GMS200 Notes Lecture 3 & 4 PDF

Globalization is: a) The same as a financial crisis b) A word used to describe a collapsing world. Every dimension of the planet is being destroyed by globalization c) A confusing topic in international business that is avoided in most discussions d) A popular topic...

Globalization is: a) The same as a financial crisis b) A word used to describe a collapsing world. Every dimension of the planet is being destroyed by globalization c) A confusing topic in international business that is avoided in most discussions d) A popular topic that is discussed in some businesses. It doesn't apply to many industries e) The process of growing interdependence among the components of the global economy (Correct) Manufacturing in different countries refers to: a) Domestic outsourcing b) Global sourcing (Correct) c) In-house production d) Nationalization of industries e) None of the above Global sourcing is: a) Using local suppliers for all materials b) Purchasing materials, components, or business services around the world to reduce costs (Correct) c) The process of importing products only d) The division of a single company into multiple locations globally e) A type of financial outsourcing Systematic thinkers are likely to: a) Approach problems using a rational, step-by-step analytical process (Correct) b) Jump from issue to issue, depending on their instinct c) Avoid planning and focus on spontaneous decisions d) Use only previous experience to make decisions e) Delegate all decision-making processes Setting objectives and determining what should be done to accomplish them is the essence of the management function of: a) Planning (Correct) b) Organizing c) Controlling d) Leading e) Staffing One of the common ethical issues raised in relation to the international operations of multinational enterprises is: a) Political risks b) Discrimination based on cultural or ethnic differences (Correct) c) Excessive profits d) Tariff avoidance e) Ignoring local traditions Quality of work-life indicators include the following except which one: a) Safe work environment b) High shareholder dividends (Correct) c) Job security d) Opportunities for personal growth  e) Adequate compensation Which of the following statements best describes transactions whereby a newly started cereal company agrees to pay 10 percent of its gross salary in royalty fees to Kellogg’s for the use of its trademark? a) Licensing b) Franchising (Correct) c) Joint venture d) Outsourcing e) Acquisition Which of the following is not a common motivation for the internationalization of firms? ○ a) Desire for market diversification ○ b) Access to cheaper resources ○ c) Avoidance of local regulations (Correct) ○ d) Economies of scale ○ e) Risk management through geographical spread Under Hofstede's cultural framework, workers from Singapore generally consider the group over themselves. As individuals, they may be said to belong to a: ○ a) High-power distance culture ○ b) Collectivist culture (Correct) ○ c) Uncertainty avoidance culture ○ d) Masculine culture ○ e) Long-term orientation culture Mer Brown won 10 million dollars in the lottery in Toronto and is considering quitting his job to start a business. If he decides to purchase a subway franchise, which of the following statements best describes his motivation for doing so? ○ a) Desire for complete independence ○ b) To avoid high taxes ○ c) Risk minimization by purchasing a proven business model (Correct) ○ d) Long-term wealth accumulation ○ e) Desire to challenge competition Which of the following provides an indicator of the overall quality of human experience in the workplace? ○ a) Employee turnover rate ○ b) Job satisfaction levels (Correct) ○ c) Shareholder returns ○ d) Number of employee grievances ○ e) Company profits Which of Hofstede's cultural dimensions is represented by a statement such as: “In Canada, the boss is one of the team and although she may make the final decision, any team member can make herself heard during the decision-making process”? ○ a) High-power distance ○ b) Low-power distance (Correct) ○ c) Masculinity ○ d) Individualism ○ e) Uncertainty avoidance Melissa worked 20 hours and produced 50 units of a product. Emma worked 15 hours and produced 50 units of the same product. Compared to Melissa, Emma was inefficient:  ○ a) True ○ b) False (Correct) Which of the following provides an indicator of the overall quality of human experience in the workplace? a) Employee turnover rate b) Job satisfaction levels (Correct) c) Shareholder returns d) Number of employee grievances e) Company profits 16. Which of Hofstede's cultural dimensions is represented by a statement such as: “In Canada, the boss is one of the team and although she may make the final decision, any team member can make herself heard during the decision-making process”? a) High-power distance b) Low-power distance (Correct) c) Masculinity d) Individualism e) Uncertainty avoidance 17. We need to understand that people use different