Grade 12 ICT Semester 1 Notes (PDF)

SEMESTER 1 ABQ SEEB INTERNATIONAL GRADE 12 ICT SEMESTER 1 - NOTES CH 1: IT IN SOCIETY No. Topi...

SEMESTER 1 ABQ SEEB INTERNATIONAL GRADE 12 ICT SEMESTER 1 - NOTES CH 1: IT IN SOCIETY No. Topic ELECTRONIC CURRENCY 1 Electronic currency: Electronic currency refers to a payment method that occurs only in electronic or digital form, lacking a physical counterpart like coins or banknotes. 2 Digital Currency: Digital currency is a form of currency that is exchanged digitally using computers, lacking a physical counterpart like coins or banknotes. Eg: Payments using credit cards, mobile phones and smart watches. 3 Popular forms of digital currency: 1. Credit Cards: Let users borrow money within a limit for purchases and repay it later with interest. 2. Mobile Payment Apps: Apps like PayPal and Google Pay let users make electronic payments via mobile devices, linked to bank accounts or cards. 3. Stored Value Cards (Prepaid Cards): Cards with preloaded money for specific uses, like gift or transit cards, that decrease in value with each use. Closed-loop Card: A single-use card discarded after the preloaded money is spent. Open-loop Card: A reloadable card that can be used multiple times by adding more money. 4 Characteristics of digital currency: Decentralization, cryptographic security, and blockchain technology, for secure and transparent transactions. Digital currencies transfer value. Digital currencies enable peer-to-peer transactions without the need for intermediaries like banks and are often borderless, providing a global means of exchange. 5 Digital currency and traditional payment methods: Aspect Digital currency Traditional Payment Method Convenience Digital currency offers quick, easy online Traditional methods may require bank transactions visits or physical terminals Security Digital currency uses blockchain for Traditional methods rely on encryption strong security but risk issues like card skimming Transaction Process Digital currency ensures decentralized, Traditional methods involve centralized transparent transactions systems with longer processing times and additional verification steps 6 Advantages and disadvantages of digital currencies: 1 PREPARED BY SUSAN P KURIAN SEMESTER 1 ABQ SEEB INTERNATIONAL Advantages Disadvantages Convenience: Digital currencies allow quick Payment Limit: Contactless payments have a transactions without needing physical money. monetary limit. Global Accessibility: Digital currencies enable Security Concerns: Users face risks of cyberattacks seamless international transactions and financial and hacking due to the digital nature inclusion. Transparency: Blockchain ensures transparency and Regulatory Challenges: Lack of clear regulations traceability in transactions. leads to legal uncertainties and misuse. Secure Your Finances: Lost cards or devices can be Contactless Risk: Lost cards or devices can be blocked by contacting the bank. misused for payments before cancellation. 7 Virtual currency: Virtual currency is a type of digital currency that exists only within a virtual environment, and does not have a physical representation as banknotes and coins. It is specific to a particular game or application for which it was created, and cannot normally be traded anywhere else. Eg: Tokens collected or bought within a computer game that allows players to buy different items within the game such as new clothing or armour. 8 Virtual currency and other types of digital currency: Virtual currency Other digital currency Used within specific virtual ecosystems, like Can be used for both online and offline transactions in-game currencies Controlled by developers or the virtual Cryptocurrencies are decentralized, while CBDCs are environment's governing body controlled by central banks Generally non-convertible into fiat currency Convertible to fiat currency (e.g., cryptocurrencies, e-money) Examples: In-game coins, Linden Dollars Examples: Bitcoin, PayPal 9 Advantages and disadvantages of virtual currency: Advantages Disadvantages Convenience: Enables quick, fun transactions within Limited Use: Restricted to specific platforms or digital ecosystems like online games. games. Controlled by developers or the virtual environment's Risk of Devaluation: Value may fluctuate within governing body the ecosystem, affecting purchases. Decentralization: Operates with minimal regulation. 10 Cryptocurrency: Cryptocurrency is a type of digital currency that uses cryptography for security and operates on decentralized networks, typically based on blockchain technology. Eg: Bitcoin, Litecoin 11 Historical price fluctuations of Bitcoin: In 2011, 1 Bitcoin was worth $1, peaked at nearly $20,000 by late 2017, and dropped to around $6,000 in 2018. 2 PREPARED BY SUSAN P KURIAN SEMESTER 1 ABQ SEEB INTERNATIONAL 12 Advantages and disadvantages of cryptocurrency: Advantages Disadvantages No transaction fees compared to banks. Anonymity can enable untraceable criminal activities. People are able to invest in bitcoin and possibly make Risk of theft or hacking, with no bank support for money if they can sell it for a higher rate. recovery. High security makes counterfeiting nearly impossible. 13 Potential risk associated with use of cryptocurrencies: 1. Price Volatility: Cryptocurrencies have large price fluctuations, risking financial losses for investors. 2. Regulatory Uncertainty: Unclear rules create legal and future usage doubts. 3. Security Concerns: Face risks of hacking and fraud, compromising digital wallets and exchanges. 4. Limited Adoption: Low acceptance limits everyday use of cryptocurrencies. DATA MINING 14 Data mining: Data mining is a process of extracting useful and actionable information from large datasets to identify patterns and trends. 