Management Concepts PDF

‫ٮﺎري‬/‫ﺣ&ٮ‬.‫(كﻠﻬﺎ ا‬٧)‫ٮ&ٮر‬$‫ﺷﺎ‬ What is a group? A group is a collection of individuals who interact with each other...

‫ٮﺎري‬/‫ﺣ&ٮ‬.‫(كﻠﻬﺎ ا‬٧)‫ٮ&ٮر‬$‫ﺷﺎ‬ What is a group? A group is a collection of individuals who interact with each other :of Group Development Forming: when the group members come together for the first time 1 Storming: Once group members feel sufficiently safe and included 2 Norming: Once group members discover that they can handle differences without dissolving, 3.they are ready to enter the next stage, norming Performing: the performing stage, participants are not only getting the work done, but also 4.paying greater attention to how they are doing it Adjourning: Adjourning 5.As groups form, so do they end. These endings can be bittersweet ?Can a Group Have Too Much Cohesion-.Groupthink is most common in highly cohesive groups Social loafing. : Social loafing refers to the tendency of individuals to put in less effort when- working in a group conte.Collective Efficacy: o a group’s perception of its ability to successfully perform well- (٨) ‫ٮ&ٮﺮ‬$‫ﺷﺎ‬ ‫ڡﻬﻤون‬.‫ٮ&ٮ‬$‫ٮﻄﻮ و‬$‫ار‬ ‫ٮﺎري‬/‫ﺣ&ٮ‬.‫ا‬.Leadership: the act of influencing others to work toward a goal- - hold a position of authority and- ‫ٮﺎري‬/‫ﺣ&ٮ‬.‫ا‬Formal leaders - - without a formal position ‫ٮﺎري‬/‫ﺣ&ٮ‬.‫ا‬Informal leaders - ‫ٮﺎري‬/‫ﺣ&ٮ‬.‫ ا‬Who Is a Leader? Trait Approaches to Leadership: 1-Big 5 Personality Traits-.Leader Decision Making-2 leaders make the decision alone without (In authoritarian decision making) -&  employees participate i(When leaders use democratic decision making)-& employees alone(laissez-faire decision making)-&.-Four Leadership Styles- Directive leaders (specific directions to their employees. ).1-1 Supportive leaders (emotional)-2 Participative leaders (employees are involved)-3 Achievement-oriented leader( goals for employees and encourage them to reach their goals.) -4 ‫ٮﺎري‬/‫ﺣ&ٮ‬.‫ﻌﲏ ا‬/ ‫ ٮ‬. ‫ٮﻬﻢ أ&ڡواس ٮ&ﻌﺎريﻒ‬.‫ٮي‬$ ‫ﲇ‬/ ‫ٮ‬ ‫ٮﺎري‬/‫ﺣ&ٮ‬.‫ ا‬.Bases of Power Legitimate Power.1 1- Reward Power 2- Coercive Power 3- Expert Power.4 4-.comes from knowledge and skill ‫ٮﺎري‬/‫ﺣ&ٮ‬.‫ا‬ Information Power 5-.in its source ‫ٮﺎري‬/‫ﺣ&ٮ‬.‫ا‬ Referent power 6- stems from the personal characteristics of the perso ‫ﺣ&ٮﺎري‬.‫ا‬ ‫ٮﺎري‬/‫ﺣ&ٮ‬.‫ﺣﻄﺎء أو ا‬. ‫ ﺻﺢ أو‬٩ ‫ٮ&ٮﺮ‬$‫ﺷﺎ‬.Conflict :is a process that involves people disagreeing-.Types of Conflict : Intrapersonal conflict arises within a person- Interpersonal conflict is among individuals such as coworkers- Intergroup conflict is conflict that takes place among different groups ,dysfunctional if it paralyzes an organization‫س‬.optimal performanc-‫ج‬ :Causes and Outcomes of Conflict Organizational Structure.1.Limited Resources : Resources such as money, time, and equipment-2 Task Interdependence: Another cause of conflict is task interdependence; that is, when-3.accomplishment of your goal requires reliance on others to perform their tasks Incompatible Goals: Sometimes conflict arises when two parties think that their goals-4 Personality Differences: By understanding some fundamental differences among the way-5.people think and act, we can better understand how others see the world.Communication Problems-6 ‫ٮﺎري‬/‫ﺣ&ٮ‬.‫ٮ&ٮﻜون ا‬$ ‫ٮﺪون‬$‫ﲇ ﻟﻬﺎ ٮ&ﻌﺎريﻒ و‬/ ‫ﺤﻄﺎء ٮ‬.