ways of thinking and that others may think differently from the way you think. What are some different ways of thinking? a) Deductive thinking b) Intuitive thinking (Correct) c) Both a and b d) Neither a nor b 18. Melissa worked 20 hours and produced 50 units of a product. Emma worked 15 hours and produced 50 units of the same product. Compared to Melissa, Emma was inefficient: a) True b) False (Correct) 19. The five criteria associated with useful information include all the characteristics listed below except which one? a) Completeness b) Relevance (Correct) c) Accuracy d) Timeliness e) Understandability 20. The management process includes: a) Planning b) Organizing c) Leading d) Controlling e) All of the above (Correct) 21. Sustainable development refers to development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs: a) True (Correct) b) False 22. The Hawthorne effect is the tendency of a person singled out for special attention to perform better than anticipated because of expectations created by the situation. The Hawthorne studies were an important turning point in the development of management theory: a) True (Correct) b) False 23. Is scientific management mostly associated with Max Weber? a) True b) False (Correct) 24. Under Maslow's hierarchy of human needs, physiological needs are not considered: a) True b) False (Correct)  25. Learning organizations place high stakes in developing the ability to learn and then making that learning ability accessible to organizational members. This helps to build the intellectual capital: a) True (Correct) b) False 26. A multidimensional thinker does not apply intuitive thinking in decision-making: a) True b) False (Correct) 27. Which of the following is not a typical motivation for a firm to go global? a) Market expansion b) Access to resources c) Economies of scale d) Desire to avoid local regulations (Correct) 28. All the following are steps in decision-making processes except: a) Define the problem b) Generate alternatives c) Evaluate alternatives d) Ignore the results (Correct) 29. The criteria for evaluating alternative decisions include the following except: a) Feasibility b) Acceptability c) Ethics d) Popularity (Correct) 30. Framing error is a potential decision error that entails what? a) Evaluating a problem based on how it is presented, positively or negatively (Correct) b) Failing to consider all alternatives c) Making decisions too quickly d) Overanalyzing the problem 31. Some of the characteristics of a high-performing organization include the following except which one? a) Clear goals b) Consistent feedback c) Employee empowerment d) Strict hierarchy (Correct) 32. Use solutions already available from past experiences to solve: a) Routine problems (Correct) b) Complex issues c) Novel challenges d) None of the above 33. When managers are unable to assign probabilities to the outcomes attached to alternatives, they are: a) Facing risk b) Facing uncertainty (Correct) c) Ignoring facts d) Avoiding decision-making 34. The — is used when people assess the likelihood of something occurring based on similarity to other situations. Fill in the blanks: a) Anchoring heuristic b) Availability heuristic c) Representativeness heuristic (Correct) d) Adjustment heuristic NAFTA is a collaboration for 3 countries: Canada,Mexico and America. It seeks to establish trade and get rid of tariffs and other trade barriers. It is not as big as the EU (European Union). Asia Pacific : Australia, Bangladesh, Brunei, Cambodia, China, Cook Islands, Fiji, India, Indonesia, Japan, Kiribati, Laos, Malaysia, Maldives, Marshall Islands, Micronesia, Mongolia, Myanmar, Nepal, New Caledonia, New Zealand, Niue, North Korea, Pakistan, Palau, Papua New. SADC collaboration of east and southern africa. 15 countries in west africa all these economic developments is to establish fair trade. Most countries have reduced tariffs: are trade barriers that raise prices and reduce quantities of available goods. Vanilla is from madagascar and coffee is from ethiopia. Trade facilitation: how to do business in a simple way across borders and avoid challenges, and establish fair trade. Ports (port of montreal, port of vancouver-largest prince rupert port authority Cargo -good transported for profit(commercial purposes) Logistics-coordination of movement: people and facilities One step border past: specialized border crossing points that aim to streamline and facilitate trade and movement of goods and people between neighboring countries Incoterms: a set of internationally recognized rules which define the responsibilities of sellers and buyers in the export transaction. Cpst insurance and freight (Cif): is an international shipping agreement, which represents the charges paid by a seller to cover the costs, insurance, and freight of a buyer's order while the cargo is in transit. Cost, insurance, and freight only applies to goods transported via a waterway, sea, or ocean. Free on board (fob): If a shipment is designated FOB (the