15 Stages of Data Mining: 1. Business Understanding: This stage focuses on Setting the objectives Developing the project plan Establishing criteria for success It involves identifying business needs, analyzing resources and constraints, and developing a data mining plan with relevant queries. 2. Data Understanding: This stage involves data collection from various sources and gaining insights into its structure, quality, and limitations. Once the data is collected the integrity, accuracy and the properties of data are considered, to make sure that is feasible. The data is then interrogated using queries from the business understanding stage to check completeness and alignment with desired outcomes. 3. Data Preparation: Data preparation is the largest and the most time consuming stage. This stage involves cleansing, transforming, and formatting data by removing duplicates, handling missing values, and normalizing it to ensure suitability for analysis and alignment with business needs. 4. Data Modelling: In this stage, various test scenarios are generated to model the data using algorithms. This helps the business determine if the models align with its needs and goals. 5. Evaluation: In this stage the results generated by the models are evaluated. This may reveal new business needs based on identified patterns and trends. 6. Deployment: The final stage of the data mining process involves creating a report and other visual material to present the findings and recommendations to the stakeholders to decide on actions to be 3 PREPARED BY SUSAN P KURIAN SEMESTER 1 ABQ SEEB INTERNATIONAL taken. If the stakeholders feel the business hasn’t achieved enough results, they may choose to repeat the data mining process to further refine the information gathered from the process. 16 Advantages and disadvantages of data mining: Advantages Disadvantages Allows organizations to make strategic decisions to High costs due to expensive tools and skilled staff increase revenue Helps understand customers and create products Seen as unethical and an invasion of privacy. they need Delivers targeted ads based on preferences Expensive data storage costs. Helps institutions predict future crises and plan Poses security risks with large data storage. solutions to manage or avoid them Allow businesses to reduce costs by streamlining Predictions may be inaccurate, based on past operations and avoiding poor investments trends. 17 Applications of data mining: 1. National Security and Surveillance: Data mining helps detect threats by analyzing communication patterns and financial transactions to prevent terrorism or cyber threats. Eg: Analyzing communication and financial data to detect money laundering or terrorist financing. 2. Business: It analyzes customer behavior, market trends, and operations to personalize marketing and improve decision-making. Eg: Analyzing purchase history to personalize marketing and boost customer satisfaction. 3. Research: Data mining uncovers patterns and correlations in large datasets, aiding new discoveries while ensuring ethical data use. Eg: Analyzing genetic data to identify disease markers. 4. Healthcare: It analyzes patient records to identify disease patterns, enable early detection, and improve treatment outcomes. Eg: Analyzing health records to identify disease risk factors and create personalized treatments. 5. Predicting Social and Economic Trends: Data mining analyzes social media and economic data to forecast trends and help decision-making. Eg: Analyzing social media posts to predict consumer sentiment and market trends. 18 Impact of Data Mining: Positive Impact: Data mining helps detect and prevent threats by identifying unusual patterns. Negative Impact: It also raises privacy concerns and requires ethical handling to avoid wrongful identification of individuals. 4 PREPARED BY SUSAN P KURIAN SEMESTER 1 ABQ SEEB INTERNATIONAL 19 Ethical and Privacy Implications: Data mining involves analyzing large datasets, which raises ethical and privacy concerns Ethical Considerations: o Consent: Obtain clear, transparent consent for data collection. o Purpose Limitation: Use data solely for its intended purpose. o Data Accuracy: Ensure data is accurate and unbiased. o Data Security: Implement strong security to protect data. Privacy Implications: o Data Anonymization: Remove personally identifiable information to protect privacy. o Data Retention: Limit data storage to only as long as necessary. o Third-Party Sharing: Ensure proper agreements for sharing data with third parties. o Transparency: Be transparent about data use and give customers control over their data. SOCIAL NETWORKING 20 Social networking: Social networking refers to the use of online platforms or websites that allow individuals to create profiles, connect with others, and share content. These platforms provide a virtual space where people can interact, engage in conversations, and build relationships. 21 Purpose of social networking: o Entertainment: Provides a platform for users to follow celebrities, watch videos, play games, and discover new music, movies, and TV shows, while also offering self-expression through sharing photos and videos. o Communication: Enables users to connect with friends, family, and colleagues via instant messaging, video calls, group chats, and professional networking. o Accessing News: Transforms how we consume news, with users following news pages and engaging in discussions on current events, offering a range of perspectives and easy access to updates. 22 Advantages and disadvantages of Social networking: Advantages 1. Connectivity: Keeps us connected with friends, family, and new people, fostering a sense of community. 2. Information Sharing: Facilitates easy sharing of news, ideas, and valuable information. 3. Educational Resources: Offers access to educational content and expertise for enhanced learning. 4. Career Opportunities: Helps individuals showcase skills and explore job opportunities. 