GNED-10-LESSON-1-to-LESSON-5 PDF

LESSON 1: GENDER AND DEVELOPMENT SOCIETY BEFORE THE GENDER AND DEVELOPMENT Gender distinction as male or female, man or woman and boy or girl of the stereotype generalization of the differences of each gender. recognizes women as agents of change...

LESSON 1: GENDER AND DEVELOPMENT SOCIETY BEFORE THE GENDER AND DEVELOPMENT Gender distinction as male or female, man or woman and boy or girl of the stereotype generalization of the differences of each gender. recognizes women as agents of change rather than mere recipients of development and it emphasizes the need for women to mobilize in order to achieve greater political impact. -thus GAD focuses not on women (as WID and WAD did) but the social relation between men and women. -It is a development perspective that recognizes the unequal status and situations of women and men in society. GAD ( or Gender and Development ) approach focuses on the socially constructed basis of differences between men and women and emphasizes the need to challenge existing gender roles and relations. GAD FOCUSES PRIMARILY ON TWO MAJOR FRAMEWORKS Gender Roles-focuses on social construction of identities within the household *Also reveals the expectations from maleness and femaleness’ in their relative access to resources. Social Relation Analysis- it exposes the social WID, WAD AND GAD dimensions of hierarchical power relations embedded in social institutions. WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT it's determining influence on the relative position of Integrating women whose needs were not men and women in society. addressed prior to that time in the development process. Magna Carta of Women- a comprehensive -aim was to integrate women into economic women's right law (2009) development by focusing on women’s productive *eliminates discrimination against women by work in two ways: recognizing, protecting, fulfilling and promoting the -providing women money and other resources for rights of Filipino Women. income-generating activities -developing appropriate technologies to lighten Gender and Development Program (GAD) as the women’s loads development perspective and process that is - Belief that economic development can be participatory and empowering, equitable, achieved through industrialization. sustainable, free from violence, respectful of human rights, supportive of self-determination and WOMEN and DEVELOPMENT actualization of human potentials. It seeks to Making women's role and work visible and achieve gender equality as a fundamental value recognizing their contribution in the society. that should be reflected in development choices - advocated increasing women's share in resources, and contends that women are active agents of land, employment and income. development, not just passive recipients of -perspective therefore was more concerned about development. the relationship between women and development rather than integration of women into development Fundamental Concepts of Gender and Development GENDER AND DEVELOPMENT Gender and Development Mainstreaming Addressing men and women's positions in the Mainstreaming or integrating gender into society to change control and access of women. development planning in all sectors of society requires a uniform understanding of various Promote Gender Equality and Empower Women concepts. These concepts include the concept of Reduce Child Mortality gender as compared with sex, and the concept of Improve Maternal Health mainstreaming or integration itself. The rationale Combat HIV/AIDS, Malaria and other diseases for mainstreaming and the gains that could be Ensure Environmental Sustainability achieved from such a strategy should also be Develop a Global Partnership for Development clearly understood. The millennium development goals have Making women’s as well as men’s concerns and targeted eight key areas: experiences an integral dimension of the design, poverty implementation, monitoring, and evaluation of education policies, programs and projects in all social, gender equality political, civil, and economic spheres so that child mortality women and men benefit equally. maternal health Assessing the implications for women and men disease of any planned action, including legislation, policies the environment or programs in all areas and at all levels. global partnership Development on the other hand is the sustained Each goal is supported by 21 specific targets capacity to achieve a better life. For a nation or and more than 60 indicators. community, having a better life means members have a higher life expectancy and enjoy a higher Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) has 17 quality of life. Goals: No Poverty Quality of life involves: Zero hunger a) the capacity to do; and Good health and well being b) the capacity to be. Quality Education Gender Equality Underlying these capacities is the freedom of Clean water and sanitation choice. Hence, development is also about Affordable and clean energy expanding the range of choices for people (Sen, Decent work and economic growth 1988). It is for all, equally for women and men. Industry innovation and infrastructure Reduced inequalities Development aims at the fulfillment of three (3) Sustainable cities and communities basic human needs Responsible consumption and production 1. The ability to provide for basic necessities; Climate action 2. The ability to become persons with identity, Life below water dignity and self-worth; and Life on land 