Himachal Pradesh District Good Governance Index 2022 PDF

Government of Himachal Pradesh District Good Governance Index 2022 Economic & Statistics Department Himachal Pradesh 111 111 111 111 111 111  Contents S. No. TITLE...

Government of Himachal Pradesh District Good Governance Index 2022 Economic & Statistics Department Himachal Pradesh 111 111 111 111 111 111  Contents S. No. TITLE PAGE NO 1 Himachal Pradesh: the land of gods 1-8 1.1 Historical Background 1 1.2 Physical Features 2 1.3 Climate 2 1.4 Soils 2 1.5 Demographic Profile 2 1.6 Economic profile of the State 3 1.6.1 Agriculture/Horticulture 5 1.7 Tourism Profile 6 1.8 Employment 7 Himachal at a glance and Districts Profile 9-33 2 Himachal Pradesh District Good Governance Index-2022 34-43 2.1 Introduction 34 2.2 Need for District Good Governance Index (DGGI) 35 2.3 DGGI in Himachal Pradesh 35 2.4 Approaches to the DGGI Framework 36 2.4.1 Citizen Centric Approach 36 2.4.2 Pragmatic Approach 37 2.4.3 Generic-to-Specific Approach 37 2.4.4 Simple and Quantitative 38 2.5 Principles of Selection of Governance Indicators 38 2.6 Themes (Sectors) 40 2.6.1 Essential Infrastructure 40 2.6.2 Support to Human Development 41 2.6.3 Social Protection 42 2.6.4 Women and Children 42 2.6.5 Crime Law & Order 42 2.6.6 Environmental Violations 42 2.6.7 Transparency Accountability 42 2.6.8 Economic Performance 43 3 Approach and Methodology 44-58 3.1 Methodology 44  3.2 Data Source 54 3.3 Components of Good Governance Index Framework 54 3.3.1 Ranking Computation 55 3.3.2 Normalisation of Indicator value 55 3.3.3 Assigning Weightages 56 3.3.4 Computation of score and ranking 57 3.3.5 Data Validation 58 3.3.6 Limitation of Index 58 4 Ranking 59-87 4.1 Overall theme-wise ranking with final score 59 4.1.1 Essential Infrastructure 59 4.1.1.1 Power Index 60 4.1.1.2 Water Index 60 4.1.1.3 Road Index 61 4.1.1.4 Essential Infrastructure Index (Theme-I) 61 4.1.2 Support to Human Development 63 4.1.2.1 Education Index 63 4.1.2.2 Health Index 64 4.1.2.3 Support to Human Development Index (Theme-II) 64 4.1.3 Social Protection 66 4.1.3.1 Public Distribution System Index 66 4.1.3.2 Social Justice and Empowerment 67 4.1.3.3 Employment 67 4.1.3.4 Social Protection Index (Theme-III) 68 4.1.4 Woman and Children 70 4.1.4.1 Children Index 70 4.1.4.2 Women Index 71 4.1.4.3 Women and Children Index (Theme-IV) 71 4.1.5 Crime, Law and Order 73 4.1.5.1 Violent Crime Index 73 4.1.5.2 Law and Order Index 74 4.1.5.3 Atrocities Index 74 4.1.5.4 Crime, Law and Order Index (Theme-V) 75 4.1.6 Environment 76 4.1.6.1 Environmental Violations Index 76 4.1.6.2 Forest Cover Index 77 4.1.6.3 Environment Index (Theme-VI) 77 4.1.7 Transparency and Accountability 78 4.1.7.1 Transparency Index 78 4.1.7.2 Accountability Index 79 4.1.7.3 Transparency and Accountability (Theme-VII) 79 4.1.8 Economic Performance 80 4.1.8.1 Agriculture and Allied Sector Index 81 4.1.8.2 Commerce and Industry Sector Index 81 4.1.8.3 Economic Performance (Theme-VIII) 82 4.2 District Good Governance Index-2022 84 4.2.1 Individual Scores for each of the themes 85 4.2.2 DGGI 2020, 2021 and 2022 Comparison 87 5. Delta Analysis for Selected Indicators of DGGI 88-96 5.1 Introduction 88 5.1 Education 89 5.2 Health 90 5.3 Women and Children 92 6. Indicators wise-Need for Intervention 97-103 Annexure 1 104-111  List of Figures S. NO. FIGURES PAGE NO 1. Figure-1.1 Per Capita Income, Himachal Pradesh and 4 All India, 2011-12 to 2022-23 2. Figure-1.2 Percentage Contribution of Different Sectors 5 to GSDP 2018-19 to 2022-23 3. Figure-2.1 Approaches to the DGGI Framework 36 4. Figure-2.2 Citizen Centric Approach 37 5. Figure-2.3 Generic-to-Specific Approach 38 6. Figure-2.4 Principles of Selection of Governance 39 Indicators 7. Figure-3.1 Major Sources of Data 54 8. Figure-5.1 Retention rate at primary level (Niti Ayog 88 Indicator) 9. Figure-5.2 Transition rate from upper – primary to 89 Secondary level (Niti Ayog Indicator) 10. Figure-5.3 IMR per 1000 live births 90 11. Figure-5.4 Full Immunization 90 12. Figure-5.5 Sex ratio at birth (number of girls born per 91 1000 boys born) 13. Figure-5.6 Crime against Children 91 14. Figure-5.7 % of Beneficiaries under ICDS 92 15. Figure-5.8 Child Sex Ratio 92 16. Figure-5.9 Stunted 93 17. Figure-5.10 Wasted 93 18. Figure-5.11 Under weight 94 19. Figure-5.12 Severely malnourished 94 20. Figure-5.13 Institutional Delivery 95  List of Tables S. NO. TABLES PAGE NO 1. Table-1.1: Demographic Trends during 1981-2011 3 2. Table-1.2: Summary of Himachal Pradesh Agro Statistics 6 3. Table-1.3: Tourist arrivals (In lakh) 7 4. Table-1.4: Employment Statistics 8 5. Table-1.5: Himachal Pradesh at a glance 9 6. Table-1.6: Socio-Economic Profile of Bilaspur District 11 7. Table-1.7: Socio-Economic Profile of Chamba District 13 8. Table-1.8: Socio-Economic Profile of Hamirpur District 15 9. Table-1.9: Socio-Economic Profile of Kangra District 17 10. Table-1.10: Socio-Economic Profile of Kinnaur District 19 11. Table-1.11: Socio-Economic Profile of Kullu District 21 12. Table-1.12: Socio-Economic Profile of Lahul-Spiti District 23 13. Table-1.13: Socio-Economic Profile of Mandi District 25 14. Table-1.14: Socio-Economic Profile of Shimla District 27 15. Table-1.15: Socio-Economic Profile of Sirmaur District 29 16. Table-1.16: Socio-Economic Profile of Solan District 31 17. Table-1.17: Socio-Economic Profile of Una District 33 18. Table 3.1: Themes, Focus Subjects and Indicators 45 19. Table 5.1: Indicators, Description and Value of Delta 88 Analysis  Abbreviations ACB Anti Corruption ASER Annual Status of Education Report. CAGR Compound Annual Growth Rate CRS Civil Registration System DDP District Domestic Product DDU-GKY Deen Dayal Upadhayay Grameen Kaushal Yojana DESHP Economic and Statistics Department of Himachal Pradesh DGGI District Good Governance Index FR First Revised FRE First Revised Estimate FY Financial Year GDV Gross District Value GER Gross Enrolment Ratio GGI Good Governance Index GoI Government of India GSDP State Gross Domestic Product Hect. Hectare HIMCARE Himachal Health Care Scheme HWC Health and Wellness Centres ICDS Integrated Child Development Scheme IMR Infant Mortality Rate KCC Kisan Credit Card MGNREGA Mahatama Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act MMSY Mukhya Mantri Swavalamban Yojna MSME Micro, Small & Medium Enterprises MT Metric Tonnes MW Megawatt NCDs Non-communicable Diseases NFHS National Family Health Survey Nos. Numbers PAC Public Affairs Centre PAI Public Affairs Index PAI Public Affair Index PLFS Periodic Labour Force Survey RCMS Revenue Court Monitoring System SAIFI System Average Frequency Index SC Scheduled Castes SDG Sustainable Development Goals SR Second Revised SRE Second Revised Estimate SSS State Subsidy Scheme ST Scheduled Tribes TB Tuberculosis TPDS Targeted Public Distribution System U DISE Unified District Information System for Education WIFS Weekly Iron and Folic Acid Supplements Himachal Pradesh  1. Himachal Pradesh: the land of gods 1.1 Historical Background Himachal Pradesh came into being on 15th April, 1948 as a centrally administered territory by the integration of 30 erstwhile princely States. At that time the State had four districts viz. Chamba, Mahasu, Mandi and Sirmaur and its area was 25,839 sq. kms. Later in 1951, it became a part “C” State under a Governor with a 36 Member Legislative Assembly and a three member cabinet. In 1954, Bilaspur, another part ‘C’ State was merged with Himachal Pradesh thereby adding one more district with an area of 1,168 sq. kms. and the strength of its Assembly was raised to 41. In 1956, despite the majority recommendations of the State Re-organization Commission for its merger with Punjab, Himachal Pradesh retained its separate entity. On November 1, 1956 it again became a Union Territory under an Administrator designated as Lieutenant Governor and its