5. Awareness and Activism: Raises awareness and promotes activism on social issues. Disadvantages 1. Privacy Concerns: Social networking can compromise privacy if users don't manage their data and settings carefully. 2. Cyberbullying: Social platforms may facilitate harassment, threats, and humiliation, impacting mental health. 3. Addiction and Time Management: Excessive use can lead to addiction, affecting productivity and real-life activities. 5 PREPARED BY SUSAN P KURIAN SEMESTER 1 ABQ SEEB INTERNATIONAL 4. False Information and Misinformation: Social media can spread false information, requiring users to verify facts before sharing. 5. Distraction and Impersonal Interactions: Social networking can be distracting and reduce the depth of personal interactions. 23 Forums: Forums are online platforms where users can engage in discussions by posting messages and reading/responding to other users' posts. These discussions are organized into threads or topics, allowing for structured conversations on specific subjects. 24 Difference between Forums and Chat Facilities: o Interaction Style: Forums are asynchronous; chats are live and synchronous. o Structure: Forums use a threaded format; chats lack organization. o Access to Previous Responses: Forums allow easy access to past responses; chats do not. 25 Role of Moderators in forums: Enforcing Rules: Ensure users follow forum guidelines on language, behavior, and content to maintain a respectful environment. Removing Posts: Review and remove flagged or inappropriate posts that violate forum rules. 26 Advantages of forums: 1. Seeking Advice and Support: Forums connect users with a diverse community for advice on academic, personal, or technical issues, offering varied perspectives and expert insights. 2. Wide Range of Responses: Engage with individuals from different backgrounds, enhancing discussions with diverse opinions and broader understanding. 3. Convenience of returning to forum: Post and revisit discussions at any time, ensuring flexibility for busy schedules and equal participation opportunities. 27 Forums as a support facility for businesses: Forums help businesses engage with customers seeking assistance and share their experiences with a particular product or service, addressing their queries, gaining feedback, improving customer service building trust. They also offer customers peer-to-peer recommendations and troubleshooting tips. 28 E-mail: E-mail short for electronic mail, is a digital communication method used to send and receive messages over the internet. It enables quick exchange of messages, documents, and files using unique electronic addresses, consisting of two parts: the username, which precedes the "@" symbol, and the domain name, which follows it. 29 Key components of an email: 1. Sender's Email: The address of the person sending the email. 2. Recipient's Email: The address of the person or group receiving the email. 3. Message Content: The actual text or media that the sender wants to convey to the recipient like written messages, attachments, or links to other online resources. 6 PREPARED BY SUSAN P KURIAN SEMESTER 1 ABQ SEEB INTERNATIONAL 30 Effectiveness of Email as a Primary Communication Method for Businesses: 1. Internal Communication: o Email serves as a quick and efficient way to share information with all employees within a company. o It ensures consistent communication, keeping everyone informed and aligned. 2. Customer Outreach: o Businesses use email to communicate directly with customers, sharing updates, offers, or new products. o Email provides a more targeted approach compared to passive methods like social media, ensuring better engagement. 31 Advantages of Using Email for Direct Customer Communication compared to social media: Direct and Personal: Emails are sent directly to the customer’s inbox, ensuring they receive the information, unlike social media, where posts can be easily overlooked. Customization: Businesses can personalize emails with customer names and tailor content to specific interests, enhancing engagement. Professionalism: Emails have a more formal tone compared to social media posts, making them suitable for official communication. 32 Benefits of Using Email for Complaints or Inquiries: o Response Time: Email allows organizations to respond to complaints or inquiries promptly, often within a few hours or days. o Clarity of Communication: Provide a written record, ensuring clarity and enabling users to provide detailed information about their complaint or inquiry. o Accessibility: Unlike phone calls, emails can be sent anytime, and the user doesn’t have to wait on hold, making it more convenient. o Professionalism: Writing an email encourages a more formal tone, which can lead to more respectful interactions compared to informal platforms. o Organizational Efficiency: Organizations can use automated acknowledgment emails and structured processes to manage and prioritize responses effectively. 33 Positive Impact of Social Networking on Individuals: o Global Communication: Social networking connects people worldwide, promoting cultural exchange, knowledge sharing and understanding. o Connecting with Like-Minded People: It helps individuals to find and connect with others who share similar interests, hobbies or passions leading to personal growth and new opportunities. o Fostering a Sense of Belonging: It creates virtual spaces for people to connect with friends, family, and communities, even when they are physically distant enhancing mental well-being and emotional support. 34 Negative Impact of Social Networking on Individuals: o Mental Health Issues: Excessive social media use can lead to anxiety, depression, and low self-esteem due to constant comparisons. 