Norman Conquest & Industrial Revolution (Year 9 History)

**History Revision Guide: Key Topics and Tasks** **The Norman Conquest: Methods of Control** **Key Information:** **The Feudal System** - **Definition:** A hierarchical system introduced by William the Conqueror to maintain control over England after his victory in 1066. - **Structu...

**History Revision Guide: Key Topics and Tasks** **The Norman Conquest: Methods of Control** **Key Information:** **The Feudal System** - **Definition:** A hierarchical system introduced by William the Conqueror to maintain control over England after his victory in 1066. - **Structure:** - King at the top, granting land to barons in return for military support. - Barons divided land among knights, who provided military service and ensured loyalty. - Knights allocated land to peasants in exchange for farming the land and providing food. - **Purpose:** - Prevented rebellion by tying loyalty to landownership. - Decentralized power but ensured all authority ultimately stemmed from the king. - Created a clear chain of command, reducing the chance of uprisings. - **Why Needed:** - England was politically unstable after the Norman invasion. - Many Anglo-Saxon nobles resisted Norman rule, requiring a system to establish control. - The Feudal System rewarded loyalty while punishing disobedience, consolidating Norman authority. **Motte and Bailey Castles** - **Definition:** Wooden or stone castles on a raised earth mound (motte) with an enclosed courtyard (bailey) for protection and administration. - **Features:** - Rapid construction using local materials. - Elevated motte provided a strategic advantage against attackers. - The bailey housed soldiers and villagers, offering security in emergencies. - **Significance:** - Allowed Normans to establish dominance quickly in newly conquered areas. - Acted as military strongholds and administrative centres. - Served as visible symbols of Norman power, intimidating local populations. - **Why Needed:** - To defend against potential Anglo-Saxon uprisings. - To secure key strategic locations. - To demonstrate Norman authority to the local populace. **Harrying of the North** - **Definition:** A series of brutal campaigns led by William the Conqueror in 1069--1070 to crush rebellion in Northern England. - **Methods:** - Villages and crops were burned to starve the population. - Thousands of inhabitants were killed or displaced. - Livestock slaughtered, creating widespread famine. - **Impact:** - Effectively eliminated rebellion in the north for a generation. - Created fear and submission among Anglo-Saxon populations. - Devastated the northern economy and population, with some areas uninhabitable for years. - **Why Needed:** - Persistent Anglo-Saxon resistance in the north threatened Norman stability. - William needed to demonstrate the consequences of rebellion. - By destroying resources, he weakened the ability of rebels to organize further uprisings. **Domesday Book** - **Definition:** A comprehensive survey of England's lands, resources, and population, completed in 1086. - **Purpose:** - Determined tax obligations of landowners. - Provided William with detailed knowledge of his kingdom\'s resources. - Allowed efficient administration and revenue collection. - **Significance:** - Strengthened centralized control by creating accountability. - Reduced disputes over land ownership, reinforcing Norman authority. - Demonstrated the efficiency of Norman governance compared to Anglo-Saxon systems. - **Why Needed:** - To consolidate William's power and secure revenue for his rule. - To establish clarity in land ownership following the conquest. - To monitor potential sources of rebellion through detailed records. **Revision Tasks:** 1. **Mind Map:** Create a mind map showing how each method helped William maintain control and why it was necessary. 2. **Quiz Questions:** - What were the main components of the Feudal System? - Why were motte and bailey castles significant in controlling England? - What were the consequences of the Harrying of the North? - How did the Domesday Book strengthen Norman rule? 3. **Creative Task:** Design your own motte and bailey castle, labeling key defensive features and explaining their purpose. **The Industrial Revolution: Causes and Consequences** **Key Information:** **Causes** - **Agricultural Revolution:** - Innovations like the seed drill and crop rotation increased food production. - Surplus food supported population growth and freed labour for industrial work. - **Technological Advancements:** - Inventions such as James Watt's steam engine revolutionised manufacturing and transport. - Mechanization in textiles (e.g., spinning jenny, power loom) increased efficiency. - **Urbanisation:** - Large-scale migration from rural areas to cities for factory jobs. - Growth of industrial centres like Manchester and Birmingham. - **Resources:** - Abundant coal and iron provided fuel and materials for industry. - Britain's colonial empire supplied raw materials and markets. ### **1. Development of Towns and Cities Due to Migration** The Industrial Revolution in England sparked a massive wave of migration from rural areas to cities as people sought employment in factories. This phenomenon, known as urbanisation, transformed small towns into bustling industrial hubs. Cities like Manchester, Birmingham, and Leeds experienced unprecedented growth, becoming centres of manufacturing and commerce. The rapid expansion often led to overcrowded living conditions, with families crammed into poorly built tenements. Sanitation systems were inadequate, resulting