Assembly was abolished. In 1960, a new border district of Kinnaur was carved out of Mahasu district. Then in 1963, Assembly was revived and a popular Ministry was formed. Till October, 1966 the old Himachal Pradesh comprised the six hill districts of Bilaspur, Chamba, Kinnaur, Mahasu, Mandi and Sirmaur with an area of 27,007 sq. kms. having a population of 13, 51,144 persons (1951 Census). On 1st November, 1966, it was enlarged by merging the district of Kangra, Shimla, Kullu, Lahaul-Spiti, the Nalagarh tehsil of Ambala district, some parts of Una tehsil of Hoshiarpur district and Dalhousie of Gurdaspur district of the then Punjab State. With this merger the total area of Himachal Pradesh increased to 55,673 sq. kms. and its population to 28,12,463(1961 Census).Now it comprised the Districts of Bilaspur, Chamba, Kangra, Kinnaur, Kullu, Lahaul-Spiti, Mahasu, Mandi, Shimla and Sirmaur. On 25th January, 1971, Himachal Pradesh attained Statehood. Reorganizations of the districts took place on 1st September, 1972 as a consequence two more new districts namely Una and Hamirpur were created mainly as a result of trifurcation of the erstwhile Kangra district. Also from the then existing districts of Mahasu and Shimla, new districts of Shimla and Solan were formed by reorganizing the boundaries of old districts. Presently, the strength of Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh is 68. To the Union Legislature, Himachal Pradesh is represented by 4 Members to Lok Sabha and 3 Members to Rajya Sabha. There are Five Government Universities in the Pradesh. One for general education with its seat at Shimla, the other Agricultural University with its seat at Palampur, the third is Horticulture and Forestry University with its seat at Nauni 1 (Solan), Fourth Technical University with its seat at Hamirpur and Fifth is Center University with its seat at Dharamshala in Kangra District (H.P.). 1.2 Physical Features Himachal Pradesh is almost wholly mountainous with altitudes ranging from 350 metres to 7,026 metres above the mean sea level. Its location is between Latitude 30 o 22’40” N to 33o 12’40” N and Longitude 75o 45’55”E to 79o 04’20” E. It has deeply dissected topography complex geological structure and a rich temperate flora in the sub-tropical latitudes. Physiographically, the State can be divided in to five zones-viz. (i) Wet Sub-temperate zone, (ii) humid sub-temperate zone, (iii) dry temperate-alpine high lands, (iv) humid sub-tropical zone, and (v) sub-humid sub-tropical zone. Wet sub- temperate zone comprises Palampur and Dharamshala of Kangra district, Jogindernagar area of Mandi district and Dalhousie area of Chamba district, humid sub-temperate zone comprises the district of Kullu, Shimla, parts of Mandi, Solan, Chamba, Kangra and Sirmaur, Dry temperate- Alpine High lands include major parts of Lahaul-Spiti, Pangi and Kinnaur, humid sub-tropical zone consists of Bilaspur, Bhattiyat valley of District Chamba, Nalagarh area of District Solan, Dehra-gopipur and Nurpur areas of district Kangra and sub-humid tropical zone comprises of District Una, Paonta-Sahib area of District Sirmaur, and Indora area of District Kangra. 1.3 Climate Himachal Pradesh lies in the lap of Himalayas. Its climate is largely conditioned by that single factor. It varies from mild to cold with area under snowing winters. In the year 2022, the rainfall of the State is 1094.7 mm and the maximum rainfall is recorded in Kangra District. 1.4 Soils The soils of Himachal Pradesh can be broadly divided into nine groups on the basis of their development and physiochemical properties. These groups are alluvial soils, brown hill soils, brown earths, brown forest soils, grey wooded or podzolic soils, grey brown podzolic soils, plansolic soils, humus and iron podzols and Alpine humus mountain skeletal soils. 1.5 Demographic Profile The total population of Himachal Pradesh is 68.65 lakh as per 2011 census with a density of 123 persons. The highest density 407 is in Hamirpur district and the lowest 2 in Lahaul-Spiti district. According to 2011 census, Number of females per thousand males is 972. The population of the State registered a decadal growth of 12.94 percent as against 17.54 percent in the preceding decade of 1991-2001. This reflects a 4.6 percentage points decline as compared to the preceding decade of 1991-2001. 2  Table-1.1 Demographic Trends during 1981-2011 Sr. No. Item Unit 1981 1991 2001 2011 Projected Census Census Census Population as Census on Dec. 2023 1. Population: (a) Total Lakh Persons 42.81 51.71 60.78 68.65 78.06 (b) Male Lakh Persons 21.70 26.17 30.88 34.82 39.51 (c) Female Lakh Persons 21.10 25.53 29.90 33.83 38.55 2. Scheduled Castes Lakh Persons 10.54 13.10 15.02 17.29 19.41 3. Scheduled Tribes Lakh Persons 1.97 2.18 2.45 3.92 4.36 4. Density of Population per Persons 77 93 109 123 140 Square Kilometre 5. Decennial Growth of percent 23.71 20.79 17.54 12.94 11.80 Population 6. Literacy Percentage: Census 2011 (a) Total percent 42.33 63.75 76.48 82.80 82.80 (b) Male percent 53.19 75.36 85.35 89.53 89.53 (c) Female percent 31.46 52.13 67.42 75.93 75.93 7. Percentage Composition: (a) Rural Population percent 92.40 91.31 90.20 89.97 89.97 (b)Urban Population percent 7.60 8.69 9.80 10.03 10.03 8. Percentage of Total Population: (a) Scheduled Castes percent 24.62 25.34 24.72 25.19 25.19 (b) Scheduled Tribes percent 4.61 4.22 4.02 5.71 5.71 9. Sex Ratio Females per 973 976 968 972 976 (as on 1000 Males Dec. 2023) Source: Statistical Abstract of Himachal Pradesh (2022-23), Economic & Statistics Department, Govt. of Himachal Pradesh. 1.6 Economic profile of the State: The State of Himachal is becoming a vibrant economy of the country due to the steady efforts of the simple and hardworking people of the State and progressive policies of the Central and State Government. Today Himachal could become the most prosperous and fastest growing economy in the country. The economy of the State is expected to achieve a growth rate of 6.4 per cent in the financial year 2022-23. The State Gross Domestic Product (GSDP) at current prices, is estimated at ₹1,76,269 crore in 2021-22 First Revised Estimate (FRE) as against ₹1,55,251 crore in 2020-21 Second Revised Estimate (SRE) showed a increase of 13.5 per cent during the year. GSDP at constant (2011-12) prices in 2021-22 (FRE) is estimated at ₹1,26,433 crore against ₹1,17,555 crore in 2020-21 (SRE) registering a growth of 7.6 per cent during the year as against the negative growth rate of -3.0 per cent for the previous year. 3 Figure-1.1: Per Capita Income, Himachal Pradesh and All India, 2011-12 to 2022- 23. 170620 2022-23 (A) 222227 150007 2021-22 (FR) 201271 126855 2020-21(SR) 177924 132115 2019-20 186559 125946 2018-19 174804 115224 2017-18 165497 104880 2016-17 150290 94797 2015-16 135512 86647 2014-15 123299 79118 2013-14 114095 70983 2012-13 99730 63462 2011-12 87721 25000 75000 125000 175000 225000 All India Himachal Pradesh Note: SR-Second Revised, FR-First Revised Source: Economic & Statistics Department, Govt. of Himachal Pradesh Per capita income of the State has increased manifold since 1971, when it was lower than the national per capita income. Today, Himachal Pradesh has considerably higher per capita income as compared to the national per capita income. According to first revised estimates, the per capita income of Himachal Pradesh in 2021-22 stood at Rs 2,01,271 (FR) this shows an increase of 13.1 per cent over 2020-21 (SR) (Rs. 1,77,924) in the State. The economy of the state has undergone drastic structural changes since 1971 when it became a full-fledged state. The structural composition of state economy highlights that the dependence of the economy on the primary sector has declined and that on the secondary and tertiary sectors has been increasing. The share of primary sector in GSDP has decreased tremendously from 58 per cent in the year 1970-71 to 47.22 percent in 1980-81. It further declined to 35 per cent in 1990-91 and to 25 per cent in 2000-01 and further decreased to 17 per cent in 2011-12 and further to 14 per cent in the year 2020-21 (SR). The contribution of primary sector estimated at 13.4 per cent in 2021-22 (FR). As far as the contribution of secondary sector in GSDP is concerned, it increased from 18.4 per cent in the year 1970-71 to 43.1 per cent in 2021- 22 (FR). Similarly the share of tertiary sector in GSDP has also increased from 23.8 per cent in the year 1970-71 to 43.6 per cent in 2021-22 (FR). 