seller's location), then as soon as the shipment of goods leaves the seller's warehouse, the seller records the sale as complete. Cabotage- mode of operation of a transport company in a foreign country. Aviation cabotage not allowed in the EU-it is a single state for trade purposes Border (Us/mexico =3200 km,nigeria/cameroon=1900km) Customs and immigrations: Customs is the name for the section of your port of entry, and the people within it, that keep you from sneaking illegal things into a country. Immigration is a different section and people decide whether or not you're allowed to enter the country. Customs = things. Immigration = people. U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) employees work hard to protect our country from terrorists, drug traffickers, criminals, and other people who try to enter our country illegally. They enforce the laws that keep American citizens safe. In Cameroon they are bilingual on the border. In Cameroon and Nigeria they have differences and conflict in languages. Export import goods Clearing and forwarding agents: A clearing and forwarding agent (also known as a C&F agent) offers two services: Clearing—by facilitating import and export procedures for goods crossing international borders. Forwarding—by arranging for the movement of goods from their origin to their destination. People used patent to exploit people. People in Uganda died from aids because they didn't have enough supplies for medicine. 10000 dollars for medicine in the United states. INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS patents=technology,seed improvement or discovery,vaccines,drugs..: A patent is protection granted by a national government for an invention. This protection excludes others from making, using or selling an invention for a period of up to 20 years. Copyright: books,music,creative works Trademarks=logos:coca cola,mickey mouse Geographical indications=special and specific attributes (starbucks vs ethiopia-sidamo, yirgacheffe,harar):Geographical indications are place names (in some countries also words associated with a place) used to identify the origin and quality, reputation or other characteristics of products (for example, “Champagne”, “Tequila” or “Roquefort”). 2016 don tapscott he did a ted talk explaining blockchain. How is blockchain chaining money and business? Protects right through immutable records Rates a true sharing economy. You can use respect to property rights. You can buy land and claim that the land is not yours anymore. Send a piece of land to five people. People will change land. Tangible property rights Through block chain you share platforms Blockchain will be remote and use platform its called abra Blockchain makes us process our data. Makes remittances ethical Enables citizens own and monetize their own data Imogen Heap music creates: ensures compensation for creator of value Blockchain helps Get compensated for your value Ted Talk of the book is web three. Book by Alex tapscott Abra no longer offers retail trading services in the U.S. or U.K. Therefore, you can not buy stocks or other assets with Abra. Crypto labeling (2016) adekunle authorization along value chain Web 3: a decentralized internet based on interlaked blockchains and artificial intelligence Web 1 read only web Read-write web: content creators,collaborations , cyber attacks,hacker,profiling (challenges) Ai is based on the liability of the data Blockchains decentralized,immutable Web 3 : read.write,own web: people can own and control their own data coming from attributes from blockchain. Example: using web 3 Animoca brands-gaming platform (yat siu and danokim) Circle: powered $8.6 million Circle (legally Circle Internet Financial Limited) is a peer-to-peer payments technology company that now manages stablecoin USDC, a cryptocurrency the value of which is pegged to the U.S. dollar. Osmosis(sunny aggarwal): a decentralized exchange that powers frictionless peer-to peer Transactions in different assets. Solana(anatoly yakovenko): launch a competing phone and operating system to support web 3 According to alex tapscott : ethereum: the merge is the backbone Web 3 is the internet's next economic and cultural frontier. 1. Why do host countries sometimes complain about how global corporations operate within their borders? a) They love everything global corporations do. b) They feel these corporations don’t respect local laws or workers. (Correct) c) They complain because they don't like change. d) Global corporations give too much money to the local economy. Kid's Explanation: Sometimes, countries don’t like how big companies from other places act. They might think these companies don’t follow their rules or treat workers fairly. Normal Explanation: Host countries sometimes feel that global corporations do not respect local laws, exploit natural resources, or mistreat workers, leading to concerns about unfair practices and the negative impact on local economies. 