3. The ability to exercise freedom and responsibility Peace, justice, and strong institutions Partnership for the goals The rationale of the Gender and Development is generally summed up through the following: Philippine Development Plan 1.Compliance- The General Appropriations Act PDP has three pillars: (GAA) states that our government should have a Malasakit- enhancing the social fabric GAD Program to which at least 5% of an agency’s Pagbabago or inequality- reducing transformation total budget should be allotted Patuloy na Pagpapaunlad - increasing growth potential 2.Commitment- The Philippines is committed internationally by virtue of being a signatory in the the first of the four phrases in achieving the goals Convention on the Elimination of Discrimination of Ambisyon 2040 Against Women (CEDAW) or otherwise known as the International Bill on Rights of Women. As a 3. Obligation- Gender and Development is an signatory to this international law, which was obligation of the government. signed by 179 countries, the Philippines is committed for Gender and Development. Development that is national and has a government that advocates: The commitment is translated through the Millennium Development Goals (MDG) Good governance; Eradicate Extreme Hunger and Poverty Inclusive growth; Achieve Universal Primary Education  Quality, equitable, cultured-based, and Culture- manifest the common characteristics of complete basic education; and the community that binds individuals together. Gender equality Society is the actual arrangement of social Over a decade, gender mainstreaming has relations, while “ culture” consists of belief, art, resulted in the following: morals, law, customs, and any other capabilities better coordination among national agencies to and habits acquired by all members of particular produce sex- disaggregated data on 20 priority society. indicators to monitor progress in the implementation of CEDAW, Beijing Platform for – Clifford Geertz and Edward Burnett Taylor (1871) Action, and the MDGs and the national plan for Four levels on their level of technology, women. communication, and economy: formation and capacity building of gender Hunters and gathers focal points in national agencies as well as Simple agricultural local government units responsible for Advanced agricultural formulating their agency Gender and Industrial Development plans and advocating for their GAD budgets; According to Elman Service, an integration theorist, establishment of eight gender resource who produced a system of classification for centers nationwide and a pool of gender societies in all human cultures based on the experts to provide technical assistance to evolution of social inequality and the role of the regional line agencies and local government state. units; development of a Gender Mainstreaming This system of classification contains four Resource Kit composed of five modules and categories: guidebooks for training, planning and Hunter-gatherer bands, which are generally evaluation; egalitarian (unrestricted/free) development of the Harmonized Gender and Tribal societies in which there are some Development Guidelines for Project limited instances of social rank and prestige Development, Implementation and Monitoring Chiefdom stratified structures led by chieftains and Evaluation used in appraising the Civilizations with complex social hierarchies gender?responsiveness of project proposals. and organized, institutional governments. These guidelines were launched by no less than the President herself (Pres. Macapagal- Societies consist minimally of a large extended Arroyo) during the 30th anniversary of NCRFW family, and generally as groups of families in 1994 connected either by kinship or by geopolitical development of an assessment tool to gauge factors (locations, resources, common enemies the gender?responsiveness of local and so forth). government units and integration of gender indicators in the local and community-based Types of Society monitoring systems; 1. Band- is the simplest form of human society. It more focused gender mainstreaming in key is consist of a small kinship group, often no long sectoral programs such as micro enterprise, than an extended family or a small clan. They have reproductive health and anti-violence against an informal leadership; the older members of the women band. LESSON 2: THE SOCIETY 2. Clan- is a group of people united by kinship and Origin of Society descent, which is defined by perceived descent The term society emerged in the fifteenth from a common ancestor. century and is derived from the French “société”. Apical ancestor is a common ancestor from whom The French word “société”, in turn , had its a lineage or clan may trace its descent. origin in the Latin “societas” a "friendly association with others,” from “socius” Clan- Generally speaking, kinship differs from meaning companion, associate, and biological relation, as it also involves adoption, comrade or business partner.” marriage, and fictive genealogical ties. Two primary components of a society are its culture and its social structure. 