Grade 7 History Revision PDF

Grade 7 History Revision How to answer questions on sources: Read the Source Carefully: Start by thoroughly reading the provided source. This could be a passage from a book, a news article, a historical document, or any other type of information. Pay close attention to details, main ideas, dates,...

Grade 7 History Revision How to answer questions on sources: Read the Source Carefully: Start by thoroughly reading the provided source. This could be a passage from a book, a news article, a historical document, or any other type of information. Pay close attention to details, main ideas, dates, names, and any other relevant information. Understand the Question: Carefully read and understand the question you are asked. Make sure you know what is being asked of you. If needed, underline or highlight the key parts of the question. Analyse the Source: Analyse the source to find information that directly relates to the question. Look for details, facts, and evidence in the source that support your answer. Organise Your Thoughts: Before you start writing, take a moment to organize your thoughts. Outline the main points you want to include in your response. This can help ensure that your answer is clear and well-structured. Use Evidence: Support your answer with evidence from the source. Quote or paraphrase relevant parts of the source to show that your response is based on the information provided. Answer Concisely: Write a clear and concise answer. Avoid unnecessary information or details that do not directly address the question. Provide Context: If the source is historical or requires background knowledge, provide some context to help the reader understand the significance of the information you are presenting. Explain Your Answer: After providing evidence from the source, explain how this evidence supports your answer. This helps demonstrate your understanding of the source and the question. Review and Edit: Before submitting your answer, review it for clarity, grammar, and spelling. Make sure it accurately addresses the question and is well-organised. Check for Completeness: Ensure that your answer fully addresses all aspects of the question. Double-check to make sure you have not missed any key points. Avoid Personal Opinions: Stick to the information presented in the source and avoid injecting personal opinions or bias into your answer. Your response should be based on the source material. Practice: To improve your skills in answering questions based on sources, practice with different types of sources and questions. This will help you become more proficient at analysing and extracting relevant information. Remember that answering questions based on sources is a skill that improves with practice. The more you work on these types of exercises, the better you will become at extracting relevant information and providing accurate and well-supported answers.  Revision The Transatlantic SLAVE TRADE GR. 7 1  1. West Africa before the European slave trade indigo: a blue-coloured dye obtained from the Indigofera tinctoria plant and similar snuff: finely ground tobacco which is sniffed through the nose indentured servants: someone who works on contract for a period of time labour intensive: many workers required to get a job done auctioned: sold or offered for sale to whichever buyer paid the highest price carpentry: making things from wood. Woodwork is part of Engineering Studies at some schools and colleges West-African slaves Trans-Saharan Arab slave trade has already begun before Islam has become a widely accepted religion. Arabs bought slaves in West Africa and took them to the next countries we now call: – Iraq, Iran, – Kuwait, Turkey, Pakistan and – India. Slavery deals with the extreme greed and cruelty of one group of people towards another group of people. Africans in West Africa captured and sold other Africans as slaves. Arabs have captured 11 to 18 million Africans as slaves over a few hundred years. They did it for profit. The first Europeans only arrived in West Africa in the 1400s. West African tribes used prisoners as slaves when they waged war and raided each other. 3500 years ago the Egyptians used slaves to build their pyramids. 2  2. The nature of slavery in West Africa before European Traders Slavery over Centuries in Africa Slavery was part of every day life in African society long before European traders went to Africa. 3 500 years ago, the Egyptians used slaves to build their pyramids. Some served as officials and servants in royal households like Mansa Musa’s palace. Between 1235 and 1645, about one third of the population of Mali had been enslaved. Land was owned by the community and many slaves were needed to work the farms Some of these slaves were criminals or people who had not paid their debts. Where did West African tribes get slaves? By raids on towns. Enslaved captives from wars against each other. Why was it important for people to have slaves? Slaves provided cheap labour and status. Slaves became symbols of wealth. A slave he bought was an asset to an owner. He could use the slave to work for him without pay. The slave was his property. He could sell him again. Rights of Slaves before 1600’S Most slaves had certain rights: o could marry; o inherit from their owners o have their own slaves. Only after 1600 were slaves taken to America. They were treated very badly because slavery was very profitable. “big business.” Types of Slaves: 3  3. Slavery in the American South branded: psychological: the slave owner’s initials would be – to do with your state of mind burnt onto the slave’s skin with a red merchandise: hot iron to buy goods inhumane: subjects: – very cruel – people over which a king rules humiliation: corruption: when someone says something very bad, corrupt behavior horrible about you that makes you : feel very unhappy Reasons for use of slaves in America The climate and soil in the southern states of North America made it suitable for planting crops. Farmers established huge plantations of tobacco, cotton, rice, indigo and sugar-cane. America was a British colony, industrial revolution had just begun There was enormous need for raw materials, which could not be grown in Britain because of unsuitable climate. Britain looked to America to supply all raw materials. Increased demand from Britain for tobacco and snuff. Work in American cotton, rice- sugar and tobacco plantations was labour intensive. American people did not want to do work themselves. Farmers first hired contracted workers - young people from Britain, Germany, Scotland and Ireland Plantation owners were dissatisfied with the system because: workers left their service too soon, and there were not enough contracted workers. America rather wanted permanent slaves who could not leave. Types of crops on plantations Types of Crops on Plantations Reasons for using slavery Tobacco and snuff became very popular in Britain and demand increased During the 1st half of the 18th century, fewer workers came from England. Plantation owners began using slave labor - were more profitable to own and control workers. First slaves in America came from England: - People who had to work off their debts or criminals. - They were Scots, Irish and Germans. After working off their debt or jail sentence, they were allowed to become in America. 