7 PREPARED BY SUSAN P KURIAN SEMESTER 1 ABQ SEEB INTERNATIONAL o Constant Comparison: Comparing oneself to others' achievements can cause negative self-perception and envy, affecting mental well-being. o Political and Stereotypical Influence: Social media can shape political views and reinforce stereotypes, particularly among younger users. o Cyberbullying: Online harassment can lead to psychological distress, social isolation, and even self-harm. 35 Impact of Social Networking on Society: o Communication Patterns: Social media enhances global connectivity and makes communication more accessible. However, it also shortens attention spans and requires digital literacy to navigate effectively. o Social Interactions: Social networking expands social networks, allows for meaningful connections, but also increases risks like cyberbullying. It can maintain long-distance relationships but may reduce in-person interactions. o Personal Identity: Social media allows individuals to shape their online image and fosters peer pressure to meet societal standards. It also raises privacy concerns, requiring users to protect their personal information. 36 Concerns associated with social networking: o Cognitive Issues: Excessive social media use can decrease attention span and hinder focus, negatively affecting learning and information retention. o Need for Immediacy: Social networking fosters a culture of instant responses, leading to impatience and reduced ability to delay, which can harm academic performance and relationships. TECHNOLOGY ENHANCED LEARNING 37 Technology Enhanced Learning: TEL, refers to the use of technology to enhance and support the learning process in education. It involves the integration of digital tools and resources into the classroom to create a more interactive and engaging learning environment. 38 Different types of platforms for technology enhanced learning: 1. Computer based training 2. Online tutorials 3. Networked Learning 4. MOOC (Massive Open Online Courses) 5. Video Conferencing 39 Computer based training: Computer-Based Training (CBT) refers to self-paced, step-by-step training programs delivered via computers, using a mix of text, sound, video, and images. It allows users to enhance skills and knowledge, often incorporating automated tests to assess learning progress. Eg: LinkedIn Learning, Coursera 40 Applications of computer-based training in organizations and businesses.: 1. Employee Training Programs: Organizations can create training programs for staff through computers, without the need for a tutor. 2. Multimedia Learning: CBT uses a mix of text, sound, video, and images to deliver information effectively. 8 PREPARED BY SUSAN P KURIAN SEMESTER 1 ABQ SEEB INTERNATIONAL 3. Step-by-Step Learning: Training is designed in small, manageable chunks, allowing users to follow a structured, step-by-step process. 4. Self-Paced Learning: Employees can learn at their own pace, making it flexible and convenient. 5. Skill Development: CBT helps employees improve their knowledge and skills, enabling promotions or pay raises. 6. Automated Assessments: Tests are automatically marked, helping to evaluate what users have learned. 41 Advantages and disadvantages of Computer Based Training: Advantages Disadvantages Users can learn at their own pace. Learners may not have a tutor to answer any questions that they have. Different media can be used to create an Staff may not be motivated to follow the computer interesting set of resources. based training since they lack supervision and guidance. Staff can improve their own skills set and knowledge resulting in promotion or additional pay. 42 Online Tutorials: Online Tutorials are instructional videos or materials delivered online, designed to teach specific skills or achieve a particular goal. They use various media, allow self-paced learning, and can be replayed as needed until the user understands the content. Eg: Youtube, Udemy, Duolingo 43 Features and Characteristics of Online Tutorials: 1. Wide Variety of Topics: Cover a broad range of subjects, from cooking to technical skills. 2. Multimedia Delivery: Use different forms of media such as video, text, and images to teach. 3. Goal-Oriented: Designed to help the viewer achieve a specific goal or outcome. 4. Self-Paced Learning: Allow users to learn at their own speed and on their own schedule. 5. Rewatchable: Users can watch the tutorial as many times as needed to fully understand the content. 6. Accessible Anytime: Available for viewing whenever the learner chooses. 44 Advantages and disadvantages of Online Tutorials: Advantages Disadvantages Wide range of topics available. Quality of tutorials can vary. It's time consuming to find one that is good. Learn at your own pace and time. Risk of incorrect information if the tutorial is not well-made. Use of various media for better understanding. 9 PREPARED BY SUSAN P KURIAN SEMESTER 1 ABQ SEEB INTERNATIONAL 45 Networked Learning: Networked Learning is a learning approach where learners connect with each other and their tutor, sharing thoughts, feedback, and resources. It encourages collaboration, peer support, and active participation, often facilitated by a tutor. Eg: Google classroom, Moodle 46 Aims of networked learning: To develop relationships among learners and tutors. To create a collaborative learning environment where participants support each other. To encourage learners to share feedback, thoughts, and resources to enhance the learning experience. 47 Role of Tutor in Facilitating Networked Learning: Actively encourages participation from all learners. Facilitates discussions and engagement. Guides learners to share thoughts, opinions, and resources. 48 Contribution of Other Learners in Networked Learning: Provide feedback on each other’s work. Offer advice on improving skills and knowledge. Participate in discussions to support and enhance the learning experience. 