3.Tribe- consist of social group existing before the Social structure- is an interdependent development of, or outside of, states, though some components that interactively related as a whole modern theorist hold that contemporary tribes. It is a social division within a traditional society Transmit to Culture consisting of a group of interlinked families or Ethnocentrism communities sharing a common culture and dialect. Acculturation Assimilation 4.Ethnic group- it is a human population whose Immersion members identify each other usually on the basis of a presumed common genealogy or lineage. LESSON 3: GENDER Are also united common cultural, behavioral, INTRODUCTION linguistic or religious practices. An ethic group is also a cultural community. There are many terms used in theories of sexuality and gender, such as sex, gender, gender identity, 5.Chiefdom- any community led by an individual gender expressions, gender roles, or sexual known as a chief. One model of human social orientation and they may be confusing. development describe chiefdom as a form of social organization more complex than tribe and less People are expected to behave or even think in the complex than a state or civilization. ways that are specific for boys or girls; they will be expected to agree to social norms that are ascribed Two social classes elite and commoner. to girls and boys, and later to men and women. The sentence is only said on the basis of the genitals 6.State- is a political association with effective that a baby has either a penis or a vagina. dominion over a geographic area. It includes the set of institutions that claim the authority to make What is Gender? the rules that govern the people of the society in Gender refers to the socially-constructed notion of the territory. A city-state is a region controlled and relationships between men and women. It also exclusively by city, usually having a sovereignty. concerns men and women including conceptions of both femininity and masculinity. Society in various Perspective It is not determined biologically, as a result of Evolutionary- it is presumed that thousands of sexual characteristics of either women or men, but years ago people lived in isolation and their only is constructed socially. problems were the basic necessities to live such as food, water, and shelter. Soon after family have What is Sex? emerged as an isolated organization of people Sex are the biological traits that societies use to dependent on each other for survival and assign people into the category of either male or subsistence. female, whether it be through a focus in chromosomes, genitalia or some other physical The new initiated way of life has later led families to attribution. settle down and learned the value of having their own territory. Hence, bringing to the birth we called Sociology of Gender now "Society". Examines how the society influence our understanding and perception of differences Political- a system was established as necessary between masculinity and femininity. measure for their protection. Leaders were selected and social norms were imposed, upon Masculinity- what society deems appropriate which division of roles and responsibilities. were behavior for a "man”. assigned. Femininity- what society deems appropriate Economical- may produce to sustain and sustain behavior for a "woman”. essential needs of the now and next generation. This is to provide means and ways to sustains We examine how this, in turn, influences identity man's basic and materials to live. and social practices. We pay special focus on the power of relationships that follow from the Culture- set of patterns of human activity within a established gender order in a given society, as well community or social group and the symbolic as how this changes overtime. structures that give such activity significance. Customs, laws, dress, architectural style, social Differences between Gender and Sex standards, religious beliefs, and traditions are all Sex examples of cultural elements. Biological Penis, Vagina, Ovaries, Testes, Uterus, etc. Universal as intersex. Either way, sex is a biological Factors related to sex are the same around classification based on body parts. the world men have penises and women have vaginas in every country Gender is a social classification based on one's Generally unchanging identity, presentation of self, behavior, and change is now possible with surgical intervention interaction with others. Does not vary Sex is a biologically and physiologically determined Gender based on an individual's anatomy at birth. It is Socially constructed roles, responsibilities, typically binary, meaning that one's sex is either behaviours. male of female. Cultural Gender refers to the socially constructed Elements related to gender vary within and characteristics ow women and men such as norms, between cultures; the roles of men and women in roles and relationship of and between groups of Kenya may be different from the roles of men and women and men. It varies from society to society women in India. can be changed. Learned Behaviour The Concept of Gender Includes Five Important Social Identities Elements: Gender and sexuality are not just personal Relational identities; they are social identities. They arise from Hierarchical our relationships to other people, and they upon Historical social interaction and social recognition. As such Contextual they influence how we understand ourselves in Institutional relation to others. Sexual Orientation- which describes the patterns Social identity-refers to a person's membership in of emotional, romantic and sexual attraction to a social group. This could be self-selected or people. It also refers to each person's capacity for assigned at birth. profound emotional, affectional, and sexual attraction to, and intimate and sexual relations with Example of Social Identity individuals of a