4 How slaves were captured, sold and transported 10 11 12 13 5 Slave ships Slaves carried by Portuguese with cargo ships. Ships designed for carrying slaves.. Conditions on slave ships were horrible. There was no room for movement - up to 600 slaves on a ship. They didn't wear any clothes. Were chained. Sat between each others’ legs in the bottom hull of the ship. There was no place to lie down or change position Lots of diseases such as scurvy and dysentery. They lay in their own filth. The smell was unbearable. They had little water and food - 15% died on boats. Some children died from hunger. Many slaves were thrown overboard. Injustices against slaves at slave markets Slaves with such skills as a builder, carpenter, plantation or cook, or those that could read and write, sold very well. Cruelty of auction - selling family members to different buyers - could never see each other again. Even small children were separated from their mothers. Slaves were never allowed to visit each other. Transatlantic Triangular Slave Route 6 What happened to the raw materials the slaves produced? o European forces took slaves from Africa and from the Caribbean to America. o Raw agricultural products from the plantations where the slaves worked were then transported to Europe. o European countries then took the goods made from raw agricultural products back to the American colonies. o On the way back to America, some of these goods were once again exchanged for African slaves. This system is called the Triangular Trade System. Each one of above was a leg of triangular trade. The slave trade was just one leg of a larger economic triangle. Did slaves get any of these products? They worked very hard in the fields from sunrise to sunset six days a week to produce goods. Raw materials exported to England to be used in manufacturing products. They received very little or none of these products for their hard work. Didn't have the money to buy any of the products that came back from England. Slaves were not proud of their work because they did not receive anything for them, no matter how hard they worked. 4. The impact of Transatlantic slave trade on slaves visions: armoury: spiritual dreams or daydreams a government building where guns are rebellion: kept going against the people who are in treason: charge to go against a government by word or illiteracy: action not being able to read or write martyr: abolitionists: a person who dies for a worthwhile people who wanted to abolish or get rid cause of slavery abolished: to have gotten rid of or stopped something like slavery 7 Plantation slaves in American South Mass production - when very large quantities of product are manufactured. Plantations were huge farms in the southern states of America (Virginia, Louisiana, Georgia and South and North Carolina). There were different kinds of slaves on the plantations. The most important posts were cooks, home cleaners, nannies, washing women and car drivers. – Why? Slaves didn’t have to work outside. – Slave women were encouraged to have children so that they could also be used as slaves. – Misa (Master) had personal slaves. – Slaves were given new names by their owner. For sugarcane production in Georgia in the US, they imported African slaves for it. Reason? – Because the slaves knew so much about sugarcane. – To grind rice with hand was hard work and many people needed for this. Human Rights violations against slaves: Slaves had no freedom of movement or speech. Forced to endure long hours of work. Beaten if caretaker thought they were working too slowly. Treated like possessions. They were not allowed to make any decisions of their own. Owners gave new names to slaves and branded their bodies. Only allowed to be Christians - not their own religion. No drums allowed in case they send messages to organize uprisings. Women were encouraged to have children who could also become slaves. Slave owners did not kill slaves because they paid for them. How were slaves in Africa and America treated differently? 8 SLAVE CULTURE IN SONGS AND STORIES Churches Slave Culture in Song Many slaves were converted to Christianity. To get away from the boredom of The slaves sat on hard benches and listened repetitive work, the slaves sang to European preachers telling them to obey songs. and work hard. These songs were based on Bible Organised their own secret services. They danced, sang and preached about stories about hope, freedom and a better freedom and God helping them to overcome future. the hardships in their lives. Songs were expressions of religious faith and of the slaves’ struggle to Stories survive the harsh conditions of their Animal stories - reflect values, hope and lives on the plantations. fears. Loved many of the Bible stories like Daniel Examples of songs of values, hope escaping from the lion's pit, etc. and fears: Used stories to teach children a) hope - coming for to carry me home the difference between right and wrong. b) hardships - nobody knows the trouble I've seen c) determination - we shall overcome d) freedom - no more auction block for me e) sad - no more hundred lash for me Why was music so important to slaves? Because it helped to divert their attention from their depression, suffering and lack of self-worth. Resistance against slavery Slavery was a cruel experience - left deep psychological damage. Slaves were exposed to abuse, torture, violence and racism. Slave children grew up with a sense of inferiority towards Europeans. It was important to slaves to feel as though they were able to put up some resistance to their harsh conditions on the plantations. Sometimes they resisted as a group but individuals also put up day to day