49 Advantages and disadvantages of Networked Learning: Advantages Disadvantages Learners build relationships that can extend Some learners may struggle to contribute feedback. beyond the course. Gain and provide feedback, enhancing skills and Dominant learners may overshadow others, limiting knowledge. participation. Increased motivation to complete tasks as Some may offer only positive feedback, avoiding learning of others is also dependent on them. criticism. Incomplete tasks or lack of feedback from some can hinder others' learning due to limited timescales. 50 MOOC (Massive Open Online Courses): Open Online Courses, are free online courses that allow unlimited participation from learners worldwide. They provide open-access education on a variety of subjects, accommodating large numbers of students simultaneously. Eg: Coursera, edX 51 Key components of MOOCs: Open Access: MOOCs are freely accessible to an unlimited number of learners via the web. Free Courses: They offer free learning opportunities for a wide audience. Filmed Lectures and Resources: Courses typically include video lectures and other educational materials. Interactive Forums: Learners can interact with each other and educators through discussion forums. Self-Paced Learning: Learners can progress through the course at their own pace and convenience. 10 PREPARED BY SUSAN P KURIAN SEMESTER 1 ABQ SEEB INTERNATIONAL 52 Assessment Methods in MOOCs: 1. Peer Review: Learners review and provide feedback on each other's work. 2. Written Assignments: Learners complete written tasks that are assessed. 3. Online Tests: Automated tests are used to evaluate learners' knowledge and progress. These tests are automatically marked. 53 Advantages and disadvantages of MOOCs: Advantages Disadvantages Large selection of free courses. Overwhelming course options, making it hard to choose. Can give employees a competitive advantage by Educators may struggle to support large numbers of showing motivation to learn. learners. Free of cost. Hard for educators to track learner progress and identify those who need help. Available to many learners at once without waiting Learners may lack motivation to complete tasks for a place. unless they are being assessed. Learners can study at their own pace. 54 Video conferencing: Video conferencing is a method of communication where people interact using computers with video streams over the internet. It allows users to see and speak to each other, share screens, and collaborate in real-time, making it useful for teaching and learning. Eg: Zoom, Google meet 55 Key Features of Video Conferencing Software: 1. Video Stream: Users can communicate via video, allowing both the speaker and other participants to be seen. 2. Screen Sharing: Users can share the content on their screen with other participants, which helps in presenting resources or information. 3. Interactive Communication: Learners can speak with the educator and other participants in real-time, making the session interactive (chat). 4. Resource Display: Educators can show additional resources during lessons, enhancing the learning experience. 5. Real-Time Questions: Learners can ask questions during the session and clarify doubts immediately. 56 How Video Conferencing is Used for Teaching and Learning: Video conferencing is used for teaching and learning by allowing educators to conduct lessons where they can interact with learners in real-time. The educator can speak to the learners, show resources on their screen, and provide visual and verbal explanations. This creates a more personal learning experience as students can see and speak to the teacher. Additionally, learners can ask questions and clarify any points they are unsure about during the session. The effectiveness of the learning process depends on the educator's communication skills, the quality of the video conferencing software, and the internet connection. or Video conferencing in teaching allows real-time interaction between educators and learners, with the ability to share resources and provide explanations. It offers a personal learning experience where students can ask questions and clarify doubts. The effectiveness depends on the educator's communication skills, software quality, and internet connection. 11 PREPARED BY SUSAN P KURIAN SEMESTER 1 ABQ SEEB INTERNATIONAL 57 Factors Affecting the Quality of Lessons Held via Video Conferencing: 1. Internet Connection: A slow or unstable connection can cause lag, poor video quality, or disconnections. 2. Video Conferencing Software: The platform’s features, reliability, and ease of use impact lesson effectiveness. 3. Audio and Video Quality: Clear audio and high-quality video are essential for effective communication. 4. Hardware: The quality of microphones, cameras, and devices used affects the lesson experience. 5. Technical Skills: Both the educator and learners need to be comfortable using the technology. 6. Engagement: Opportunities for real-time interaction and participation enhance learning. 7. Environmental Factors: Noise and poor lighting can distract from the lesson. 8. Time Zones: For remote or international learning, time zone differences can affect scheduling and attendance. 58 Suitability of Video Conferencing for Different Educational Contexts: Remote Learning: Ideal for real-time lessons across locations, dependent on a strong internet. Blended Learning: Complements in-person sessions with virtual discussions and resource sharing. Higher Education: Great for lectures, workshops, and collaborative projects. Corporate Training: Effective for employee upskilling and problem-solving. K-12 Education: Supports personalized learning but requires engagement strategies. 59 Advantages and disadvantages of Video Conferencing: Advantages Disadvantages Learners can ask questions in real-time, improving Requires high broadband speeds, unavailable in some understanding. areas. Seeing and hearing the educator creates a Limited participants due to software and internet personal, engaging experience, boosting constraints, potentially causing delays for others. motivation. Educators can share their screen for demonstrations, enhancing learning. IMPACT OF IT IT in Sports: IT has revolutionized sports by enhancing decision-making accuracy and fairness. Tools like VAR in football and Hawk-Eye in tennis help referees make better judgments, improving game outcomes. While many welcome these advancements for fairness, some criticize them for slowing play or questioning accuracy. 