different gender or the same gender or more than one gender. Age Race Three Sexual Orientation Ethnicity Heterosexual Social Class Bisexual Gender Homosexual Nationality (Dis)ability Forms of Sexual Orientation Sexual Orientation Heterosexual- Attracted to people of the opposite Religion gender Bisexual- Attracted to genders the same as Gender and Sexuality themselves or different than themselves Gender and sexuality can be very complicated Homosexual- Attracted to people of one's own issues for young people. People identifying as gender lesbian, gay , bisexual, trans people or intersex Pansexual- Attracted to people of any gender (LGBTI) often face discrimination, bullying or identity violence and experience much higher incidents of Asexual- Not sexually attracted to other people mental health issues as a result. This is why it is so important that young people discuss gender and Gender Expression- is an external manifestation sexuality, are supported to be themselves, and of person's gender identity, expressed through know where and when to seek further help. one's name, pronouns, clothing, voice, and body characteristics. Sex is understood by sociologists to be a biological categorization based on reproductive organs. Most Masculine-a person who has qualities and people fall into the categories of male and female, characteristics which are traditionally associated however, some people are with sex organs that do with a man. not clearly fit either category, and they are known Feminine- a person who has qualities and 6. Gender Socialization throughout Life - characteristics which are traditionally associated Gender socialization is a lifelong process. The with a woman. beliefs about gender that we acquire in childhood Gender Neutral- a person who has qualities and can affect us throughout our lives. characteristics differ from those which are traditionally associated with a man or a woman. Gender Stereotypes- are generalization about the Androgynous- A person whose qualities and roles believed as exclusive to each gender. characteristics are combination of those traditionally associated with a man or a woman. It is also the beliefs that people have about the characteristics of males and females. The content Gender Socialization - is the process of learning of stereotypes varies over cultures and over time. the social expectations and attitudes associated with one’s sex. The children begin to develop their 1. Common Stereotypes own beliefs about gender and ultimately from their a. Racial Profiling - one of the more common own gender identity. stereotype examples are stereotypes surrounding race. For example: Girls learn to do different household For example: Saying that all black are good at chores than boys; girls learn to bake and clean, sports is a stereotype, since it’s grouping the race and boys learn to mow lawns and take out garbage. together to indicate that everyone of that race is a good athlete. The common agents of gender socialization or the people who influence the process are parents, b. Gender Profiling teachers, schools and the media. There are also some common stereotypes of men and women, such as: The following are discussion about major agents of gender socialization: Men are strong and do all the work Men are the “backbone” 1. Parents/Family- are typically a child’s first Women aren’t as smart as a man source of information about gender. Upon birth of Women can’t do as good of a job as a man the child, parents orient the gender with different Girls are not good as sports expectations relative to their sex. Guys are messy and unclean For example: Mas pinapasama ang mga lalaking Men who spend too much time on the anak sa kanilang tatay para sa mga gawain and sa computer or read are geeks. babae naman ay sa nanay na kung saan nagluluto at naglilinis. c. Cultures Stereotypes also exist about cultures and countries 2. Teachers/ School- Teachers and school as a whole. Stereotype example of this sort include administrators model gender roles and sometimes the premises that: demonstrate gender stereotypes by treating their male and female in different ways. All Arabs and Muslims are terrorists. For example: Mas mabigat yung assigned task All people who live in the city are more like sa lalake nagbubunot ng sahig sa babae liberated naman ay mga nagwawalis. Italian or French people are the best lovers All informal settlers are poor 3. Peers - Peer interaction also contributes to All Jews are greedy gender socialization. Children tend to play with All Asians are good at math. All asians like same gender peers. to eat rice and drive slow All Irish people are drunkards and eat 4. Media- Media, including (movies, TV,social potatoes media platforms, and books) teaches children All Americans are generally considered to about what it means to be a boy or a girl. Media be friendly, generous, and tolerant, but also conveys information about the role of gender in arrogant, impatient and domineering. people's lives and can reinforce gender stereotypes. d. Group of Individuals For example: A different type of stereotype also involves grouping of individuals like Skaters, dancers, 5. Church/Religion- also a powerful institution that Gangsters, and the like are a few examples. shapes gender identity in society. Most of this stereotyping is taking place in schools.  