resistance. Resistance means: to act against a person or group using peaceful or violent methods, to show that you do not approve of the way they treat you. Some of the ways in which the slaves resisted: PEACEFUL WAYS: VIOLENT WAYS sluggishness – this means they did suicide – slaves took their own lives everything very slowly when their lives became unbearable passivity – they just accepted pain and arson – slaves set fire to their humiliation owners’ buildings indifference – they did not care about anything murder – there were some cases shirking – they avoided their duties where slaves were so angry flight – they ran away because they with their owners that could not bear the pain of slavery they killed them. 9 The Amistad and Joseph Cinqué 10 Nat Turner Nat Turner is famous today because he How Nat Turner was caught: stood up for what he believed in. After Nat Turner fled, he hid for 2 months. He was born as a slave in 1800. – They were captured by an army of about 3 000 He could read and write. heavily armed soldiers after a few days. Had religious vision that he should free the – When they caught him his clothes were worn, slaves. he hid in bushes. He preached about it from the Bible to – He and 56 of his followers were hanged. other slaves. – Nat Turner died as a martyr. In 1831, he led a rebellion against slavery Negative consequences of Nat Turner's in Virginia along with about 70 followers, rebellion: some of whom were on horseback – Rumours spread that other slaves were He got more followers and they moved marching on the capital, Washington DC. from plantation to plantation. – People became alarmed, fearful and hysterical. They killed about 60 white men, women – Mobs of armed men wanting revenge killed and children and freed their slaves. between 100 and 200 innocent slaves. In order not to make any noise, Nat Turner New laws passed as result of rebell: and his rebels used axes, knives and blunt Laws passed making it illegal for slaves to meet instruments. without a white minister present. Became illegal to teach slaves to read and write. Resulted in widespread illiteracy among the slaves for many years. Harriet Tubman John Brown Harriet Tubman was born as a slave. She The story of John Brown and his managed to escape. mission to abolish slavery: As a former slave, she helped other Was a friend of Harriet Tubman - was slaves escape. passionate about abolishing slavery through Her nickname was Moses - because she violence. helped more than 300 slaves escape in 19 People who wanted to maintain slavery, burned down his home and killed his secret journeys to North America and son. Canada. Led an unsuccessful slave rebellion in She said, “I never ran my train off the which he raided the state armoury at track and I never lost a passenger.” Harper’s Ferry hoping to get guns for the Officials felt threatened by her - $40,000 slaves. reward offered to anyone who could catch Two more of his sons were killed during her. this raid. Harriet was a good Christian, but she John Brown was captured and the carried a revolver for protection against speeches he gave at his trial brought slave-hunters and dogs. America’s attention to the brutality of During the American Civil War she acted as slavery. a spy for the North against the South. He was hanged for treason. She worked tirelessly to start shelters for He became a noble martyr. the poor. Harriet stood up for the rights of women. John Brown Nat Turner Harriet Tubman She died at the age of 93 having given her life to loving and helping others. Today there are many books and memorials that honour her life. 11 The Underground Railroad Plantation owners were cruel to slaves and had many laws to obey them. Many slaves wanted to walk away, but had nowhere to go. Were afraid that soldiers would catch them and kill them. Underground railroad was an informal network of secret routes and safe houses used by the slaves to escape. Many slaves from the South America tried to escape to the North with the Underground Railroad. Why to the North of America? There was no slavery in the North. Also fled to Canada and Mexico where slavery was illegal. Describe the underground railway road The system was not really underground - so called because it happened secretly. Wasn't a train track system either. This referred to the "train" of escape, in other words the particular points or stations (safe houses) that they fled to. End of Slavery The American Civil War The Americans experienced a Civil War from 1861 - 1865. The North wanted to abolish slavery. President Abraham Lincoln was from the North and did not believe in slavery. The South needed slaves for plantations and did not want to free slaves. After 4 years of bitter fighting, the North won. Slavery was abolished. During the war the soldiers of the North remembered the sacrifices of John Brown. Soldiers marched in tune with a song about John Brown. 12 5. Impact of the Transatlantic slave trade on the Economies Impact of Slave Trade on West Africa – Labour of thousands of young, strong people has been lost – Continuous wars and raids in which slaves were captured. has led to political instability. – More than 25 known kingdoms or empires were involved in slave trade. – Population decline. – Families torn apart. – Legacy of trauma. Negative effect of slave trade on America The most important negative effect was the psychological scars. Slavery made many people think that Africans were inferior to, and of less worth, than Europeans. Millions of Americans grew up with racist beliefs. Slavery led to great poor economic lower classes that had to be cared for - further encouraging racism. The land split over abolition of slavery. Led to a 4 year civil war of the North and South of America. The war was very expensive and bloody. Hundreds of thousands of Americans died in the civil war. Effect of slave trade on Britain’s economy From 1750 to 1780, 70% of Britain’s income came from taxing goods from the transatlantic slave trade. This resulted in the Industrial Revolution and the British economy changed forever. The slave trade had a ripple effect and the following people became very wealthy: slave ship owners slave ship traders who bought slaves in West Africa and sold them in America factory owners who had a market for goods which were exchanged for slaves bankers who charged interest to lend money to merchants for the long transatlantic voyages ordinary people who had more jobs in the factories and mines that supplied goods for the transatlantic slave trade. 13