12 PREPARED BY SUSAN P KURIAN SEMESTER 1 ABQ SEEB INTERNATIONAL 60 Purpose of Using IT in Sports: 1. Enhanced Decision-Making: IT systems enhance decision-making in sports by providing real-time information and angles of play, reducing human error and ensuring fair outcomes. 2. Fairness and Transparency: They also promote fairness and transparency by objectively reviewing critical moments. 61 Examples of IT Usage in Sports: 1. Rugby Union: The TMO(Television Match Official) system in rugby union allows referees to review on-field decisions using video replays. 2. Tennis: Hawk-Eye technology in tennis ensures accurate line calls and trajectory of the ball using multiple cameras and algorithms minimizing human errors. 62 Effectiveness of IT Systems in Enhancing Refereeing Accuracy: VAR (Video Assistant Referee) and Hawk-Eye are technologies used in sports like football and tennis to review and correct referee decisions, and to reduce controversies surrounding line calls, leading to fairer outcomes. 63 Justifying Personal Viewpoint on the Use of IT in Sports: 1. Evidence-Based Approach: IT in sports enhances fairness and integrity by providing concrete evidence for decision-making, minimizing subjective judgments. 2. Improved Accuracy: The technology minimizes the margin of error and ensures that crucial decisions are made correctly. 3. Consistency and Uniformity: IT systems ensure consistency and uniformity in decision-making across various matches and competitions. IT in Manufacturing: IT in manufacturing enhances efficiency, safety, and accuracy through robotics, enabling 24/7 operations and consistent product quality. Robots handle dangerous tasks, ensuring high accuracy. However, robotics has led to job losses and created competition challenges for companies unable to afford the technology. 64 Examples of Robotics in Manufacturing: Automotive: Welding, painting, assembly for productivity and quality. Electronics: Circuit board assembly, soldering, testing with precision. Food & Beverage: Processing, packaging, sorting for hygiene and consistency. Pharmaceutical: Drug dispensing, labeling, packaging in sterile environments. Textile: Fabric cutting, sewing, quality control for efficiency. 65 Demonstrate how robotics can be implemented in manufacturing to enhance productivity and worker safety: 1. Increased production speed: Robots can work at a faster speed than humans. 2. Improved precision and accuracy: Ensures high-quality products with minimal rework. 3. Improved worker safety: Reduces workplace accidents by handling hazardous tasks. 4. Consistent performance: Maintains quality without fatigue or distractions. 13 PREPARED BY SUSAN P KURIAN SEMESTER 1 ABQ SEEB INTERNATIONAL 66 Evaluate the potential advantages and disadvantages of using robotics in manufacturing, taking into account factors such as cost, efficiency, and workforce dynamics: Advantages Disadvantages Higher Productivity: Robots work continuously, High Initial Costs: Significant investment in boosting efficiency. equipment and training. Cost Savings: Reduces long-term labor costs and Job Displacement: Automation may replace human errors despite high initial investment. roles. Better Quality: High precision improves product Maintenance Needs: Requires regular upkeep and quality and minimizes waste. skilled technicians. Worker Safety: Automates hazardous tasks, Limited Flexibility: Lacks adaptability for complex or reducing workplace injuries. unpredictable tasks. IT in Medicine: Health Monitoring: IT enables tracking of vital signs, DNA analysis, and early disease detection through smart implants. Training: Simulations allow doctors and nurses to practice procedures safely. Prosthetics: IT-powered artificial limbs restore mobility and improve quality of life. Nanotechnology: Enables precise drug delivery, targeting diseased cells while protecting healthy ones. Advancements: Smart devices and innovations continually improve diagnostics, treatment, and patient outcomes. 67 Explain how IT enables the monitoring of patients' health: IT allows for the monitoring of patients’ health by measuring vital signs like heart rate, analyzing DNA for infections, and using devices to detect early signs of diseases. These technologies help ensure patients remain healthy and allow for early intervention. 68 Describe the use of simulations to train doctors and nurses: Simulations powered by IT are used to train medical professionals in performing complex procedures. These simulations replicate real-life scenarios, enabling doctors and nurses to practice safely and gain expertise without risking patient safety. 69 Explain the benefits of using smart devices implanted in the body for health monitoring: Smart implants monitor specific body functions, such as brain or heart activity, to detect early signs of diseases like Parkinson’s. This early detection allows for quicker, potentially more effective treatment, and may even prevent the disease from developing fully. 70 Describe how nanotechnology allows precise drug delivery in the body: Nanotechnology manipulates atoms and molecules to engineer particles that target specific cells, such as cancer cells, for drug delivery. This precision reduces harm to healthy cells and minimizes unnecessary side effects, making treatments more effective. 14 PREPARED BY SUSAN P KURIAN SEMESTER 1 ABQ SEEB INTERNATIONAL IT in Education: IT has transformed education by enabling interactive tools like whiteboards, tablets, and laptops, enhancing engagement and personalized learning. Online resources, simulations, and quizzes make lessons more accessible and effective, fostering a dynamic and flexible learning environment. 