Gr11 Humanities Midterm Exam Key Figures 2024-2025 PDF

Midterm Exam 2024-2025 Sheet Type: Revision – Key Figures Subject: Humanities Grade: 11 Teacher’s Name: Muhammad Muhannad Makki CSMH Students need to read the following key Figures: 1. King Louis XVI (The French Revolution /5/ - H.2) Louis XVI (1754-1793) came to the throne unexpectedly...

Midterm Exam 2024-2025 Sheet Type: Revision – Key Figures Subject: Humanities Grade: 11 Teacher’s Name: Muhammad Muhannad Makki CSMH Students need to read the following key Figures: 1. King Louis XVI (The French Revolution /5/ - H.2) Louis XVI (1754-1793) came to the throne unexpectedly as his father & his two brothers had died, so he was ill-prepared for the throne he inherited in 1774. He was immature and lacked self-confidence then, & France suffered from financial problems. In 1792, he and his family were charged with treason. Louis was soon found guilty by the National Assembly and condemned to death. He was executed in 1793 (Monarchy end). 2. Marie Antoinette (The French Revolution /5/ - H.2) Marie-Antoinette (1755-1793) was an archduchess of Austria. She married King Louis XVI in 1770, to cement the alliance between both families & became the last French queen in 1774. She became increasingly unpopular among people. Marie Antoinette was also convicted of treason and beheaded in 1793, 9 months after Louis XVI's execution. 3. Maximilien Robespierre (The French Revolution /6/ - H.2) Maximilien Robespierre (1758-1794) was the most radical of all the radicals. He was a lawyer in the provinces of France. he then used the guillotine as an instrument of bringing about virtue, so he killed tens of thousands of people. He persecuted Christians & was the main architect of Reign of Terror. In 1794, Robespierre himself was brought to the guillotine and met with a bitter end (end of Reign of Terror). 4. George Danton (The French Revolution /8/ - H.4) George Danton (1759-1794) was a pragmatic leader in the French Revolution known for his strong oratory skills. Danton was close friends and collaborators with Maximilien Robespierre. However, during the Reign of Terror, Robespierre believed that removing moderates, including Danton, was necessary for maintaining government unity. In 1794, George Danton was assassinated, as his compromise-oriented approach clashed with the radicalism of the Reign of Terror. 1 5. Count de Mirabeau (The French Revolution /8/ - H.4) Count de Mirabeau (1749-1791) was a notable figure in the French Revolution. He was a noble with financial difficulties and a childhood bout with smallpox left him scarred. Mirabeau was a charismatic orator, known for his persuasive speaking abilities. Mirabeau aimed for reform in France and advocated for a constitutional monarchy. He sought to reconcile the court with the revolutionary forces and was elected President of the National Assembly in 1791. Mirabeau's unexpected death, likely due to a heart attack in 1791, dashed hopes for a peaceful resolution. 6. Rene Descartes (Enlightenment /3/ - H.8) Descartes was a French philosopher, scientist, and mathematician. He is often referred to as the Father of Modern Philosophy. He laid the foundation for a rational and scientific approach to philosophy. His famous statement "Cogito Ergo Sum" ("I think, therefore I am") reflected his focus on reason and self- awareness. 7. Denis Diderot (Enlightenment /3/ - H.8) Denis Diderot, being a contemporary of Voltaire and Rousseau, followed the ideas of Voltaire and Rousseau but consolidated their philosophies. He was a French encyclopedist, novelist, and philosopher. Diderot edited a French translation of the English encyclopedia, Ephraim Chambers' work, aiming to gather all human knowledge into a single authoritative source. 8. Johannes Gutenberg (Industrialization /2/- H.8) Johannes Gutenberg, a contemporary of Prince Henry, lived between 1400 and 1468. He was a German printer and a pioneer in the use of moveable type for printing. The Gutenberg Bible, his most famous work, became one of the earliest mass-produced books. Gutenberg's invention made book production much more affordable and accessible 9. Blaise Pascal (Industrialization /2/- H.8) Blaise Pascal, born in 1623 and died in 1662, was a French philosopher, mathematician, physicist, and Christian devotional writer. Known for his immense contributions to mathematics and science. He invented the first mechanical adding machine. He derived Pascal's law, stating that fluids transmit pressure equally in all directions. 2 10. John Taylor (Industrialization /3/- H.9) A Virginian farmer and statesman, opposed the federal constitution and a growing government in Washington. He feared that the government might become excessively large and intrusive. He was a true Virginia planter and deeply connected to the land. 11. Adam Smith (Industrialization /5/- H.9) Adam Smith, an economist from Scotland, authored "The Wealth of Nations," a pioneering work on capital, industry, and commerce with a Christian worldview. He was seen by some as "The Father of Economics" or "The Father of Capitalism." 12. James Watt (The Textile Industry /2/- H.10) James Watt, a Scottish inventor and mechanical engineer, improved the steam engine during the Industrial Revolution. He initially worked as a mathematical instrument maker and became interested in enhancing steam engines. 13. George I (The Textile Industry /3/- H.10) George I, born in the German principality of Hanover, was the first of the Hanovarian line. He succeeded Queen Anne in 1714, with supporters of the House of Stuart (Jacobites) opposing him. He had German tastes and habits, never learned English, and spent his reign in Hanover. 14. William IV (The Textile Industry /3/- H.10) William IV, George III's third son, had a warmhearted but eccentric personality. His reign saw significant events like the Reform Bill of 1832, the abolition of colonial slavery, and other reforms. William's lack of political judgment and indifference to parliamentary bills characterized his rule. 15. Sir Walter Scott (The Textile Industry /5/- H.10) Sir Walter Scott was a Scottish historian, novelist, poet, and playwright. Many of his works remain classics of European and Scottish literature, capturing the essence of heroism, romanticism and dynamism. He was a non-politician, non-royal, and non-military man who played a crucial role in preventing England from a revolution similar to the French. Scott became a champion of heritage and a promoter of the connection between past and progress. 3