For example: Goths wear black clothes, black makeup, Sociological Theories of Gender are depressed and hated by society. Functionalist Theorist- argued that men had Punks wear spikes, chains, are a menace instrumental roles in society while women filled to society and are always getting in trouble. expressive roles, which worked to the benefit of All politicians are philanders and think only society. of personal gain and benefit. e. Sexual Stereotype Functionalism- therefore recognizes that gender Sexual stereotypes, on the other hand, suggest sex exists in society which is expected to promote that any feminine man is gay and any masculine social stability and shared public values. woman is a lesbian. Symbolic Interactionist Theory- which focuses 2. Forms of Gender Stereotypes (Contextualize on the micro-level everyday interactions that samples in Filipino setting) produce and challenge gender as we know it. Descriptive Components- beliefs about how Symbolic Interaction Perspective also called males and females typically act. symbolic interactionism is a major framework of Prescriptive Components- beliefs about how sociological theory. males and females should act. Theory- also analyses society by addressing the 3. Implications of Stereotype ( UN Commission subjective meanings that people impose on objects, on Human Rights Report) events, and behaviors which believe an expression The United Nation Commission on Human Rights of their gender orientation. has diagnosed and identified negative impacts which are indicative of inexorable stereotype Feminist Theory- is a type of conflict theory that practices in every sector of society. examines inequalities in gender-related issues. It uses the conflict approach to examine the The following are some examples of how gender maintenance of gender roles and inequalities. stereotyping affects the enjoyment of human rights: a. Violence against women Gender Role- is a set of social norms dictating b. Culture Gaps what types of behaviors are generally considered 4. Gender Inequality- on the other hand can be acceptable, appropriate, or desirable for a person defined as allowing people different opportunities based on their actual or perceived sex. due to perceived differences based solely on issues of gender. It is prejudicial treatment of an individual or group due to gender. Theories on Gender Role Gender Inequality acknowledges that men and Traditionally, both gender identity and gender role women are not equal and that gender affects and are believed to be naturally given. Men and women individual lived experience. have learned to share and perform similar 5. Identified Gender Inequality occupations and responsibilities on which they a. Lack of Mobility demonstrate adaptability to perform various tasks b. Freedom of Marriage regardless of differences (such as physical c. Discriminatory Divorce Rights strength), but made to complement one another. d. Citizenship e. Custody Rights Developed the gender schema theory to explain f. Violence how individuals come to use gender as an g. Professional Obstacle organizing category in all aspects of their life. - h. Restricted Land Ownership Sandra Lipsitz Bem (1981) i. Access to Education Developed a model of the nuclear family in 1955. LESSON 4: GENDER AS SOCIAL He compared a strictly traditional view of fixed CONSTRUCTION gender roles (from an industrial-age American perspective) to a non-traditional view with more Social Construction- of gender comes out of the fluid gender roles. - Talcott Parsons general school of thought entitled social constructionism. Persons believed that the Feminine role was an expressive one, whereas the masculine role was Gender is socially constructed and does not instrumental. reduce the essence of the concept. For example: Woman fulfills the internal”part/functions while man performed Gender Cross-Cultural Differences- Gender is a “external” functions of a family, such as providing cultural construct and perceptions of men and monetary support. women differ from culture to culture or even during different periods even in a single culture or society. Developed the use of gender to describe one’s Gender differences remain in its unique culture and feelings about oneself. His teams of researchers history. determined that people do not have a concrete Gender Neutral- also known as gender neutralism sense of gender identity until they are at least two or the gender neutrality movement, is the idea that years old. John Money (1921-2006) policies. language, and other social institutions (social structures, gender roles, or gender identity) Robert Stroller focused on gender identity rather should avoid distinguishing roles according to than gender role. His works mostly involved people’s sex or gender to avoid discrimination. transsexual. GAD Mainstreaming in the Philippines Gender Trouble, asserted that gender is fluid rather than dichotomous, that gender was an Gender Mainstreaming- believed to be the most activity that one does rather than a trait one has- effective strategy that leads us to achieving gender Judith Butler’s (1990). equality as its main goal. Nevertheless, equality between women and men, and girls and boys. Gender Role Development (World Bank, 2012) Gender role development is one of the most LESSON 5: GENDER AND FAMILY important areas of Community development. People are born female or male, but learn to be According to Universal Declaration of Human women and men. “Gender Role” are Rights Article 16, Family is the natural and responsibilities, attributes and power relations that fundamental group unit of society and is entitled to are socially constructed by and assigned