71 Examples of Technology in the Classroom: Interactive whiteboards, projectors, and educational software are commonly used technologies in classrooms to make lessons engaging and dynamic. Interactive whiteboards enable engaging, interactive lessons with touch or pen-based input. Tablets and laptops provide access to digital textbooks, apps, and online resources, supporting personalized learning through interactive lessons, quizzes, and simulations. 72 Potential Benefits of Using Technology in Learning: Technology enhances learning by making it more interactive, visual, and appealing, which can improve student understanding and retention. It also supports online learning and personalized learning allowing flexibility and access to a wide range of educational resources(including online databases, digital textbooks, and multimedia content). IT in News and Media: IT has revolutionized news and media by enabling quick access to global events and allowing individuals to share real-time information. It offers diverse perspectives but also raises concerns about accuracy, misinformation, and ethical issues. 73 Describe the impact of IT on people's awareness of global events: IT has revolutionized global awareness by providing instant access to news via the internet, social media, and apps, bridging geographical gaps and creating a more informed and connected world. 74 Role of social media enabling individuals to act as amateur journalists: Social media enables individuals to act as amateur journalists by sharing real-time events, images and videos. Users can record and capture occurrences as they happen, helping to spread news and varied perspectives. 75 Potential positive and negative effects of citizen journalism: Positive: Citizen journalism brings diverse perspectives, offering a more inclusive view of events, and enables quick distribution of information, spreading news efficiently. Negative: However, it may raise accuracy concerns due to the lack of professional training, leading to errors and misinformation, and present ethical challenges, including privacy violations, sensationalism, and bias. 15 PREPARED BY SUSAN P KURIAN SEMESTER 1 ABQ SEEB INTERNATIONAL IT in Family and Home: IT devices in the home offer convenience by controlling lighting, heating, and other systems remotely, helping save money and energy. They provide entertainment through games, music streaming, and interactive activities for families. Additionally, IT in everyday appliances like washing machines offers useful information, enhancing time management. However, challenges include privacy concerns and dependency on technology. 76 Services and functionalities that IT devices offer in the home: IT devices in the home offer various services, such as controlling lighting, heating, and other systems remotely. They provide entertainment through games, quizzes, and music streaming. Additionally, IT in everyday devices like washing machines and refrigerators offers useful information, such as remaining wash time, to help users plan their activities. 77 Impact of IT on energy consumption and sustainability in homes: IT devices in homes, such as Amazon Alexa and Google Home, help reduce energy usage by allowing users to remotely control systems like heating and lighting. For instance, instead of leaving the heating on all day, users can start it remotely just before arriving home, saving energy and reducing costs. Additionally, smart appliances like washing machines and refrigerators provide useful information, such as how much time is left for a wash cycle, enabling users to manage their time efficiently and further contributing to energy conservation and sustainability. 78 How IT devices provide entertainment and interactive experiences for families at home: IT devices like Amazon Alexa and Google Home offer entertainment by enabling families to play games, quizzes, and stream music. These interactive features foster quality time and engagement among family members at home. 79 Potential drawbacks and challenges of relying on IT devices in the home: 1. Privacy and Security Risks: Devices like Alexa and Google Home may collect personal data, raising concerns about privacy and potential data breaches. 2. Dependence on Technology: Over-reliance on these devices can lead to reduced manual skills or critical thinking, particularly in basic household tasks. 3. Technical Issues: Malfunctions or connectivity issues may disrupt services like heating or entertainment, affecting daily life. 4. Cost of Setup and Maintenance: Initial setup costs and ongoing maintenance can be expensive for some families, especially with multiple connected devices. IT in Government and Politics: IT, especially social media, has transformed government and politics by enabling citizens to raise awareness, voice concerns, and engage in online petitions, helping governments prioritize public issues. It also allows governments to offer online services, such as tax payments and document applications, making processes more efficient and cost-effective. However, challenges like cybersecurity risks, the digital divide, and misinformation remain significant concerns. 16 PREPARED BY SUSAN P KURIAN SEMESTER 1 ABQ SEEB INTERNATIONAL 80 How IT allows governments to understand and prioritize public issues: IT, especially social media, allows governments to understand and prioritize public issues by enabling people to raise awareness and voice concerns, helping governments address relevant topics and finding solutions to major issues. 81 How IT enables governments to provide online services to the public: IT enables governments to provide online services like paying taxes and applying for documents (e.g., passports, driving licenses), and submitting forms, making these services more convenient and cost-effective. 