Good Governance Lecture Notes PDF

1 Good governance Lecturer : Ahmed Ibrahim Yusuf ( Ahmed Najaad) BA &MPM  2 Chapter 1 The Concept & Theories of Governance  3 the CONCEPT OF GOVERNANCE In most dictionaries “government” an...

1 Good governance Lecturer : Ahmed Ibrahim Yusuf ( Ahmed Najaad) BA &MPM  2 Chapter 1 The Concept & Theories of Governance  3 the CONCEPT OF GOVERNANCE In most dictionaries “government” and “governance” are interchangeably used, both denoting the exercise of authority in an organization, institution or state.  4 Government is the name given to the entity exercising that authority. Authority can most simply define as legitimate power. Whereas power is the ability to influence the behavior of others, authority is the right to do so. 5  6 Types of authorit traditionaly authority is rooted in history, charismatic authority stems from personality and legal-authority is grounded in a set of impersonal rules.  7 charismatic authority  8 What is good governance ?  9 Good Governance promoting fairness, transparency and accountability. in broad terms, governance is about the institutional environment in which citizens interact among themselves and with government agencies/officials. (ADB, 2005).  10 9/19/2021 11  12 How we can assess country of good governance ?  13 Country Governance Assessment The sound exercise of political, economic, and administrative authority to manage a country’s resources for development. It involves the institutionalization of a system through which citizens, institutions, organizations, and groups in a society coherent their interests, exercise their rights, and mediate their differences in pursuit of the collective good. 14  15 the Institute on Governance defines governance as the process whereby societies or organizations make their important decisions, determine who has voice, who is engaged in the process and how account is rendered. 16 17 18  19 Good governance Good governance is, among other things, participatory, transparent and accountable. It is also effective and unbiased. And it promotes the rule of law.  20 Governance has three legs economic, political and administrative. i.Economic governance includes decision-making processes that affect a country's economic activities and its relationships with other economies. It clearly has major suggestions for equity, poverty and quality of life. 21  22 i.Political governance is the process of decision- making to formulate policy. ii. Administrative governance is the system of policy implementation  23 Critical thinking what is sustainable human ? development  24 what is sustainable human development? Human development as expanding the choices for all people in society. This means that men and women - particularly the poor and vulnerable - are at the center of the development process. It also means "protection of the life opportunities of future generations...and...the natural systems on which all life depends“.  25 GOVERNANCE & SUSTAINABLE HUMAN DEVELOPMENT: UNDP believes that developing the capacity of good governance is the primordial way to eliminate poverty. Notions of good governance and the link between governance and sustainable human development vary greatly. 9/19/2021 26  27 Cont. This makes the central purpose of development the creation of an enabling environment in which all can enjoy long, healthy and creative lives.  28 Critical thinking What are aspects to sustainable ? human development  29 aspects to sustainable human development here are five aspects to sustainable human development - all affecting the lives of the poor and vulnerable. Empowerment - The expansion of men and women's capabilities and choices increases their ability to exercise those choices free of hunger, want and insufficiency. It also increases their opportunity to participate in decision- making affecting their lives. 30  31 cont. Co-operation - With a sense of belonging important for personal fulfillment, wellbeing and a sense of purpose and meaning, human development is concerned with the ways in which people work together and interact.  32 Equity - The expansion of capabilities and opportunities means more than income - it also means equity, such as an educational system to which everybody should have access 33  34 cont. Sustainability - The needs of this generation must be met without negotiating the right of future generations to be free of poverty and deprivation and to exercise their basic capabilities.  35 Security - Particularly the security of livelihood. People need to be freed from threats, such as disease and from sudden harmful disruptions in their lives 36  37 Critical thinking Why we Need for Good ? Governance  38 The Need for Good Governance: Why Governance Matters Good governance creates a strong future for an organization by continuously steering towards a vision and making sure that day-to- day management is always lined up with the organization’s goals. At its core, governance is about leadership. 39  40 Evaluation Essay 1) What is your understanding of the concept of governance? and What is your own concept of governance. Explain. 2.) Explain the shift of government to governance  41 Chapter 2  42 The State The state is the principal actor of government to facilitate participation and provide an enabling environment to other elements of the society.  43 Key Actors in Governance  44 The state as enabler provides for the legal and regulatory framework and political order within which firms and organizations can plan and act. It encourages citizens to act by liberating them from the fear of military punishments when they criticize policies or serve marginalized groups. It can assure private firms that policies are fair and not subject to notion or whim or the private interest of political officials.  45 The state as resource provider facilitates by providing resources to assist markets and communities. Such resources include information, technical expertise, research and development programs, physical infrastructure as well as grants-in- aid or incentive schemes.  46 The Local Government The Local Government is an road where the civil society groups at the community level can participate meaningfully in the decision making processes.  47 Cont. The Local Government also maintains a political order and provides the necessary resources such as technical expertise and infrastructure to the various groups, most especially to those who are places at disadvantaged position.  48 As an enabler, the local government likewise provides the environment for the development of full potentials of its citizens guided by the “overarching goals of respecting, protecting and satisfying basic human rights for all and of empowering everyone to shape their own destiny under a government in which the realization of basic rights is guaranteed”.  49 Roles of the States and Key Milestones in Governance Table 1 Sound Development Key Milestones Management Roles of the State Enact and enforce laws 1. Creating a that promote economic conducive competition economic Decentralize economic environment decision making and stabilize inflation.  50 Cont. 2. Protecting the Ensure the survival Vulnerable of pension systems. Establish and maintain a system of private health and social insurance  51 Cont. 3. improving Protect professional civil government servants from political efficiency and interference in carrying out responsiveness their responsibilities Establish a civil service system that is flexible enough to facilitate communication between the public and private sector  52 Cont. 4.Empowering people and democratizing the political system  53 Respond quickly to 5) Decentralizing local needs and the administrative conditions system Strengthen sub- national units of governments  54 Cont. 6) Reducing gaps between rich and poor  55 Cont. 8) Encouraging social integration Maintain cultural identity and roots while promoting social cohesion.  