4 Figure-1.2: Percentage Contribution of Different Sectors to GSDP 2018-19 to 2022-23. 2022-23 (A) 13.7 42.7 43.6 2021-22 (FR) 13.4 43.1 43.5 2020-21 (SR) 14.2 44.1 41.7 2019-20 15.7 42.3 42.1 2018-19 13.1 44.9 42.0 Primary Secondary Tertiary Note: SR-Second Revised, FR-First Revised Source: Economic & Statistics Department, Govt. of Himachal Pradesh 1.6.1 Agriculture/Horticulture Agriculture is an important source of State Income (GSDP). About 13.47 per cent of the total GSDP comes from agriculture and its allied sectors. Out of the total geographical area of State (55.67 lakh hectare) the area of operational holdings is about 9.44 lakh hectares and is operated by 9.97 lakh farmers with an average holding size is about 0.95 hectare. Agriculture occupies an important position in the economy of Himachal Pradesh. Himachal Pradesh is the only state in the country with around 90% of population (Census 2011) living in rural areas. Therefore dependency on Agriculture/ Horticulture is eminent as employment share in primary sector accounts to 62% of total workers of the State. Agriculture is beset with the disadvantage of small holdings. Distribution of land holdings according to 2015-16 Agricultural Census shows that 88.86 per cent of the total holdings belongs to small and marginal farmers. About 10.84 per cent of holdings are owned by semi medium and medium farmers and only 0.30 per cent by large farmers. There is hardly any scope for mechanized farming due to preponderance of small holdings and terraced fields. Against all these odds, the farmers of Himachal Pradesh are constantly endeavoring to exploit fully the agricultural potential of the State to increase food production and also to supplement the income by producing quality cash crops. Wheat, barley, paddy and maize are the important cereal crops under cultivation. Seed potato, ginger and off-season vegetables are the important cash crops. There is potential for the development of crops like hops, mushrooms, olives, saffron and zeera. 5  Horticulture in the upper reaches and mid hills and cereals in the valley seems to be the schematic design of the things, the nature has designed of Himachal Pradesh. Himachal Pradesh Government and the farmers have seized this opportunity and today this Pradesh has emerged as the ‘Horticultural State of India. Apple is the major horticultural crop, the production of which was 672.34 lakh tonne during 2022- 23. Bulk of the apple is produced in five districts viz. Shimla, Kullu, Mandi, Kinnaur and Chamba. Table-1.2 Summary of Himachal Pradesh Agro Statistics Sr. Indicators Growth/Ratio No /Production 1 Agriculture GSDP at Current Prices (2021 -22 FR) (Rs. In Lakh) 2186611  Crop GSDP at Current Prices (2021 -22FR) (Rs. In Lakh) 1328656  Live Stock GSDP at Current Prices (2021 -22 FR) (Rs. In Lakh) 250736 2 Growth of Agriculture and Allied Sector at real GSDP (2021-22 FR) 4.9 3 Agriculture Sector's Contribution in GSDP (2021-22 FR) % 13.14 4 Food Grain Production (2021-22) (000, tonnes) 1692.03 6 Yield - total Food Grain (2020-21) (unit per Hectare estimated) 2.09 7 Employment Share in Primary Sector (2021-22) 57.23 8 Rice Production (2021-22) (000, tonnes) 199.05 9 Wheat Production (2021-22) (000, tonnes) 643.93 10 Cereals (2021-22) (000, tonnes) 1631.60 11 Pulses (2021-22 FR) (000, tonnes) 60.43 12 Fruits (2021-22 FR) (000, tonnes) 753.96 Source: Department of Economic and Statistics, Government of Himachal Pradesh 1.7 Tourism Profile Tourism is a major engine of economic growth, an important source of revenue earnings and a generator of employment of diverse kinds. The State Govt. has also developed appropriate infrastructure for its development which includes provision of public utility services, roads, communication network, airports, transport facilities, water supply and civic amenities etc. As a result of high profile media thrust, a significant rise has been noticed in the domestic as well as foreign tourist inflow during last few years are as below. The tourism sector contributes around 9.12 per cent to GSDP which is quite significant. The state is endowed with all the basic resources necessary for thriving tourism activity like geographical and cultural diversity, clean and peaceful environment and beautiful streams, sacred shrines, historic monuments and the friendly and hospitable people. The domestic tourist inflow in the district of Kullu in the state of Himachal Pradesh is the highest and the lowest amount of tourist inflows are in the district of Kinnaur. This is also because Kinnaur is marginally less approachable as compared to the other tourist places in the state in terms of 6 infrastructure, which shows that there is a need to improve the infrastructure so that it provides tourism friendly services to people. Foreign tourist inflows were highest in District Shimla, and the least were in the district of Hamirpur. The state needs to focus on improving the infrastructure of other places so that the state is able to provide better tourism services/packages, in offer to attract more foreign tourists in the state. Table-1.3 Tourist arrivals (In lakh) Year 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 Indian 156.46 147.16 159.25 171.25 179.98 191.31 160.94 168.29 31.70 56.32 150.71 Foreigners 5.00 4.14 3.9 4.06 4.53 4.71 3.56 3.83 0.43 0.05 0.29 Total 161.46 151.3 163.15 175.31 184.51 196.02 164.5 172.12 32.13 56.37 151.00 Source: Statistical Abstract of Himachal Pradesh 2021-22, Department of Economic and Statistics, Government of Himachal Pradesh. 1.8 Employment Himachal Pradesh’s high rates of labor force participation are driven by two major factors. First, a large public sector gave jobs to citizens as part of an implicit social contract, and this is borne out in the data. Almost half of urban men and one-fifth of urban women in Himachal Pradesh had regular salaried jobs in 2011; further, among those who were employed in 2011, almost one third held public sector jobs. In contrast, only 10 percent of all employed Indians work in the public sector. The high wage bill that Himachal Pradesh consequently incurs is reflected in the state’s budget numbers. The second reason for Himachal Pradesh’s high employment rates is that agriculture is still the mainstay of its largely rural economy, and predominantly agricultural economies tend to have higher labor force participation rates1. The unemployment rate of the state is lower than many Indian states. According to the “Periodic Labour Force Survey (PLFS) 2021-22” the unemployment rate in Himachal Pradesh stands at 4.0%. As per 2011 Census, 30.05% of the total population of the state is classified as main workers, 21.80% marginal workers and the rest 48.15% as non-workers out of the total workers (main+marginal) 57.93% are cultivators and 4.92% agricultural labourers, 1.65% are engaged in household industry and 35.50% in other activities. The Labour Force Participation Rate (LFPR) in Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Punjab, Haryana, and India in 2020-21 and 2021-22 as per the PLFS. In 2021-22, LFPR (all ages) for Himachal Pradesh (58.1) is higher than Uttarakhand (40.8), Punjab (41.3), Haryana (35.4) and India (41.3). For females, it is more than double from all these states and all India (Figure 13.1). The reason that LFPR in Himachal Pradesh is so much higher than in other adjoining states is that agriculture is still the mainstay of State’s largely 1 Annual Report on Periodic Labour Force Survey (PLFS), (2021-22). 