Governance and Development Midterm Reviewer PDF

Governance and Development Midterm Reviewer I. INTERSECTION OF ECONOMICS AND POLITICS Economic indicators show the economy’s health, helping businesses...

Governance and Development Midterm Reviewer I. INTERSECTION OF ECONOMICS AND POLITICS Economic indicators show the economy’s health, helping businesses plan and guiding government Economics (Greek; Oikos – Household, Nomos – Way policies to boost growth and stability. to run) Study of how individuals, governments, and institutions interact in producing, distributing, and Politics - The social system where power is gained and consuming goods and services. used by individuals or groups. the study of how individuals and societies choose Governance - The process of making and to allocate scarce resource. implementing decisions within society. Three Factors Influencing Economic Common Forms of Governance Democracy authority rest with the people 1. Price 2. Supply Autocracy centralizes power in one individual 3. Demand Oligarchy concentrate power in a small, elite group. Market Structure Political Institutions - structures and organizations that create, enforce, and implement rules and policies The classification of different industries based on within a political system. the level and nature of competition among firms. 1. Legislative - creates the law. Types of Market Structure: 2. Executive - implements and enforces the law. Pure Competition Many sellers with identical 3. Judiciary - interprets the law. Eq. Agricultural Market products at the same price Monopoly One seller dominates with a Intersection of Economics and Politics Eq. Local Utility Company unique product. Fiscal Policy - the use of government taxation and public Oligopoly A few large firms control the spending to influence the economy. Eq. Smart Phone Industry market. Monetary Policy - The way central bank influences Monopolistic Competition Many companies offer Eq. Resto Industry similar but distinct the economy through the management of the money products. supply and interest rates. Economic Indicators Public Spending - Government allocates funds to services and obligations (e.g., healthcare, 1. Gross Domestic Product (GDP): The total value of infrastructure), reflecting political priorities and goods and services produced in a country over a ideologies. specific period a. GDP Per Capita: GDP divided by the Budgeting - The government plans and allocates population, showing the average resources through taxation and borrowing, with economic output per person and political decisions determining how funds are indicating prosperity. distributed across various sectors. 2. Inflation Rate: The average increase in prices of a Key Concepts in Public Spending and Budgeting selected set of goods and services over time. 3. Unemployment Rate: The percentage of people Fiscal Policy: The government uses taxation and actively seeking jobs but not currently employed. spending to influence the economy, aiming to control growth, inflation, and employment levels. 1|Veracruz Notes  Governance and Development Midterm Reviewer Public Debt: The government borrows money to Invisible Hand cover deficits. It must be managed wisely to avoid excessive interest costs that could burden future A concept by Adam Smith, it explains how individuals budgets. pursuing their own self-interest in a free market Public Investment: Funds spent on long-term leads to efficient resource allocation and benefit infrastructure and services to drive economic society, without the need for government control. growth and improve public welfare. Invisible Hand Theory This theory suggests that when businesses seek Economic Condition and Electoral Outcomes profits and consumers seek the best deals, Economic Performance as an Indicator leaders are competition naturally regulates prices, balances rewarded votes depending on the status of economic supply and demand, and ensures efficient resource well-being to the current leadership distribution, all without government intervention. Problem of the Commons: The Tragedy of the Commons occurs when Economic Interest and Political Power: individuals overuse shared resources, acting in their self-interest without considering the long-term Economic interests involve businesses, industries, and consequences. This leads to depletion or wealthy individuals who aim to influence political environmental harm, as resources like fisheries, decisions to benefit their goals, often using significant clean air, and water are freely accessible to all but resources to impact policy. exploited, ultimately damaging everyone. Role of Campaign Finance and Economic Power: Campaign finance involves raising money to support Survival of the Fittest in Politics: political candidates. Wealthy