to men protection by society and the state. and women of a given society or community. Family- indeed is the most important universal Gender Sensitive- has been developed as a way institution. It is the core of social structure and to reduce barriers to personal and economic fundamental unit of the society because it is from development created by sexism. Gender sensitivity which all other pertinent institutions make society helps to generate respect for the individual work. regardless of sex. There are some needs to form a family, they are: Gender Differences- are varies between males 1. Reproductive Urge- that is to have sexual and females that are based on biological relationships to have a family for our own. adaptations that are the same for both sexes. Unless there is a sexual relationship, family cannot exist. To have children, sex is The following psychological gender differences necessary. This is a psychological aspect. between woman and man: People want to continue their family tradition, name, etc. a. Differences in Cognitive Abilities- 2. Biological needs- sexual urge varies Stereotypes suggest that boys are good at according to age. If one wants to have sex math and girls are good at English. he cannot have anywhere or at any time he b. Differences in Personality Traits and wants to have sex or to satisfy sexual urges, Self- Esteem - are also small. An analysis marriage is very necessary. by Alan Feingold found that women tend to 3. Economic Provision- when a child is born score higher in anxiety and neuroticism, but he is fully dependent on a family they also score higher in extraversion ( especially for biological needs like hunger (linked with positive emotions). etc.) economically. c. Differences in Attitudes- There are also some small gender differences in attitudes. Characteristic of Family (General) Women tend to be more liberal than men on social issues. 1. Sex relationships should be healthy-present d. Differences in Behavior- Men (compared between husband and wife, or making to women) are more interested in things relationships or if this relationship breaks (like cars, bldgs, and machines) and women then the family slowly breaks according to are more interested in people ( how people Mac Iver. think, and how their bodies work).  2. It provides care to children like economic Marxist Feminist- the nuclear family is believed to needs. Emotional basis (family is based on benefit the powerful (ruling class) at the expense of emotion). If this is absent the family breaks. the working class while women’s domestic labour 3. A system of Nomenclature i.e according to enables the future workforce to be reared at little Anderson there are two kinds of family and cost to the patriarchal capitalist state. both these give importance to Nomenclature. This means that the children Gender Roles in the Family- therefore is a set of relate to the families name. norms that compel family members the types of 4. A single household for a well-organized behaviors which are generally considered family: acceptable, appropriate, or desirable for people 5. Durable association of hubby and wife based on their actual or perceived sex or sexuality. according to Anderson & Nimkoff. Gender Stereotypes in the Family 6. Husband and wife with or without children. Parents and their children are immersed in a social and cultural environment that produces and Nature of Family (distinctive characteristics) perpetuates gender stereotypes which they may eventually introduce in the family such as the 1. Universality- family is found in each stage choice in clothing, toys to play with, and television of society and everywhere. There is no shows while friends and extended family members. society without family. There is not a single man who does not belong to one or other Gender Inequality (structure) in the Family kind of family 2. Emotional basis- There should be an Gender inequality in the family appears to be a emotional relationship, sympathy, and co- particularly stubborn problem and must be operation. If there is no such basis the addressed responsively on all levels. family breaks up. 3. Formative Influence- Each family has a Families are not democracies. Each family has certain form: Orientation and Procreations. its own ways of deciding who has the power and If you are a member of one family you authority within the family unit. inherit your parents characteristics. 4. Limited in size- “Husband, wife and children”. Family is limited in size in comparison to other groups. Joint family is large whereas the nuclear family is small. 5. Nuclear Position in the Society- According to Charles Cooley “Family is a primary group and is the fundamental unit of society. It is the primary cell of society. Society is an aggregation of families. 6. Sense of responsibility- The function of a family is to provide economic needs for children. It is the responsibility of the parents to look after the children of the family. 7. Social Control- family is a mechanism of social control. When one is small he does not know what’s wrong or right. If you follow good you are praised, otherwise you are punished. 8. Permanent and Temporary in Nature- family is an institution as well as association. As an institution family is permanent because it’s found everywhere and at every stage of history. Theoretical Perspective in Gendered Family Functionalist- believes that the traditional family as a natural unit exists to maintain social order and is mutually beneficial to all.