7 rural economy, and predominantly agricultural economies tend to have higher labour force participation rates. The Worker Population Ratio (WPR) of Himachal Pradesh in 2021-22 (55.8) is better than Uttarakhand (37.6), Punjab (38.6), Haryana (32.3) and India (39.6). It is evident from the survey results that more women (50.5 per cent) in Himachal Pradesh are actively participating in the economic activities than their counterparts, at all India level and among neighboring states The unemployment rate in Himachal Pradesh has risen from 3.3 per cent in 2020-21 to 4.0 per cent in 2021-22. The unemployment rate in the usual status (ps+ss), was 4.5 per cent for males and 2.6 per cent for females in rural areas, while the rates were 4.9 per cent for males and 17.3 per cent for females in urban areas. Table-1.4 Employment Statistics 1 Total number of Employment Exchanges (upto March 2023) 77 2 Registered Candidates 1,72,454 3 Employment in Private Sector (up to March 2023) 8,983 4 Employment in Government Sector (up to March 2023) 1,047 5 Total number of Government Employees (up to March, 2022) 2,43,688 Source: Statistical Abstract of Himachal Pradesh 2021-22, Department of Economic and Statistics, Government of Himachal Pradesh. 8  Himachal Pradesh and Districts at a glance  Table 1.5 Himachal Pradesh at a glance Administrative set up Literacy rate 82.8 Districts (2011 Census) 12 Male Literacy rate 89.53 Divisions (2011 Census) 3 Female Literacy rate 75.93 Sub-Divisions(31.03.2023) 81 Tehsils (31.03.2023) 113 Sex ratio 972 Sub-Tehsils ((31.03.2023) 73 Population density 123 Blocks (31.05.2023) 88 Rural Population (%) 89.97 Inhabited Villages (2011 17,882 Urban population (%) 10.03 Census) Un inhabited Villages 2,808 Census village 20,690 Towns & Cities (2011 Census) 59 55,673 sq.km. Geographical eographical area 68.64 Lakh total population 34.82 33.82 Lakh Lakh Economic Snapshot GSDP at current prices (in lakh) (202 (2022-23 Advance Estimates) 1,95,40,459 GSDP at constant prices (in lakh) ((2022-23 Advance Estimates) 1,34,57,582 Growth rate at current prices(2022 2022-23 Advance Estimates) 10.9 Growth rate at constant prices(2022-23 prices( Advance Estimates) 6.4 Per capita income at current prices (in Rs)( 2022-23) 2,22,227 Per capita income at constant prices (in Rs)( 2022-23) 1,52,376 Motor able road in km. (2023) 40,603 9 Bilaspur District DGGI-2022 Rank: 5 Score:: 0.623 0.6 # Themes Rank 1 Essential Infrastructure 4 2 Support to Human Development 2 3 Social Protection 8 4 Women & Children 8 5 Crime, Law & Order 6 6 Environment 7 7 Transparency & Accountability 2 8 Economic Performance 9 Over all Rank 5 10  Table-1.6 Socio-Economic Economic Profile of Bilaspur District Administrative set up Literacy rate 84.59 Sub-Divisions 4 Male Literacy rate 91.16 Tehsils (31.03.2023) 4 Female Literacy rate 77.97 Sub-Tehsils (31.03.2023) 3 Sex ratio 981 Blocks (31.03.2023) 4 Population density 327 Cities and town 4 Rural Population (%) 93.42 Panchayats 176 Urban population (%) 6.58 Inhabited Villages (2011 953 Census) Un inhabited Villages 108 1,167 sq.km. Geographical eographical area 3.81 Lakh total population 1.89 1.92 Lakh Lakh Economic Snapshot DDP at current prices (2021-222) (Rs. in lakh) 7,21,446 Per Capita Income at current prices 2021-22 202 (in Rs) 1,74,862 Number of operational holdings (2015 (2015-16 Agriculture Census) 59,201 Area (Hect.) (2015-16 16 Agriculture Census) 49,073 Average Size of Holdings (Hect.) (2015-16 Agriculture Census) 0.83 11 Chamba District DGGI-2022 Rank: 9 Score:: 0.529 # Themes Rank 1 Essential Infrastructure 10 2 Support to Human Development 11 3 Social Protection 6 4 Women & Children 3 5 Crime, Law & Order 7 6 Environment 11 7 Transparency & Accountability 9 8 Economic Performance 11 Over all Rank 9 12  Table-1.7 Socio-Economic Economic Profile of Chamba District Administrative set up Literacy rate 72.17 Sub-Divisions 7 Male Literacy rate 82.59 Tehsils (31.03.2023) 9 Female Literacy rate 61.17 Sub-Tehsils (31.03.2023) 5 Sex ratio 986 Blocks (31.03.2023) 7 Population density 80 Cities and town 5 Rural Population (%) 93.04 Panchayats 309 Urban population (%) 6.96 Inhabited Villages (2011 1,110 Census) Un inhabited Villages 481 6,522 sq.km. Geographical area 5.19 Lakh total population 2.58 2.61 Lakh Lakh Economic Snapshot DDP at current prices (2021-222) (Rs. in lakh) 8,74,315 Per Capita Income at current prices 2021-22 202 (in Rs) 1,55,933 Number of operational holdings (2015 (2015-16 Agriculture Census) 72,221 Area (Hect.) (2015-16 16 Agriculture Census) 57,866 Average Size of Holdings (Hect.) (2015-16 Agriculture Census) 0.76 13 Hamirpur District DGGI-2022 Rank: 2 Score: 0. 0.652 Themes Rank 1 Essential Infrastructure 3 2 Support to Human Development 5 3 Social Protection 5 4 Women & Children 5 5 Crime, Law & Order 1 6 Environment 1 7 Transparency & Accountability 11 8 Economic Performance 5 Over all Rank 2 14  Table-1.8 Socio-Economic Economic Profile of Hamirpur District Administrative set up Literacy rate 87.82 Sub-Divisions 5 Male Literacy rate 94.29 Tehsils (31.03.2023) 8 Female Literacy rate 82.14 Sub-Tehsils (31.03.2023) 3 Sex ratio 1095 Blocks (31.03.2023) 6 Population density 407 Cities and town 4 Rural Population (%) 93.09 Panchayats 248 Urban population (%) 6.91 Inhabited Villages (2011 1671 Census) Un inhabited Villages 54 1,118 sq.km. Geographical eographical area 4.54 Lakh total population 2.73 2.17 Lakh Lakh Economic Snapshot DDP at current prices (2021-222) (Rs. in lakh) 76,202 Per Capita Income at current prices 2021-22 202 (in Rs) 1,55,365 Number of operational holdings (2015 (2015-16 Agriculture Census) 75,950 Area (Hect.) (2015-16 16 Agriculture Census) 72,942 Average Size of Holdings (Hect.) (2015-16 Agriculture Census) 0.96 15 Kangra District DGGI-2022 Rank: 1 Score:: 0.669 0. # Themes Rank 1 Essential Infrastructure 2 2 Support to Human Development 8 3 Social Protection 1 4 Women & Children 4 5 Crime, Law & Order 8 6 Environment 2 7 Transparency & Accountability 4 8 Economic Performance 3 Over all Rank 1 16  Table-1.9 Socio-Economic Economic Profile of Kangra District Administrative set up Literacy rate 85.42 Sub-Divisions 14 Male Literacy rate 91.42 Tehsils (31.03.2023) 23 Female Literacy rate 79.64 Sub-Tehsils (31.03.2023) 16 Sex ratio 1012 Blocks (31.03.2023) 16 Population density 263 Cities and town 11 Rural Population (%) 94.29 Panchayats 814 Urban population (%) 5.71 Inhabited Villages (2011 3617 Census) Un inhabited Villages 252 5,739 sq.km. Geographical eographical area 15.10 Lakh total population 7.59 7.51 Lakh Lakh Economic Snapshot DDP at current prices (2021-222) (Rs. in lakh) 22,15,938 Per Capita Income at current prices 2021-22 202 (in Rs) 1,35,851 Number of operational holdings (2015 (2015-16 Agriculture Census) 2,35,735 Area (Hect.) (2015-16 16 Agriculture Census) 1,97,091 Average Size of Holdings (Hect.) (2015-16 Agriculture Census) 0.84 17 Kinnaur District DGGI-2022 Rank: 10 Score:: 0.528 0.52 # Themes Rank 1 Essential Infrastructure 9 2 Support to Human Development 7 3 Social Protection 10 4 Women & Children 9 5 Crime, Law & Order 10 6 Environment 10 7 Transparency & Accountability 10 8 Economic Performance 2 Over all Rank 10 18  Table-1.10 Socio-Economic Economic Profile of Kinnaur District Administrative set up Literacy rate 80 Sub-Divisions 3 Male Literacy rate 87.27 Tehsils (31.03.2023) 5 Female Literacy rate 70.96 Sub-Tehsils (31.03.2023) 2 Sex ratio 819 Blocks (31.03.2023) 3 Population density 13 Cities and town 0 Rural Population (%) 100.00 Panchayats 73 Urban population (%) 0.00 Inhabited Villages (2011 241 Census) Un inhabited