groups or individuals fund The concept, borrowed from evolutionary theory, campaigns of candidates who align with their interests, suggests that individuals or groups best adapted to using financial power to gain influence, such as through the political, economic, and social environment are ads, rallies, or backing key politicians. more likely to succeed and thrive. In politics, this Contingent & Constraint Behavior implies that those with better resources, strategies, or influence are more likely to gain power, shape Contingent Constraint policies, and achieve their goals, while others may Decisions depend on certain struggle to keep up. Decisions are made conditions or events happening first. within limitations, In political systems, "survival of the fittest" suggests such as budget limits that those with the most influence—through wealth, Economic People or or other economic businesses act power, or persuasive abilities—are best positioned to factors that restrict based on expected shape policies and gain public support. Leaders or choices. outcomes in groups that adapt to societal needs and maintain different situations. strong networks are more likely to succeed, influence Political decisions are Actions or decisions decisions, and maintain political dominance. shaped by limitations are influenced by like laws, institutions, Political specific political or social factors that events or define what is possible circumstances. or feasible. 2|Veracruz Notes  Governance and Development Midterm Reviewer II. HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF PHILIPPINE Roles of Men and Women GOVERNANCE Men Women a. Power Point Discussion Responsible for hunting, Played key roles in agriculture, fishing, warfare, and trade, and family management; Main Era’s decision-making; Had rights to inherit property, The Philippines consisted of diverse tribes with Seen as protectors and engage in trade, and succeed to PRE- distinct languages, traditions, and political systems. providers. chieftainship in the absence of a COLONIAL Trade thrived, and social structures were based on male heir. ERA familial and communal ties. Spanish colonization began in 1565 with Miguel Influence of Indigenous Beliefs Lopez de Legazpi. Spain established centralized COLONIAL governance, economic systems, and introduced ERA Believed in multiple gods, each with specific Christianity. Nationalism grew, leading to resistance movements, notably the Philippine Revolution. roles, such as Bathalang Maykapal (Creator), Sidapa (god of death), and Lalahon (goddess of After the Spanish-American War in 1898, the Philippines was ceded to the United States. After harvest). POST Japanese occupation during WWII, the Philippines COLONIAL Showed respect for animals, plants, and spirits, gained independence in 1946. The country faced ERA social, political, and identity challenges while believing diseases were caused by building its sovereignty. environmental spirits' anger. Governance Structure of Pre-Colonial Trade and External Relations Barangay (Malay; balangay, meaning boat) Early trade in the Philippines was based on barter—goods exchanged without money. A political unit of 30 to 100 families, led by a datu. Filipino seafaring communities traded with Barangays formed alliances through a ritual neighboring regions like Malaysia, China, and called sanduguan. Vietnam, long before Spanish arrival. Conflicts were resolved through violence, with 1521: The Spanish arrived in the Philippines, led by the victorious group seen as being in the right. Ferdinand Magellan. Datu 1565: Significant Spanish colonization began with Miguel López de Legazpi The leader of a barangay, holding authority over the community. Spanish Colonial Era (1565-1898): The Philippines remained under Spanish rule for 333 years, with a powerful central The position was typically hereditary, but could authority and significant influence of the Catholic Church. also depend on merit and wealth. Colonial Numerous uprisings and revolts: Filipinos resisted foreign The datu acted as the executive, legislator, Era: Spanish domination throughout the Spanish colonial period. judge, and military commander during war. Colonizatio n (1565 - Introduction of Centralized Governance Social Hierarchy 1898) Power was concentrated in a national government, with local Nobles (datu and maharlika) governments having limited autonomy. Policies were uniformly applied, but local needs were often overlooked. Timawa (freemen) Alipin (slaves), divided into: o Aliping namamahay (household slaves) Political Structure o Aliping sagigilid (dependent slaves) National Government Maintained peace, collected taxes, and built public works. 