‫ﺻﺢ واﻟ‬.conflict can have both positive and negative outcomes :Positive outcomes include the following Consideration of a broader range of ideas, resulting in a better, stronger idea Surfacing of assumptions that may be inaccurate Increased participation and creativity. Clarification of individual views that build learning :outcomes include the following Increased stress and anxiety among individuals, which decreases productivity and satisfaction.Conflict Management: refers to resolving disagreements effectively ‫ٮﺎري‬/‫ﺣ&ٮ‬.‫ ا‬Ways to Manage Conflict Change the Structure Change the Composition of the Team Create a Common Opposing Force Consider Majority Rule Problem Solve ‫ٮﺎري‬/‫ﺣ&ٮ‬.‫ا‬.Conflict-Handling Styles.Avoidance.Accommodation.Compromise :.Competition are people who want to reach their goal or get their solution adopted regardless of what others say or how they feel Collaboration: win-win solution.Which Style Is Best? highly effective in many different situations  ‫ٮﺎري‬/‫ﺣ&ٮ‬.‫ا‬٥‫ﺣﻄﺎء و‬.‫ﺻﺢ و‬ ?What Is Negotiation Negotiation is a process by which two or more people (or groups) resolve an issue or arrive at a.better outcome through compromise Distributive negotiation: “hard bargaining-1‫خ‬.Integrative negotiation: win- win solution.2‫خ‬- A common way that parties deal with conflict i: negotiation-.Phase 1: Investigation: information gathering stage‫خ‬.BATNA: Alternative To a Negotiated Agreement ‫خ‬- The reason you negotiate is to produce something better than the results you can obtain-.without negotiating :Bargaining‫خ‬.During the bargaining phase, each party discusses their goals and seeks to get an agreement ‫ﺣﻄﺎء‬.‫ٮﻪ ﺻﺢ و‬$‫ﻋﻠ‬.‫ٮﻪ ا‬.‫ٮ&ٮﺮ ﻻ‬$‫(اﺳﻬﻞ ﺷﺎ‬١٠) ‫ٮ&ٮﺮ‬$‫ﺷﺎ‬ Career guidance is given to us information about the product market and about educational- opportunities more accessible by organizing it, systematizing it, and making it available when.and where we need it helping people to know wise choice and solve their educational, personal and vocational-.problems means enabling them to know their needs, aptitudes, abilities, interests, perceptions, purposes-.and their own limitations - Guidance may be defined as assisting the individual to prepare for his future life to fit him for“-.his place in society :Characteristics-.Guidance is a process of understanding one's self.1  It is a process to know one's relation to other people.2.It is a service to understand solving personal problems.3..Guidance is a process to able to make decisions.4 ‫ٮﺎري‬/‫ﺣ&ٮ‬.‫ﺣﻄﺎء اﺣ&ٮﻤﺎل او ا‬.‫ﺻﺢ و‬ :Dimensions of Guidance Philosophical Foundations of Guidance – such as: Uniqueness of a person, the nature of.1.human Socio-cultural Foundations of Guidance - such as: The school, The family, Modern Complex.2.Society Psychological Needs, Individuality and Guidance - such as: Psychological Needs, Self-.3.Realization, Adjustment and Development ‫ٮﺎري‬/‫ﺣ&ٮ‬.‫ﻤﻜﻦ ا‬/ ‫ٮ‬ Holland’s theory is well known for its simple and easy-to-understand typology framework of six ,different career interest types: Realistic (‫ڡوق‬. ‫ﲇ‬/ ‫ﺣ&ٮﺼﺎر ﻟكﻠﻤﻪ اﻟﻄويﻠﻪ ٮ‬.‫ ا‬.RIASEC) Investigative, Artistic, Social, Enterprising and Conventional ‫ٮﺖ‬.‫ﻼ ﻫﺎ‬/ ‫ٮ&ٮﻮ ﺻﺢ ٮ‬$‫ٮ&ﻌ‬ -Self-concept Theory of Career Development is based on ideas that self ,concept is a product of complex interactions among a number of factors Gottfredson’s Theory of Circumscription and Compromise is based on the dynamic interplay between genetic makeup and the environmen ‫ﺤﻤيﻊ‬$‫ٮﻖ ﻟﻠ‬/‫ڡ‬.‫ٮ&ٮﻮ‬$