prepositional Phrases: phrases that begin with a preposition and end with a noun. Important to identify because they are NOT part of the main parts of a sentence (subject and predicate verb). They can be at the beginning of a sentence, in the middle, or at the end. The preposition and the object of a preposition (noun) can be compound. Examples: to the store, behind the car, by way of train, across the street, at 3:00, with Sydney and Kyle Sample sentences ​ According to the test results, Sam is completely healthy now! 1 PP ​ I went to the store after the storm. 2 PPs Predicate verbs: these verbs are the main part of a sentence. They describe what the subject is doing or gives information about the subject (where the subject is, what the subject is like, etc). There can be up to 4 words in a predicate verb phrase. Predicates can be compound. Examples:​ jumps, went, will go, should have spoken, is, will be, thinks, am, were running Sample sentences ​ It rains. ​ It will have rained. ​ I am. ​ We should have bought more pizza. Subjects: are also the main part of a sentence. They describe WHO or WHAT is doing the action or describe WHO or WHAT is the topic of the information presented. Subjects can be compound. Examples: She is late. Who is late? SHE​ ​ The report is late. What is late? The REPORT Sample sentences The information presented was alarming. After school, the team had practice until 5:00. Infinitive phrases: phrases that begin with the word “to” and end with a verb. They are not part of the predicate verb phrase. Examples: to run, to sleep, to see, to think, to hope Sample sentences ​ I went to buy new shoes yesterday. ​ Sara is able to go with us on Saturday. Helping verbs: verbs that “help out” another verb. They are part of the predicate verb phrase. See SAM handout for a complete list. Examples: should, must, will, are Sample sentences: ​ I must have seen this movie before. ​ John was running when he fell over the chair. “Be” verbs: These verbs are usually linking verbs; they link the subject to information. They are not always as obvious as action verbs. See SAM handout for a complete list of “be” verbs. The are part of the predicate verb phrase. Examples: is, am, were, was Sample Sentences: ​ I am. ​ She was early for the appointment. ​ The president of the student council is my cousin. Commands: Commands are complete sentences in which the subject is implied. The subject will be “you” singular or “you” plural (all of you). Examples: run, pass the tv remote, go to practice Sample Sentences: ​ Pass in your papers. ​ Watch out! ​ Move over, please. Clauses vs phrases: Phrases are a group of words in a sentence that do not include a subject and a predicate verb. They are NOT complete sentences and are NOT the main part of a sentence. Example: to run, after practice, running down the street, after eating breakfast Sample sentences: ​ After eating dinner, Anna went for a walk with her dog to the park. ​ Mr. Thomas, my next-door neighbor, climbed Mt. Everest last year. Clauses are either dependent or independent. They both have the two main parts of a sentence-subject and predicate. The difference is that dependent clauses also include a subordinating conjunction that creates the dependent thought. It requires additional information to create a complete thought. Independent clauses are complete sentences and do NOT require an additional thought or clause. Example DC: after the Lions won the game, because you left early, as soon as the storm ended Example IC: The Lions won the game. You left early. The storm ended. Sample sentences: (complex sentences which include BOTH a DC and an IC). ​ After the Lions won the game, the fans wept with joy in the stands. ​ Because you left early, you weren’t able to sign up for the raffle. ​ As soon as the storm ended, the internet came back on. Sentence Types Simple sentences: an independent clause with one subject and one predicate. (The subjects and/or predicates may be compound). Phrases do NOT affect sentence type. Sample sentences: ​ I left work early. ​ ​ ​ Sara and I left work early. ​ ​ ​ Sara and I left work early and went to the gym. I could add a bunch of phrases (anywhere) and it wouldn’t affect the sentence type. Because of my headache, I left work early. Before the storm warning, Sara and I left work early. Simple-IC Compound sentences: a sentence that contains at least two independent clauses joined by a comma, semicolon, or conjunction. There are THREE ways to make a compound sentence. Do you know them? Both the subjects & predicates can ALSO be compound! Sample sentence: Nic threw the ball; Sam caught it. This pizza has too much cheese, so I can’t eat it. Bryan Stevenson worked on Mr. McMillian’s case, consequently, McMillian was eventually freed from prison. *Again I could add phrases and it wouldn’t affect the sentence type. IC + IC Compound Complex sentences: a sentence with one independent clause and at least one dependent clause. Subordinating conjunction is underlined. This begins the DC. Sample sentence: Before the game ended, fans started leaving in droves. I wondered if I failed the test. The starting quarterback, who just signed with U of M, tore his ACL in the last game of the season. *If the DC begins the sentence, there is a comma at the end of the clause. (This is a complex sentence)! DC + IC or IC + DC or I+ DC + C Complex Notes and Examples​ ________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________