3|Veracruz Notes  Governance and Development Midterm Reviewer Local Government Ilustrados - Educated Filipino middle class, influenced by liberal and nationalist ideas. Alcaldia: Led by Alcalde Mayor, governing fully subjugated provinces. Principalia - The local nobility, including Gobernadorcillo and Corrigimiento: Led by Corregidor, overseeing provinces not Cabeza de Barangay. yet fully controlled. Mestizos - People of mixed Filipino and foreign ancestry, Municipal Government such as Mestizo de Sangley (Filipino-Chinese), Mestizo de Español (Filipino-Spanish), and Tornatras (Filipino-Spanish- Gobernadorcillos: Local leaders who helped govern towns. Chinese). Cabeza de Barangay: Responsible for maintaining peace in villages. Indios - Native Filipinos of pure Filipino ancestry. Key officers: Teniente Mayor, Teniente de Policia, Teniente de Sementeras, and Teniente de Ganados. After Admiral Dewey's victory in Manila Bay, the U.S. took City Government control of the Philippines, which was ceded by Spain under the Treaty of Paris (1898). Ayuntamiento: Larger towns that evolved into cities. Cabildo: City council, including Alcalde (Mayor), Regidores The Philippine-American War (1899-1902) ensued as (Councilors), and Alguacil Mayor (Police Chief). Filipinos resisted U.S. rule, ending with a Peace Proclamation on July 4, 1902. Governor-General The U.S. aimed to establish democratic governance, creating The king’s representative, the highest-ranking official, a civilian government in 1901 with William Howard Taft as overseeing governance, appointments, tax collection, and the first governor-general. law enforcement. Key reforms included the establishment of a two-chambered Abuses Investigating Bodies legislature and educational changes, with English as the primary language. Residencia: Judicial court for assessing a governor-general’s performance. Benevolent Assimilation (1898) signified U.S. intent to Visita: Government official sent from Spain to observe the control the Philippines politically, but changing policies led to colony, reporting directly to the king. the end of this approach. Royal Audencia: The highest court, advising the governor- Government structure general and auditing colonial finances. The American Military Government (1898-1901) was led by Role of the Catholic Church military governors during the transition from Spanish to U.S. American rule: Colonization Catholicism became central to Filipino identity during (1898 - 1956) Spanish rule, with the Church dominating both religious and Gen. Merritt: First military governor after U.S. social life. occupation. Biak-na-bato Gen. Otis: Led during the Philippine-American War. The first Philippine republic, declared by Emilio Aguinaldo, lasted just over a month before being disbanded through a Gen. McArthur: Focused on military operations peace treaty with the Spanish. and pacification. Status of Filipino Women Gen. Chaffee: Oversaw the final stages of the war and the establishment of peace. Limited freedom and opportunities for education and professional work. In 1902, the military governor's position was abolished, and the civil governor-general became the executive authority in Women were confined to domestic roles and trained in the Philippines. The U.S. established an insular government, Colegios, exclusive schools operated by nuns, where they with a governor-general appointed by the U.S. president. were taught traditional skills like cooking, sewing, and music. Pres. Taft: Introduced governance reforms, Social Organization including the creation of the Philippine Assembly Peninsulares - Spaniards born in Spain, the wealthiest and (1907), the first national legislative body fully most powerful class. elected by Filipinos. Pres. Wilson: Shifted U.S. policy to focus on Insulares - Spaniards born in the Philippines, holding key eventual Philippine independence, emphasizing government and church roles. Filipino self-governance. 4|Veracruz Notes  Governance and Development Midterm Reviewer Jones Act (1916): Affirmed Philippine Infrastructure damage, widespread poverty, and independence and created a more autonomous political instability. legislature. Solutions: Tydings-McDuffie Act (1934): Established the Military modernization, social and political Philippine Commonwealth, leading to full rehabilitation, and economic recovery. independence in 1946. Authoritarian Rule May 1942: Japan captured Corregidor, marking the start of Authoritarianism: A system where power is Japanese military control in the Philippines during World concentrated in a single leader or elite, limiting War II. political rights, civil liberties, and freedom of thought, often with no clear process for 1943: Filipino collaborators under KALIBAPI ratified a new transferring power. constitution, establishing the "Puppet Government" or the 2nd Republic. Martial Law (1972) October 14, 1943: The