Grade 10 Chemistry PDF

Grade 10 chemistry [Lesson 1] - - - **Physical change** is a change in matter where no new substance is formed, a physical change is described as a change of state. **Physical properties** are part of an object that can be experienced using the 5 senses, or using a measuring tool. This is...

Grade 10 chemistry [Lesson 1] - - - **Physical change** is a change in matter where no new substance is formed, a physical change is described as a change of state. **Physical properties** are part of an object that can be experienced using the 5 senses, or using a measuring tool. This is qualitative and quantitative. For example qualitative is color, odor, taste, luster, malleability, etc. And examples of quantitative is boiling point density, volume  **chemical change** is change in matter in which at least one new substance is formed, **with new properties**, is formed. Some **clues** to chemical change are heat given off, a solid forms in a liquid solution or the solution becomes cloudy, bubbles form, a change of color, change is difficult to reverse. **Chemical properties** Heat, light or electricity could be added to create a new substance, or it can react with oxygen or acids. Examples: **combustibility, and reaction with acid.** The difference between a physical and chemical is in a physical change no new substance is formed, is in a change of state, shape or form. And solubility(when a substance dissolves) is physical. A chemical is when a new substance is formed with new properties. **Homework** Lewis dot diagrams - **[Forming compounds]** - - - - - - - - - -  **Covalent bonding** - - **[Naming ionic compounds]** - - - - Group 1 charge of +1 Group 15 charge of -1 --------------------------- ------------------------ Group 2 charge of +2 Group 16 charge of -2 Group 13 charge of +3 Group 17 charge of -3 Group 14 do not form ions Group 18 has no charge **How to write the formula for the compound formed between lithium and sulfur?** Step 1: write the symbol of the metal first and non metal second Step 2: find the charge for each of the elements using your periodic table and write the charges above for each element. Step 3: criss-cross the charges to produce subscripts Step 4:reduce the subscrip if possible and ignore any ones **Elements with more than one ionic charge** **[Polyatomic ions]** This is a group atoms that tend to stay together  **RULES FOR FINDING CHEMICAL FORMULA**: 1.Write the symbol of the metal first followed by the formula for the polyatomic ion. Be sure to keep brackets around the polyatomic ion! 2.Write the ionic charges above the metal and polyatomic ion (Refer to **Chemical Processes -- Reference Sheet**) 3.Crisscross the ionic charge of the metal and polyatomic ion. 4.Reduce subscripts in the final formula but NEVER change a subscript in the polyatomic ion (i.e., inside the brackets!) **RULES FOR NAMING POLYATOMIC IONS:** (Refer to the **Chemical Processes -- Reference Sheet**) **[Steps to make it]** **STEP 3**: Crisscross the ionic charge of the metal and polyatomic ion. **Formula: Na2Co3 Name: sodium carbonate** **[Oxyacids]** - - - - - - - **[Other acids]** - - - - - **[Molecular compounds]** - - - - Combining capacity **EXAMPLE 1** How would you write the formula for dinitrogen tetroxide? **[Diatomic molecules]** -  **HOFBrINCl** - **[Counting atoms and word equations ]** - - - - - - **[Balancing equations]** - - - - - Fe + o2 = Fe2o3 56g+ x = 160g 56g+x=160g x=160g-56g x=104g Therefore the mass of oxygen that reacted was 104g Baking soda + vinegar= carbon dioxide + sodium acetate 8.0+10.0=x+15.5g x=8.0+10.0g-15.5 x=2.5g Therefore the mass of carbon dioxide is 2.5g **[Types of reactions]**  **[Synthesis ]** - - - **[Decomposition]** - - **[Single replacement]** - - - - - **Replacing hydrogen with metals** - **Reactivity for nonmetals** - - - **[Double replacement]** - - - - - **[Combustion]** The formula for combustion is **hydrocarbon + oxygen gas water + carbon dioxide + energy** - - - **Sumarry of all**  **Acids, bases, neutralisation**  - - **[What is Ph]** - - - - Ph scale - - - - - - - -  **[What are indicators]** - -