in widespread disease outbreaks such as cholera. Despite these challenges, the development of towns and cities during this period laid the groundwork for modern urban infrastructure, with markets, transport systems, and public services gradually evolving to support growing populations. ### **2. Creation of the Railway in Darlington** The creation of the Stockton and Darlington Railway in 1825 was a revolutionary moment in transportation history. As the world's first public railway to use steam locomotives, it connected coal mines near Shildon with the port of Stockton-on-Tees and the market town of Darlington. This innovation dramatically reduced the cost and time of transporting goods, making it easier to distribute raw materials and manufactured products across England. The success of the railway in Darlington paved the way for a nationwide railway network, accelerating industrialisation and urbanisation. It also had a profound social impact, as people gained unprecedented mobility, facilitating migration and communication between towns and cities. ### **3. New Technology and Improved Rights** The Industrial Revolution ushered in groundbreaking technological advancements, such as the spinning jenny, the steam engine, and mechanized looms, which transformed industries like textiles and mining. These inventions increased productivity and lowered production costs, contributing to economic growth. However, this period was also marked by harsh working conditions, including long hours, child labour, and unsafe environments. The Peterloo Massacre of 1819, where peaceful protesters demanding better rights were brutally suppressed, became a catalyst for social reform. Over time, public pressure led to significant legislative changes, such as the Factory Acts, which regulated working hours and improved conditions, particularly for women and children. These reforms reflected a growing awareness of workers' rights and the need for a more equitable society. **Revision Tasks:** 1. **Timeline:** Create a timeline of key inventions, events, and social changes during the Industrial Revolution. 2. **Quiz Questions:** - What were the main causes of the Industrial Revolution? - Name two significant inventions and their inventors. - What were the social and environmental consequences of urbanizstion? 3. **Comparison Task:** Compare life before and after the Industrial Revolution in a detailed table, focusing on work, living conditions, and social structure. **Victorian Towns and Cities: The Metropolitan Police** **Key Information:** - **Background:** - Established in 1829 by Robert Peel to address rising crime in expanding cities. - Inspired by earlier systems like the Bow Street Runners but formalized and professionalized. - **Purpose:** - Reduce crime through a visible and preventative police presence. - Maintain public order during a period of rapid urban growth. - **Features:** - Officers wore standardised uniforms that were blue to distinguish them from soldiers who wore green. This was because they wanted to build trust with the people, who disliked the army who were often violent. - Operated in structured beats to cover city areas systematically. - Focused on deterring crime rather than reacting to it. - Police officers would walk the beat. This was a set route that they would have to walk to deter crime from taking place. - **Impact:** - Improved safety in cities, fostering trust over time. - Formed the foundation of modern policing practices worldwide. - Initially faced resistance due to public fears of government overreach. **Revision Tasks:** 1. **Mind Map:** Outline the reasons for establishing the Metropolitan Police and its immediate and long-term impact. 2. **Quiz Questions:** - Who founded the Metropolitan Police? - What were the main goals of the force? - How did the public's perception of the police change over time? 3. **Debate:** Write an argument discussing whether the establishment of the Metropolitan Police improved life in Victorian cities. **Elizabeth Tudor and Her Religious Settlement** **Key Information:** - **Background:** - England was religiously divided when Elizabeth I became queen in 1558. - Catholics and Protestants each wanted dominance, leading to potential instability. - **Religious Settlement (1559):** - **Act of Supremacy:** Declared Elizabeth as the Supreme Governor of the Church of England, appeasing both Protestants and moderate Catholics. This was very different to her father, Henry VIII who made himself the Supreme head of the Church of England, upsetting Catholics who believed the pope to be the head. - **Act of Uniformity:** - Introduced a moderate Protestant prayer book in English instead of Latin and removed the black rubric placed in by Edward. - Made church attendance compulsory, with fines for noncompliance. - Stated that Priests would have to wear decorative Vestments. - **Significance:** - Reduced tensions by blending Catholic and Protestant traditions, such as vestments and rituals. - Strengthened Elizabeth's political authority by uniting England under one church. - Did not fully satisfy extremists on either side but maintained relative peace. **Revision Tasks:** 1. **Diagram:** Create a flowchart explaining the two key acts of the Religious Settlement and their effects. 2. **Quiz Questions:** - What were the two main components of Elizabeth's Religious Settlement? - How did the settlement balance Catholic and Protestant practices? - Why was it significant for England's stability? 3. **Role Play:** Write and present a speech as Elizabeth I, justifying your Religious Settlement to a divided audience.