Puppet Republic was officially Declared: September 23, 1972, under Proclamation No. 1081. inaugurated. Martial Reasons: Rising communist insurgency, political 1943: Japanese Premier Hideki Tojo declared that Japan Law and instability, corruption, and crime. Marcos Era would grant independence to the Philippines if it cooperated (1972- with Japan's Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere. Effects on Governance: 1986) Japanese Military Government: Established in the Civil Liberties: Suspended freedoms of speech, Philippines to maintain peace and order during Japanese press, assembly, and association. Japanese Colonization occupation. Human Rights Violations: Included extrajudicial (1942-1945) killings, torture, and arbitrary arrests of political January 21, 1943: Hideki Tojo declared the Republic of the opponents, journalists, and activists. Philippines, recognizing Filipino cooperation with the Corruption & Abuse of Power: Marcos and allies Japanese government. consolidated control, amassed wealth, and abused power. José P. Laurel: Elected president of the 2nd Republic of the Erosion of Democratic Institutions: Congress was Philippines (Puppet Government). dissolved, judiciary compromised, and media Vice Presidents: Benigno Aquino Sr. and Ramon Avencena. censored. Key Department Heads: Benigno Aquino Sr.: Interior 1987 Constitution: Crafted after the 1986 EDSA People Antonio De las Alas: Finance Power Revolution, which ended the Marcos dictatorship. It Rafael Alunan: Agriculture and Commerce replaced the 1973 Constitution and aims to restore Claro M. Recto: Education democracy and protect citizens' rights. Ratified in February Quintin Paredes: Public Welfare and Works 1987, it remains the current governing framework. José P. Laurel: Justice 1986-1987: The Freedom Constitution was in effect until the July 4, 1946: The Philippines was granted independence. new constitution was adopted in a plebiscite on February 2, Jones Act (1916): The U.S. announced its intention to 1987. withdraw sovereignty over the Philippines once a stable Key Developments: government was established. Restoration of 1987 Constitution: Re-established a republican and Tydings-McDuffie Act (1934): Set a 10-year plan for Democracy democratic government with three co-equal and Current Philippine independence and established the Governance branches (executive, legislative, and judiciary), POST- Commonwealth, replacing the Jones Act. ensuring checks and balances. COLONIAL Bill of Rights: Guarantees civil liberties like freedom ERA: 1935 Constitution: Ratified through a plebiscite, it created a of speech, religion, and the right to due process. Decentralization: Local Government Code (1991) Independenc e and political system similar to the U.S. and was amended in 1940. Establishmen It included a Bill of Rights, a four-year presidential term limit, granted more autonomy to local government units t of the and a bicameral legislature. (LGUs). Republic Social Justice & Human Rights: Focus on human The 1943 Constitution was imposed under Japanese rights, agrarian reform, and addressing inequality. occupation but was restored after World War II. Party-List System: Provides representation for marginalized groups in the House of Challenges Faced by the Commonwealth: Representatives. Political corruption, oligarchy, and foreign economic influence (e.g., the Bell Trade Act and Laurel-Langley Agreement). 5|Veracruz Notes  Governance and Development Midterm Reviewer III. PSYCHOSEXUAL DEVELOPMENT THEORY Focus: Genitals and awareness of anatomical differences. Conflict: Oedipus/Electra complex (rivalry and attraction Phallic to opposite-sex parent). Sigmund Freud (1856—1939) Stage 3 - 6 years Outcomes: Fixation may lead to issues with authority, Father of Psychoanalysis self-image, and relationships. Developed theories on the unconscious mind Focus: Dormant libido; a period of calm. and psychosexual development. No New Conflicts: Freud described this stage as a period Psychosexual Development Latency of psychosexual rest, where the libido is dormant and Stage sexual impulses are repressed. - Personality forms in early infancy through 6 years - puberty childhood experiences, shaping adult behavior. Outcomes: Repression of sexual impulses; unresolved - Discontinuous, with stages requiring guidance; issues can impact relationships and self-esteem. unresolved issues could result in fixation. Focus: Mature sexual interests and relationships. - Freud identified five stages of psychosexual Integration Rather Than Conflict: The genital stage development (oral, anal, phallic, latency, and Genital focuses on achieving a balance between individual genital), each focused on a body area he termed Stage desires and social expectations, reflecting maturity rather an "erogenous zone." (puberty than a specific internal conflict. onward) Outcomes: Successful development leads to a well- adjusted, caring adult. Key Concepts in Freud's Theory Freud’s theory outlines five developmental stages, with Summary each stage focused on satisfying libidinal urges in Freud's theory centers on five stages focused on different erogenous zones. erogenous zones, where unresolved conflicts can lead to Libido: The driving sexual energy. adult fixations. It introduces key ideas like libido, Fixation: Becoming stuck at a developmental fixation, and the id, ego, and superego's role in stage, potentially causing adult psychological personality development. issues. Erogenous Zone: Sensitive areas that bring pleasure during each stage. IV. ERIKSON’S STAGES OF PSYCHOSOCIAL DEVELOPMENT Freud’s Stages of Psychosexual Development. Erik Homburger Erikson Focus: Mouth (sucking reflex). Birth: June 15, 1902, in Frankfurt, Germany. Oral Stage Conflict: Weaning from breast milk. Contribution: Developed eight-stage theory of 0 - 18 psychosocial development. Outcomes: Oral fixation can lead to behaviors like months Key Concept: Each stage involves a central smoking, nail-biting, or overeating. conflict that shapes personality and social skills. Focus: Anus (toilet training). Legacy: Concepts like "identity crisis" have Conflict: Control over bowel movements. heavily influenced psychology and education. Anal Stage 18 months Outcomes: Strict training may lead to an “anal- Erikson's Psychosocial Theory - 3 years retentive” personality (organized), while lenient training may result in an “anal-expulsive” personality Foundation: Builds on Freud’s theories, (disorganized). focusing on social and cultural influence across life stages. 6|Veracruz Notes  Governance and Development Midterm Reviewer Key Idea: Each stage presents a conflict that 3. Play Age (Initiative vs. Guilt) must be resolved to develop a stable sense of Virtue: Purpose self and strong interpersonal skills. Focus: Initiative through exploration (Taking Assumptions of Psychosocial Development initiative and exploring new activities) 1. Epigenetic Principle: Development follows a Outcome: Confidence or guilt from restriction biological and cultural unfolding; progress in (Confidence in decision-making or guilt over actions) each stage is affected by success in previous stages. 4. School Age (Industry vs. Inferiority) 2. Syntonic (Harmonious): Traits or instincts that align with one’s values and beliefs. Virtue: Competence 3. Dystonic (Disruptive): Thoughts or behaviors Focus: Mastery of tasks (academic, social) (Learning that feel distressing or incompatible with one’s to complete tasks and developing skills) self-concept. Outcome: Pride in accomplishments (Pride in 4. Basic Strength: Arises from balancing syntonic achievements or feelings of inferiority.) and dystonic elements, forming ego strength. 5. Core Pathology: Results from insufficient basic 5. Adolescence (Identity vs. Confusion) strength in a stage. Virtue: Fidelity 6. Identity Crisis: Key turning points where a Focus: Self-identity exploration (Exploring self- person re-evaluates identity. identity and personal values) Outcome: Strong self-concept or confusion about one’s role. 1. Infancy (Trust vs. Mistrust) Virtue: Hope 6. Early Adulthood (Intimacy vs. Isolation) Focus: Sense of security (Developing trust in Virtue: Love caregivers) Focus: Forming intimate relationships (Building Outcome: Trust or mistrust in the world (Feeling close relationships) secure or, if needs aren’t met, developing mistrust) Outcome: Commitment and trust (Healthy, lasting relationships or social isolation) 2. Early Childhood (Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt) 7. Middle Age (Generativity vs. Stagnation) Virtue: Will Virtue: Care Focus: Independence (e.g., feeding and dressing oneself) Focus: Contributing to society (Contributing to family, work, and society) Outcome: Autonomy or shame/doubt (Confidence in personal abilities or feelings of shame and doubt) Outcome: Productivity and purpose or a sense of stagnation. 7|Veracruz Notes  Governance and Development Midterm Reviewer 8. Old Age (Integrity vs. Despair) Virtue: Wisdom Focus: Life reflection Outcome: A sense of fulfillment or regret over missed opportunities. 1. Importance of Completing Each Stage o Builds resilience, fosters personal growth, and promotes social stability. 2. Possible Deviations o Premature Adulthood: Early assumption of adult roles. o Arrested Development: Unresolved conflicts hinder progression. 3. Significance of Psychosocial Development in Governance o Helps understand human behavior, promotes social stability, supports mental health, fosters ethical governance, and encourages inclusive, long-term societal growth. 8|Veracruz Notes