Villages 419 6,401 sq.km. Geographical eographical area 0.84 Lakh total population 0.38 0.46 Lakh Lakh Economic Snapshot DDP at current prices (2021-222) (Rs. in lakh) 2,88,607 Per Capita Income at current prices 2021-22 202 (in Rs) 3,17,619 Number of operational holdings (2015 (2015-16 Agriculture Census) 10,983 Area (Hect.) (2015-16 16 Agriculture Census) 13,683 Average Size of Holdings (Hect.) (2015-16 Agriculture Census) 1.25 19 Kullu District DGGI DGGI-2022 Rank: 7 Score:: 0.5 0.588 # Themes Rank 1 Essential Infrastructure 7 2 Support to Human Development 4 3 Social Protection 9 4 Women & Children 2 5 Crime, Law & Order 4 6 Environment 12 7 Transparency & Accountability 5 8 Economic Performance 7 Over all Rank 7 20  Table-1.11 Socio-Econ Economic Profile of Kullu District Administrative set up Literacy rate 79.40 Sub-Divisions 5 Male Literacy rate 87.39 Tehsils (31.03.2023) 7 Female Literacy rate 70.91 Sub-Tehsils (31.03.2023) 2 Sex ratio 942 Blocks (31.03.2023) 6 Population density 80 Cities and town 5 Rural Population (%) 90.55 Panchayats 235 Urban population (%) 9.45 Inhabited Villages (2011 314 Census) Un inhabited Villages 12 5,503 sq.km. Geographical eographical area 4.37 Lakh total population 2.12 2.25 Lakh Lakh Economic Snapshot DDP at current prices (2021-222) (Rs. in lakh) 9,46,790 Per Capita Income at current prices 2021-22 202 (in Rs) 2,00,161 Number of operational holdings (2015 (2015-16 Agriculture Census) 77,163 Area (Hect.) (2015-16 16 Agriculture Census) 39,974 Average Size of Holdings (Hect.) (2015-16 Agriculture Census) 0.52 21 Lahaul-Spiti District DGGI-2022 Rank: 3 Score: 0.646 0. # Themes Rank 1 Essential Infrastructure 5 2 Support to Human Development 1 3 Social Protection 12 4 Women & Children 1 5 Crime, Law & Order 3 6 Environment 6 7 Transparency & Accountability 6 8 Economic Performance 1 Over all Rank 3 22  Table-1.12 Socio-Economic Economic Profile of Lahaul-Spiti District Administrative set up Literacy rate 76.81 Sub-Divisions 3 Male Literacy rate 85.69 Tehsils (31.03.2023) 2 Female Literacy rate 66.84 Sub-Tehsils (31.03.2023) 1 Sex ratio 903 Blocks (31.03.2023) 2 Population density 2 Cities and town 0 Rural Population (%) 100.00 Panchayats 45 Urban population (%) 0.00 Inhabited Villages (2011 280 Census) Un inhabited Villages 241 13,841 sq.km. Geographical eographical area 0.311 Lakh total population 0.15 0.16 Lakh Lakh Economic Snapshot DDP at current prices (2021-222) (Rs. in lakh) 1,42,172 Per Capita Income at current prices 2021-22 202 (in Rs) 4,16,991 Number of operational holdings (2015 (2015-16 Agriculture Census) 4,267 Area (Hect.) (2015-16 16 Agriculture Census) 6,710 Average Size of Holdings (Hect.) (2015-16 Agriculture Census) 1.57 23 Mandi District DGGI DGGI-2022 Rank: 6 Score: 0.595 0.5 # Themes Rank 1 Essential Infrastructure 6 2 Support to Human Development 3 3 Social Protection 7 4 Women & Children 7 5 Crime, Law & Order 11 6 Environment 5 7 Transparency & Accountability 3 8 Economic Performance 8 Over all Rank 6 24  Table-1.13 Socio-Economic Economic Profile of Mandi District Administrative set up Literacy rate 81.53 Sub-Divisions 12 Male Literacy rate 89.56 Tehsils (31.03.2023) 17 Female Literacy rate 73.66 Sub-Tehsils (31.03.2023) 14 Sex ratio 1007 Blocks (31.03.2023) 14 Population density 253 Cities and town 7 Rural Population (%) 93.73 Panchayats 559 Urban population (%) 6.27 Inhabited Villages (2011 2850 Census) Un inhabited Villages 488 3,950 sq.km. Geographical eographical area 10.00 Lakh total population 5.02 4.98 Lakh Lakh Economic Snapshot DDP at current prices (2021-222) (Rs. in lakh) 16,83,584 Per Capita Income at current prices 2021-22 2 (in Rs) 1,55,896 Number of operational holdings (2015 (2015-16 Agriculture Census) 1,60,500 Area (Hect.) (2015-16 16 Agriculture Census) 1,24,430 Average Size of Holdings (Hect.) (2015-16 Agriculture Census) 0.77 25 Shimla District DGGI-2022 DGGI Rank: 12 Score: 0.508 # Themes Rank 1 Essential Infrastructure 11 2 Support to Human Development 12 3 Social Protection 11 4 Women & Children 6 5 Crime, Law & Order 2 6 Environment 4 7 Transparency & Accountability 8 8 Economic Performance 12 Over all Rank 12 26  Table-1.14 Socio-Economic Economic Profile of Shimla District Administrative set up Literacy rate 83.64 Sub-Divisions 11 Male Literacy rate 89.59 Tehsils (31.03.2023) 17 Female Literacy rate 77.13 Sub-Tehsils (31.03.2023) 9 Sex ratio 915 Blocks (31.03.2023) 13 Population density 159 Cities and town 11 Rural Population (%) 75.26 Panchayats 412 Urban population (%) 24.74 Inhabited Villages (2011 2705 Census) Un inhabited Villages 526 5,131 sq.km. Geographical eographical area 8.14 Lakh total population 3.89 4.25 Lakh Lakh Economic Snapshot DDP at current prices (2021-222) (Rs. in lakh) 21,12,602 Per Capita Income at current prices 2021-22 202 (in Rs) 2,40,266 Number of operational holdings (2015 (2015-16 Agriculture Census) 1,21,971 Area (Hect.) (2015-16 16 Agriculture Census) 1,18,894 Average Size of Holdings (Hect.) (2015-16 Agriculture Census) 0.92 27 Sirmaur District DGGI-2022 Rank: 8 Score:: 0.5 0.534 # Themes Rank 1 Essential Infrastructure 12 2 Support to Human Development 9 3 Social Protection 3 4 Women & Children 10 5 Crime, Law & Order 9 6 Environment 3 7 Transparency & Accountability 12 8 Economic Performance 10 Over all Rank 8 28  Table-1.15 Socio-Economic Economic Profile of Sirmaur District Administrative set up Literacy rate 78.8 Sub-Divisions 7 Male Literacy rate 85.61 Tehsils (31.03.2023) 9 Female Literacy rate 71.36 Sub-Tehsils (31.03.2023) 5 Sex ratio 918 Blocks (31.03.2023) 7 Population density 188 Cities and town 3 Rural Population (%) 89.21 Panchayats 259 Urban population (%) 10.79 Inhabited Villages (2011 968 Census) Un inhabited Villages 8 2,825 sq.km. Geographical eographical area 5.29 Lakh total population 2.53 2.76 Lakh Lakh Economic Snapshot DDP at current prices (2021-222) (Rs. in lakh) 16,28,377 Per Capita Income at current prices 2021-22 202 (in Rs) 2,84,513 Number of operational holdings (2015 (2015-16 Agriculture Census) 1,29,171 Area (Hect.) (2015-16 16 Agriculture Census) 1,18,894 Average Size of Holdings (Hect.) (2015-16 Agriculture Census) 0.92 29 Solan District DGGI DGGI-2022 Rank: 11 Score:: 0.524 0.5 # Themes Rank 1 Essential Infrastructure 8 2 Support to Human Development 6 3 Social Protection 4 4 Women & Children 12 5 Crime, Law & Order 12 6 Environment 9 7 Transparency & Accountability 7 8 Economic Performance 6 Over all Rank 11 30  Table-1.16 Socio-Economic Economic Profile of Solan District Administrative set up Literacy rate 83.68 Sub-Divisions 5 Male Literacy rate 89.56 Tehsils (31.03.2023) 7 Female Literacy rate 76.97 Sub-Tehsils (31.03.2023) 6 Sex ratio 880 Blocks (31.03.2023) 5 Population density 300 Cities and town 8 Rural Population (%) 82.40 Panchayats 240 Urban population (%) 17.60 Inhabited Villages (2011 2383 Census) Un inhabited Villages 161 1,936 sq.km. Geographical eographical area 5.80 Lakh total population 2.71 3.09 Lakh Lakh Economic Snapshot DDP at current prices (2021-222) (Rs. in lakh) 5,157,477 Per Capita Income at current prices 2021-22 202 (in Rs) 8,22,761 Number of operational holdings (2015 (2015-16 Agriculture Census) 55,609 Area (Hect.) (2015-16 16 Agriculture Census) 85,356 Average Size of Holdings (Hect.) (2015-16 Agriculture Census) 1.53 31 Una District DGGI-2022 DGGI Rank: 4 Score: 0.645 0. # Themes Rank 1 Essential Infrastructure 1 2 Support to Human Development 10 3 Social Protection 2 4 Women & Children 11 5 Crime, Law & Order 5 6 Environment 8 7 Transparency & Accountability 1 8 Economic Performance 4 Over all Rank 4 32  Table-1.17 Socio-Economic Economic Profile of Una District Administrative set up Literacy rate 86.53 Sub-Divisions 5 Male Literacy rate 91.89 Tehsils (31.03.2023) 5 Female Literacy rate 81.11 Sub-Tehsils (31.03.2023) 7 Sex ratio 976 Blocks (31.03.2023) 