56 The Private or Business Sector Corporate Governance In governance parlance, the private/business sector serves as the engine of the society. It is an important collaborator in the economic development of the community. It generates jobs and incomes for the people in the community. Because of its resources such as financial and technical expertise, it can assist the local government in coming up with an economic plan for the community and help in the implementation of the plan.  57 The Civil Society the Civil Society consists of the complex of citizens and groups outside government working in the public arena. It is often called as CSOs- civil society organizations and also sometimes referred to as the Third Sector. The civil society comprises the academe or schools, NGO’s e.g. Association of Schools of Public Administration. Other civil society groups include POs and the voluntary groups.  58 The Civil Society civil society organizations and also sometimes referred to as the Third Sector. this sector plays an important role in the facilitation and interaction among the key players of local governance. It mobilizes the various groups or organizations in the community to participate in planning and decision- making process.  59 Chapter 3 The Characteristics of Good Governance  60 What is good governance? Like government, governance can be good or bad. Bad government and bad governance have similar characteristics: Corruption. the criteria for good governance and would be the same as good governance. They include accountability and ethics in decision-making and implementation, transparency and predictability.  61 Good governance is about both achieving desired results and achieving them in the right way.  62 Good governance is, among other things, participatory, transparent and accountable. It is also effective and equitable/ unbiased. And it promotes the rule of law. Good governance ensures that political, social and economic priorities are based on broad consensus in society and that the voices of the poorest and the most vulnerable are heard in decision-making over the allocation of development resources.  63 THE EIGHT CHARACTERISTICS OF GOOD GOVERNANCE Good governance is participatory, consensus oriented, accountable, transparent, responsive, effective and efficient, equitable and inclusive and follows the rule of law.  64 Participation Participation by both men and women is a key cornerstone of good governance All men and women should have a voice in decision- making, either directly or through legitimate intermediate institutions that represent their interests  65 Rule of law Legal frameworks should be fair and enforced impartially, particularly the laws on human rights.  66 Transparency transparency means that decisions taken and their enforcement are done in a manner that follows rules and regulations. available and directly accessible to those who will be affected by such decisions and their enforcement It also means that information is freely.  67 Responsiveness Institutions and processes try to serve all stakeholders. Good governance requires that institutions and processes try to serve all stakeholders within a reasonable timeframe.  68 Consensus oriented Good governance mediates differing interests to reach a broad consensus on what is in the best interests of the group and, where possible, on policies and procedures.  69 Equity and inclusiveness All men and women have opportunities to improve or maintain their well-being. 70  71 Effectiveness and efficiency Processes and institutions produce results that meet needs while making the best use of resources. Good governance means that processes and institutions produce results that meet the needs of society while making the best use of resources at their disposal.  72 Accountability Decision-makers in government, the private sector and civil society organizations are accountable to the public, as well as to institutional stakeholders. This accountability differs depending on the organization and whether the decision is internal or external to an organization.  73 our Basic Elements of Good Governance 1.Accountability 2.Participation 3.Predictability : Predictability refers to the existence of laws, regulations and policies to regulate society; and their fair and consistent application. 4.Transparency. 5.Fairness  74 CHAPTER 4 Issues & Challenges on Governance  75 FACTORS/PROCESSES PUSHING FOR GOVERNANCE The International Monetary Fund (IMF) identified several factors/processes pushing for governance, good governance, in particular. These are: 1.the mission for growth and development 2. the environmental movement 3.globalization 4. consolidation  76 KEY ISSUES and CHALLENGES IN GOVERNANCE 1.Policy Issues, Concerns, and Challenges: Different sets of forces each influence the different stages of public policy making, namely, decisions on (i) including items in the agenda, (ii) developing any particular agenda item, (iii) passing legislation, and (iv) implementing new laws.  77 2. Problems in the Bureaucracy Bureaucracy is a distinctive arrangement used by human beings to organize their activities. The invention of Western bureaucracy several centuries ago helped solve the problem for leaders of governing human systems that grew larger and more complicated with each passing year.  78 A) Corruption Corruption damages the development process in many ways. It undermines social confidence in the willingness and capacity of public institutions to fulfill their obligations to the people and it reinforces existing power relationships that are themselves typically part of the development problem. Losses due to corruption deepen poverty as they deprive the disadvantaged sectors of much needed programmed and environmental stewardship.  79 B. Criminalization The Convention requires countries to establish criminal and other offences to cover a wide range of acts of corruption, if these are not already crimes under domestic law. In some cases, States are legally obliged to establish offences; in other cases, in order to take into account differences in domestic law, they are required to consider doing so.  80 C. International cooperation Countries agreed to cooperate with one another in every aspect of the fight against corruption, including prevention, investigation, and the prosecution of offenders. Countries are bound by the Convention to render specific forms of mutual legal assistance in gathering and transferring evidence for use in court, to extradite offenders.  81 D. Asset recovery In a major breakthrough, countries agreed on asset-recovery, which is stated explicitly as a fundamental principle of the Convention. This is a particularly important issue for many developing countries where high-level corruption has plundered the national wealth, and where resources are badly needed for reconstruction and the rehabilitation of societies under new governments.  82 issue on Public Fiscal Management Another issue on good governance is on public fiscal management. Prior to government reform programmed, there were weaknesses and constraints in fiscal management, especially in the budgeting process. Some of these constraints are still lingering.