82 Potential risks and challenges of relying on IT in government and political processes: Potential risks of relying on IT in government include cybersecurity threats, digital divide issues (access to technology), and the risk of misinformation spreading through online platforms. IT in Monitoring and Surveillance: IT has significantly impacted monitoring and surveillance by enhancing security through tools like facial recognition software and CCTV, which help track criminals and missing persons. Individuals also use home CCTV and dashcams for personal security and to gather evidence in case of accidents. However, the unregulated use of these technologies raises privacy concerns, with calls for stronger regulations to prevent invasions of personal privacy. 83 IT in Monitoring and Surveillance: IT, including CCTV and facial recognition software, is used by authorities to track criminal activity, locate criminals, and find missing persons. It is also used in home security systems and vehicles (e.g., dashcams) for monitoring and providing evidence of incidents. 84 Role of IT in Monitoring and Surveillance: IT streamlines the monitoring process, improving efficiency by enabling real-time alerts and automated analysis of footage, saving time and enhancing security for both public authorities and individuals. 85 Arguments for and Against Unregulated IT Use: Supporters contend that IT improves security and helps prevent crime. On the other hand, critics emphasize privacy issues, claiming that unregulated surveillance, such as home CCTV and dashcams, violates personal privacy and demands stricter regulations. 17 PREPARED BY SUSAN P KURIAN SEMESTER 1 ABQ SEEB INTERNATIONAL CH 2: PROGRAMMING FOR THE WEB 86 Explain the concept of JavaScript: JavaScript is a scripting language used to enhance and add interactivity to websites. It allows users to interact with web pages through actions such as clicking buttons, entering data, or selecting options. JavaScript is embedded within the HTML code of a webpage. It enables the creation of dynamic and engaging web content, making websites more functional and interactive for users. 87 Define the term "keywords" in JavaScript: In JavaScript, keywords are predefined, reserved words that have specific meanings and functions in the language. They are used to give instructions to the browser about what actions to perform. For example, in the script: The word alert is a keyword, and it instructs the browser to display a pop-up alert box with the specified message. Keywords are essential building blocks of JavaScript, and they must be used correctly to ensure the code functions as intended. 88 Explain the purpose and functionality of document.write in JavaScript: The document.write method is used to directly write or display content on a web page. It outputs text or HTML content to the page as the browser loads the script. 89 Write the syntax of document.write code and apply it to output data to a web page: Syntax: Example: 18 PREPARED BY SUSAN P KURIAN SEMESTER 1 ABQ SEEB INTERNATIONAL Output: The web page displays: Hello, this is JavaScript! 90 Explain the purpose of using document.getElementById in JavaScript: The document.getElementById method targets a specific HTML element using its id attribute. It allows JavaScript to modify the content, style, or behavior of the targeted element. 91 Write the syntax of document.getElementById and apply it to target an HTML element by its ID: Syntax: Example: 19 PREPARED BY SUSAN P KURIAN SEMESTER 1 ABQ SEEB INTERNATIONAL Output: The paragraph with id="example" displays: This is the example paragraph. 92 Write the output of simple codes that include document.write and.innerHTML: Code 1: Output: The page displays: Welcome to JavaScript Code 2: 20 PREPARED BY SUSAN P KURIAN SEMESTER 1 ABQ SEEB INTERNATIONAL Output: The paragraph displays: Targeted text using innerHTML 93 Explain the purpose of using pop-up boxes in JavaScript: Pop-up boxes are used to interact with the user by displaying messages, collecting input, or confirming actions. They provide an easy way to prompt user responses without needing to modify the webpage content. 94 List the three types of pop-up boxes: 1. Alert: Displays a message to the user. 2. Confirm: Provides "OK" and "Cancel" options to confirm or cancel an action. 3. Prompt: Allows the user to input text. 95 Write the syntax for displaying an alert box: 96 Apply the syntax of alert to display specific text in an alert box: 97 Write the syntax for displaying a confirm box: 21 PREPARED BY SUSAN P KURIAN SEMESTER 1 ABQ SEEB INTERNATIONAL 98 Utilize confirm to prompt users with a message and store their response: 99 Write the syntax for displaying a prompt box: 100 Use prompt to allow users to input text and store the entered value: 101 Analyze the purpose of using console.log for debugging and error checking: Console.log is used to output messages to the browser's console, which helps developers debug scripts, verify logic execution, and locate errors without affecting the web page display. These error messages assist developers in pinpointing the exact line or function that caused the issue, making troubleshooting more manageable. 22 PREPARED BY SUSAN P KURIAN SEMESTER 1 ABQ SEEB INTERNATIONAL 102 Apply console.log to output custom messages for debugging purposes: 103 Analyze the differences between alert, confirm, and prompt in terms of functionality and output: Alert: Displays a message in a pop-up box without requiring user input. Confirm: Displays a message with "OK" and "Cancel" options, allowing the user to confirm or reject. The response can be stored as a boolean (true for OK, false for Cancel). Prompt: Displays a message with a text input field for the user to provide data. The entered value is stored as a string if "OK" is selected. NOTE:. Not to be shared outside the organization. 23 PREPARED BY SUSAN P KURIAN