5 Population density 338 Cities and town 6 Rural Population (%) 91.38 Panchayats 245 Urban population (%) 8.62 Inhabited Villages (2011 790 Census) Un inhabited Villages 58 1,540 sq.km. Geographical eographical area 5.21 Lakh total population 2.57 2.64 Lakh Lakh Economic Snapshot DDP at current prices (2021-222) (Rs. in lakh) 9,82,259 Per Capita ta Income at current prices 2021-22 2021 (in Rs) 1,74,481 Number of operational holdings (2015 (2015-16 Agriculture Census) 71,394 Area (Hect.) (2015-16 16 Agriculture Census) 83,133 Average Size of Holdings (Hect.) (2015-16 Agriculture Census) 1.16 33 District Good Governance Index  2. Himachal Pradesh District Good Governance Index-2022 2.1 Introduction Good Governance aims to ensure civil, cultural, economic, socio and political rights of the general public while upholding the administrators and policy makers accountable. It protects the interest of the people and emphasizes on public sector management, legal development framework, accountability and transparency. Good Governance being the soul of public delivery system of a government have measurable parameters through which it assesses the performance across various divisions/ units of an administrative setup over a period of time. As it is seen that our economy is going through fundamental transformation. The outcome of several reforms over the past two and half decades has shown a remarkable transformation of economy from a largely closed economy to an open and thriving economy and Good Governance is one of the key component of this transformation. Governance is the process of decision-making and the process by which decisions are implemented. Good governance in the context of country is a broad term, and in that regards, it is difficult to find a unique definition. Good governance can be defined as the process of measuring how public institutions conduct public affairs and manage public resources and guarantee the realization of human rights in a manner essentially free of abuse and corruption and with due regard for the rule of law. Himachal Pradesh has enabled significant decentralization of power between the State and Local bodies. For a State Government to be successful in meeting the aspirations of its citizens, it is very important that all the Districts start achieving various objectives and attain the expected outputs and outcomes. It is well recognized that districts vary in size, topography, economic status, social and cultural features, and other characteristics. But they have similar public institutions and follow common administrative practices for the most part. Some districts have performed well in achieving various outcomes and some have started showing sign of improved future conditions. This scenario calls for developing a comprehensive framework which can assess the status of governance and its impact on the lives of common citizens. To fulfil this requirement, the Government of Himachal Pradesh has decided to develop a comprehensive index termed as District Good Governance Index (DGGI) encompassing political, legal/judicial, administrative, economic, social, environmental and other essential criteria. 34 2.2 Need for District Good Governance Index (DGGI) The purpose behind developing District Good Governance Index (DGGI), is to create a tool which can be used uniformly across the state and eventually district level, to assess the status of governance and impact of various interventions taken up by State Government. It is feasible as well as valuable to carry out such assessment as it provides a comparative picture among the districts while developing a competitive spirit for improvement. In this context, the outputs and outcomes of various decisions, policy measures, initiatives, etc., become an important factor for assessment. The objective behind developing DGGI is not to use the assessment results with a carrot and stick approach to pressurise and reward Districts but to provide useful information for the State Ministries/Departments concerned, enabling them to formulate and implement suitable strategies for improving living standards of the citizen. It is envisaged that the results would lead to healthy and more informed policy discussions between different tiers of Governments, as well as all political, bureaucratic, civil society and all stakeholders. The assessment of the Districts using the DGGI would mark a shift to a data driven approach to result oriented approaches and management and promote healthy competition among Districts. Another significant contribution of the DGGI would be contributing in tracking the progress of Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) at state level. The identified sectors and indicators are directly linked to some of the critical SDG indicators from overall governance point of view. 2.3 DGGI in Himachal Pradesh The idea of a District Level Good Governance Index (DGGI) conceived when Himachal Pradesh was ranked first among 12 small States (with less than 2 crore population) consistently in 2016, 2017 and 2018 on the Public Affairs Index (PAI) which was compiled by the Public Affairs Centre, Bangalore. The Public Affairs Index (PAI) is a statistical instrument to measure the quality of governance that ranks small & large Indian States from a governance perspective. After the 2017 award, it was felt that this measure could be applied at the sub State level to evaluate performance of all 12 districts of Himachal Pradesh so that good governance agenda is pushed to the grassroots. A pilot study was launched in two Districts viz. Kangra and Shimla in September, 2017 whose report was released in early 2018 by Public Affairs Centre. The first report on District Good Governance Index has been prepared by Public Affairs Centre (PAC) in April, 2018. Himachal Pradesh is the first State in the country to measure the quality of governance in vital sectors. On January 2019, it was decided that DGGI will be a regular exercise of the Department of Economic and Statistics with a purpose of developing a comprehensive index, and to create a tool which can be used uniformly across the districts to assess the status of governance and impact of various interventions in 35 providing a comparative and competitive picture among the di districts. Till now, the department has prepared pared three reports on DGGI since, 2019. The top three ranked Districts are awarded with ₹50 50 lakh, ₹35 lakh and ₹25 lakh respectively to promote competition among districts on Good Governance Index. Index 2.4 Approaches to the DGGI Framework The following approaches are incorporated as a part of design and development methodology to ensure successful accomplishment of DGGI of Himachal Pradesh. Figure: 2.1 Approaches to the DGGI Framework A. Citizen Centric Approach Indicators selected on the basis of life cycle of person. B. 360 Degree and Pragmatic Most critical aspects are finalised allowing pragmatic measurement. C. Generic to Specific approach Selected themes are divided into focus subject and focus subjects are further divided into indicator level. D. Simple and Quantitative Indicators identifies can be measured quantitatively majorly based on the available secondary data. 2.4.1 Citizen Centric Approach It is an approach in which citizen participation, through the explicit or implicit expression of their needs by different means, plays an essential role in the design of strategies. It enables governments to ffocus ocus on service delivery levels and drives them for attaining citizen satisfaction and an overall improvement in quality of life. While selecting the indicators, citizens’ requirements are kept in focus and service delivery is looked through the eyes of th thee citizens. Identified indicators capture the essence of needs in the life cycle of a person, starting from birth, EEducation, Employment, mployment, Welfare, etc. It is also ensured that indicators capture the ove overall rall needs like food security, Health care, Education, Public Infrastructure, Safety and Security, Justice, J etc. 36  Figure: 2.2 Citizen Centric Approach  Death  Pre-Natal Natal Care registration  Ante Natal Care  Birth Registration Death Birth o Health Infrastructure   Senior o o Welfare Primary citizen’s o Safety and Education Welfare Old o Security Justice Childhood  Secondary o Food Security Education o Environment Middle Age Youth  Higher Education  Issues of permission  Skill Development  Issues of certificates and licences  Sports  Employment 2.4.2 Pragmatic Approach While identifying the sectors and indicators, all possible dimensions are considered and brainstormed so that the entire spectrum is covered. After considering all possible aspects, the most critical aspects are finalised for identification of broad sectorss and indicators where pragmatic measurement is possible. In cases where required data is not available presently, a practical measurement mechanism will be suggested through which data can be generated. generated 2.4.3 Generic-to-Specific Specific Approach Generic-to-Specific Specific approach is followed in designing the DGGI Framework. Major sectors that encompass the governance spectrum are identified first and then these broad sectors are divided into several measurable indicators contributing contributi to these sectors. Data items that facilitate measurement of these indicators are worked out and concerned measurement mechanisms are being identified. This approach establishes a clear-cut cut and logical correlation among the broad sectors, indicators and data items and provides a rational in-depth depth analysis. analysis 37  Figure: 2.3 Generic-to-Specific Approach Key facets of 1 governance Themes - 1….n More specific facets 2 of governance Focus Subject – 1……n Measureable 3 parameters that Indicators – 1…..n render value to the sectors concerned 2.4.4 Simple and Quantitative For the DGGI framework to be measurable and implementable, it is important that the indicators which are identified are simple to calculate and comprehend. 2.5 Principles of Selection of Governance Indicators Following principles are relevant in finalising the draft indicators:  Simple and measurable  Output and outcome oriented  Usability of data and applicability across the districts.  Time-series and authentic district-wise database. 38  Figure: 2.4 Principles of Selection of Governance Indicators Simple and Measurable Easy to understand and calculate Output and outcome Citizen centric and result driven oriented Applicabilities across the Not district / group of district specific districts Data generation and availabilty District - wise time series and authentic of database As Governance is perceived and understood differently by different set of people/stakeholders, assessment approach would also vary according to the interests and need of the assessor. In addition, the diversity and complexity of districts in the State poses a challenge for developing a common systsystem em for assessment of governance. Therefore, an exhaustive exercise including seeking data from various departments of the districts is followed before finalization of index. However, a cautious approach has been adopted while finalising the indicators that data pertaining to each indicator should be available through various departments in timetime-series series form which is collected and compiled at a regular interval and not as one of its kind activities such as ad-hoc ad surveys, research study, etc. 39  A brief overview of the sectors and indicators is presented in the following sections. 2.6 Themes (Sectors) 8 themes/sectors are identified for the DGGI and it comprises 19 focus subjects, 90 indicators and 15 sub-indicators. Sl. Themes Focus subjects Indicators Sub No. (2022 index) indicators 1 Essential Infrastructure 1. Power 7 4 2. Water 3. Roads 2 Support to Human 1. Education 30 0 Development 2. Health 3 Social Protection 1. Public Distribution 8 0 System 2. Social Justice and empowerment 3. Employment 4 Women & Children 1. Children 8 0 2. Women 5 Crime, Law & Order 1. Violent crimes 7 0 2. Law and Order 3. Atrocities 6 Environment 1. Environmental 6 0 Violation 2. Forest cover 7 Transparency & 1. Transparency 11 11 Accountability 2. Accountability 8 Economic Performance 1. Agriculture and Allied 13 0 Sector 2. Commerce and Industry Sector Total 19 90 15 2.6.1 Essential Infrastructure Essential Infrastructure or ‘Critical Infrastructure’ means assets, infrastructure, systems and networks that provide essential services necessary for social and economic wellbeing and is typically public infrastructure. Assets and infrastructure, usually of a public nature, that generate or distribute Electricity, Water supply, Telecommunications, Gas and Dams are typical assets that are essential to society. 40  The theme for infrastructure measures the governance aspects in terms of the essential infrastructure necessary for the growth of an economy. The focus subjects included under this theme are Power, Water and Roads. Energy is one of the most important infrastructure required in a society which is also termed as powerhouse of any economy. Himachal Pradesh has vast potential for energy generation. Himachal being a hilly State has natural strength in harnessing of hydro electric power. Hydro power development is the key engine to the economic growth of the State of Himachal Pradesh, as it makes a direct and significant contribution to economy in terms of revenue generation, employment opportunities and enhancing the quality of life. The Hydro Power Sector in Himachal Pradesh strongly emphasizes the economic dimensions by way of environmentally and socially sustainable Hydropower Development in the State. Himachal Pradesh has an estimated Hydro Potential of 27,436 MW out of which 24,000 MW has been assessed as harnessable while the Government of Himachal Pradesh has decided to forgo balance potential for safe guarding the environment and to maintain ecological and protect social concerns. 10,519 MW has already been harnessed in the State. In essential infrastructure, three focus subjects, seven Indicators and four sub- indicators have been identified. Basic infrastructure and utility services like water, road connectivity and power supplies which are priority areas for the government are captured in this sector with the help of seven indicators. The indicators include access to water, towns and villages, road connectivity to rural habitations and access to and availability of power supply. 2.6.2 Support to Human Development This theme carries two focus subjects Health and Education with thirty-one indicators. Public Health is one of the priority areas for development, under Health sector, twelve key indicators are identified looking at the outcomes like Infant Mortality Rate (IMR), immunization achievement etc. Overall operationalization and resources availability is also captured through indicator such as Functional Health and Wellness Centres (HWC’s). A careful scrutiny of these indicators shows that most of these are output-based. In the focus subject of Education, nineteen indicators are identified looking at outcomes like Retention rate at Primary level and Transition rate from Upper-Primary to Secondary level etc. 41 2.6.3 Social Protection In Social Protection sector, eight indicators have been identified attempting to cover the overall gamut of the welfare and development arena. This sector covers areas like employment, empowerment of poor, vulnerable and disadvantaged, Public Distribution System etc. 2.6.4 Women and Children This theme carries two focus subjects Children and Women with eight Indicators like Crimes against children, Malnourishment in children, Child sex ratio, Institutional delivery for women, beneficiaries under ICDS, etc. 2.6.5 Crime, Law & Order Crime, Law & Order sector is critical as it reflects the law and order situation and looks into efficiency of judicial procedure, matters related to police, criminal justice, public safety, etc. Three focus subjects and seven indicators are selected in this sector which includes violent crime per 10,000 population, atrocities committed against women, Dowry deaths, and Detection work in Narcotics etc. 2.6.6 Environmental Violations Realising the criticality of environmental sustainability for sustainable development, environment has been taken as a separate sector. As depleting forest area is a main area of concern, the change in forest area has been included as an indicator in the sector. Indicator selection under this sector was particularly constrained due to limited availability of data/information across the districts. Two focus subjects and six indicators are selected under this theme. The violations under Environmental, Water act as well as Civic Waste Management have been also taken as indicators. 2.6.7 Transparency & Accountability The expectation of the citizens in terms of more transparent, accessible, and responsive services from the public sector is increasing. In response, Government is also making efforts to improve service delivery through use of information technology, online portals, use of mobile applications, etc. The citizen centric governance sector has included indicators to capture the same. Two focus subjects, eleven indicators and eleven sub-indicators are selected under this theme. 42 2.6.8 Economic Performance Economic performance describes the achievement of economic objectives. This theme consists of two focus subjects, namely, Agriculture & Allied Sector and Commerce & Industry and thirteen indicators. The economic performance of the district is assessed through various indicators included under this theme. For decades, improvement in the economy of any district has been measured by the growth in District Domestic Product (DDP). For making comparison among district, merely looking at the DDP may not present the holistic picture of the economy. Hence, indicators like per capita growth in DDP, growth in food grain production , growth in milk and meat production etc. has been included. 43  Approach and Methodology  3. Approach and Methodology There are several ways of measuring governance. While measuring governance, there is a debate whether to take the obsolete figures or the growth rate. While selecting the indicators, there was a debate whether to take performance indicators or process and input–based based indicator or a combination of both. Performance indicators refer to the outcome related indicators. Process Process and input indicators refer to how outcomes are achieved keeping the input and process improvements at the core.2 Rigorous consultations at different levels are carried out at different stages for finalising District trict good governance Index-2022 Index framework. Consultation tation with various stakeholder departments of government of Himachal Pradesh was under taken seeking their inputs/suggestions on the development of indicators and methodology including weightages for scoring and ranking of districts. All the rreceived eceived inputs/ suggestions have been incorporated in the DGGI framework after a detailed internal analysis. 3.1 Methodology The Index consists of themes, focus subjects and specific indicators. This three-tiered tiered matrix allows for a 8 Themes detailed examination n of almost all aspects of governance as is being rolled out at the district level. 19 Focus Subjects At the thematic level, there are eight broad themes, namely, essential infrastructure, support to human 90 Indicators development, social protection, women and children, crime, law & order, environment, transparency and accountability and finally economic performance. At the second tier, there are nineteen focus subjects, each of which falls into the respective themes from which they originate. They encompass power, water, roads, education, health, public distribution scheme, social justice, employment, issues related to children, and women, violent crimes, law & order, atrocities, environmental violations, forest cover, issues related to transparency and accountability agriculture and allied sector and finally commerce and industry sector.. At the third tier, we have 90 specific indicators on which the data available in the districts is analysed and integrated. The aggregation at the three levels 2 Good Governance Index- 2019 (Assessment of State of Governance), Department of Administrative Reforms & Public Grievances, MoPP&P, GoI. 44 finally results in the district level index which is used to rank the twelve districts under examination in this report. This index is all about comparing, through a data driven platform, the quality of governance in the districts of the state, though they may be economically, socially and culturally diverse. Further, the geographical and demographic size of each district is also different. Thus, such a district-wide comparison only makes sense if the data is standardised and all the data points are in the same scale of measurement. As in PAI 2017, we have standardised all the data either by the denominator of population, or by some other factor, depending upon the nature of the parameter. Table 3.1 Themes, Focus Subjects and Indicators DGGI THEME I: ESSENTIAL INFRASTRUCTURE Sl. Focus Indicator Indicators Reference Unit 1- Numerator No. Subject Number Year 2- Denominator D-1 Households 2021-22 %age Data already in percentage. 1 Power electrified as a No need to standardize. percentage of total households D-2 Per Capita Domestic 2021-22 Unit 1-Total Consumption Consumption of 2-Projected Power Population(2021) D-3 Reliability Index i.e. 2021-22 Per No need to standardize. System Average min Frequency Index (SAIFI) D-4 percentage of 2021-22 %age 1- HHs with safe drinking 2 Water Households with water access to safe 2- Total HHs drinking water D-5 Frequency of water 2021-22 No. HHs with safe drinking supply water a Alternate Days 2021-22 %age No. of HHs received water on Alternate days b Daily 2021-22 %age No. of HHs received water on Daily c Two Times in daily 2021-22 %age No. of HHs received water on Two Times in Daily d 24 X 7 2021-22 %age No. of HHs received water on 24 X 7 D-6 Metalled Roads as a 2021-22 %age 1-Total Surfaced Roads 3 Roads percentage of total length Road length 2-Total Road length (KM) D-7 Village Connectivity 2021-22 %age 1- Total villages with Population connectivity of the same more than 100 habitation. (Census 2011) as a 2-Total villages with more percentage of total than 100 population villages of the same (census 2011) Habitation 45  DGGI THEME II: Support to Human Development Sl. Focus Indicator Indicators Reference Unit 1- Numerator No. Subject Number Year 2-Denominator D-8 Retention rate at 2021 %age 4 Educatio primary level n D-9 Transition rate from 2021 %age upper-primary to secondary level (NITI Aayog Indicator) D-10 Percentage of schools 2021 %age principals, head teachers, nodal teachers trained on disaster management and school safety D-11 Percentage of schools 2021 %age conducting regular health check-up and maintaining health cards of students D-12 Percentage of Samagra 2021 %age Siksha Funds utilized (against funds released to schools) during the financial year D-13 Percentage of schools 2021 %age with drinking water facility D-14 Dropout Rate at primary 2021 %age Data already in level percentage. No need to standardize. D-15 Gender Gap in 2021 %age percentage of total enrollment of primary level. D-16 Retention Rate at 2021 %age elementary level. D-17 Percentage of girl’s 2021 %age toilets for primary to higher secondary in government schools D-18 Percentage of medical 2021 %age