2. Why is the “power-distance” dimension of national culture important in management? a) It tells us how close the manager’s office is to employees. b) It shows how much power bosses have and how people feel about it.** (Correct) c) It tells us the size of a country's businesses. d) It’s about the distance between countries. Kid's Explanation: Power-distance shows if people think their bosses should have lots of power or if everyone should share power more equally. Normal Explanation: The power-distance dimension reflects the extent to which people in a country accept unequal power distribution in organizations. In high power-distance cultures, hierarchy and strong authority are accepted, while in low power-distance cultures, equality and collaboration are valued.. What is the difference between a culture that is tight and one that is loose? a) A tight culture always wears uniforms. b) A loose culture is more relaxed with rules, and a tight culture has strict rules.** (Correct) c) A tight culture doesn't allow vacations, and a loose culture loves holidays.  d) There is no difference between tight and loose cultures. Kid's Explanation: In a tight culture, people must follow lots of rules, but in a loose culture, there aren’t as many rules and people can do things more freely. Normal Explanation: A tight culture has strict rules and norms that people are expected to follow, whereas a loose culture allows for more flexibility, individualism, and deviation from norms. 4. How do regional economic alliances affect the global economy? a) They make sure all countries stay separate. b) They help countries work together and trade more easily.** (Correct) c) They stop all business between countries. d) They make everything more expensive for the world. Kid's Explanation: When countries join together in groups, they can trade and help each other easily, making everyone stronger and richer. Normal Explanation: Regional economic alliances, such as the European Union or NAFTA, encourage cooperation between member countries, improving trade, lowering tariffs, and creating a stronger collective economic presence in the global market. Multiple-Choice Questions 1. The reasons why businesses go international include gaining new markets, finding investment capital, and reducing ______. a. political risk b. protectionism c. labour costs d. most favoured nation status 2. When shoe maker Rocky Brands decided to buy full ownership of a manufacturing company in the Dominican Republic, Rocky was engaging in which form of international business? a. import/export b. licensing c. foreign subsidiary d. joint venture 3. A form of international business that falls into the category of a direct investment strategy is ______. a. exporting b. joint venture c. licensing d. global sourcing 4. The World Trade Organization would most likely become involved in disputes between countries over ______. a. exchange rates b. ethnocentrism c. nationalization d. tariffs 5. Business complaints about copyright protection and intellectual property rights in some countries illustrate how differences in ______ can affect international operations. a. legal environments b. political stability c. sustainable development d. economic systems 6. In ______ cultures, members tend to do one thing at a time; in ______ cultures, members tend to do many things at once. a. monochronic, polychronic b. polycentric, geocentric c. collectivist, individualist d. neutral, affective 7. A culture that places great value on expressing meaning in the written or spoken word is described as ______ by Hall. a. monochronic b. proxemic c. collectivist d. low-context 8. It is common in Malaysian culture for people to value teamwork and to display great respect for authority. Hofstede would describe this culture as high in both ______. a. uncertainty avoidance and feminism b. universalism and particularism c. collectivism and power distance d. long-term orientation and masculinity 9. In Hofstede’s study of national cultures, Canada was one of the most ______ compared with other countries in his sample. a. individualistic b. collectivist c. feminine d. long-term oriented. 10. It is ______ when a foreign visitor takes offence at a local custom such as dining with one’s fingers, considering it inferior to practices of his or her own culture. a. universalist b. prescriptive c. monochronic d. ethnocentric 11. When a company buys cotton in Egypt, has tops sewn from it in Sri Lanka according to designs made in Italy, and then offers the garments for sale in the United States, this form of international business is known as ______. a. licensing b. importing c. joint venturing d. global sourcing 12. The difference between an international business and a transnational corporation is that the transnational ______. a. tries to operate around the world without a strong national identity. b. does business in only one or two foreign countries c. is led by ethnocentric managers d. is based outside North America 13. The Corruption of Foreign Public Officials Act makes it illegal for ______. a. Canadians to engage in joint ventures abroad b. foreign businesses to pay bribes to Canadian government officials c. Canadian businesses to make payoffs abroad to gain international business contracts d. foreign businesses to steal intellectual property from Canadian firms operating in their countries 14. When a member of a cross-cultural team is hesitant to speak up and offer ideas, defers to the team leader, and avoids accepting praise for individual work, the person is displaying characteristics consistent with a ______ culture. a. monochronic b. low-context c. tight d. loose 15. Hofstede would describe a culture whose members respect age and authority and whose workers defer to the preferences of their supervisors as ______a. low masculinity b. high particularism c. high power distance d. Monochronic Implications of Globalization for Management and Organizations: Global managers need to be aware of world events and skilled at working with diverse cultures. Globalization creates opportunities for profits, customers, capital, and access to low-cost suppliers and labor worldwide. Market-entry strategies include global sourcing, exporting/importing, licensing, and franchising. Direct investment strategies involve joint ventures or wholly owned subsidiaries in foreign countries. International business is often complicated by differences in legal and political systems. Regional economic alliances like NAFTA, the EU, SADC, and TPP help promote economic development globally. The World Trade Organization helps regulate global trade and resolve disputes. Global Corporations and Issues: A global corporation operates in many countries. A transnational corporation operates globally without a strong national identity. Benefits for host countries: jobs, technology, and tax revenue. Issues: interference in local governments, excessive profits, and economic dominance. The Corruption of Foreign Public Officials Act bans Canadian companies from bribing foreign officials. Culture and Diversity in Global Cultures: Culture is a set of shared beliefs, values, and behaviors. Culture shock happens when people feel uncomfortable in a new culture. Cultural intelligence is the ability to adapt to different cultures. Hall’s "silent" languages include context, time, and space in communication. Hofstede’s five dimensions of culture are: power distance, uncertainty avoidance, individualism-collectivism, masculinity-femininity, and time orientation. Benefits of Global Learning for Management: Comparative management studies how management practices differ across countries and cultures. Intercultural competency is built on perception management, relationship management, and self-management. Global management must recognize that successful practices in one culture may not work in another. Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC): A forum linking 21 countries to promote free trade and investment in the Pacific region. Child labour: The employment of children for work typically done by adults. Comparative management: The study of how management practices differ among countries and cultures. Conflict minerals: Minerals sourced from conflict areas, particularly in the Democratic Republic of Congo, where their sale finances violence. Corruption: The use of illegal practices to advance business interests. Corruption of Foreign Public Officials Act: A Canadian law prohibiting bribery and corrupt practices overseas by Canadian firms. Cultural intelligence: The ability to adapt and work well across different cultures. Culture: A shared set of beliefs, values, and behaviors common to a group of people. Culture shock: Discomfort experienced when encountering a different culture. Ecological fallacy: Assuming that a cultural value applies equally to all individuals within that culture. Ethnocentrism: The belief that one's own culture is superior to others. Euro: The common currency used by many European Union countries. European Union (EU): A political and economic alliance of European countries. Exporting: Selling local products to foreign customers. Foreign subsidiary: A local operation entirely owned by a foreign firm.  Franchising: Payment of a fee to a foreign business for the rights to operate locally using its branding and methods. Global corporation: A multinational enterprise that operates commercial transactions across national boundaries. Global economy: An economy where resources, markets, and competition are worldwide in scope. Global management: Managing businesses and organizations that operate in more than one country. Global manager: A manager who is culturally aware and informed about international affairs. Global sourcing: The purchase of materials or services from around the world for local use. Global strategic alliance: A partnership where foreign and domestic firms share resources and knowledge for mutual benefits. Globalization: The growing interdependence among elements of the global economy. Globalization gap: When large multinational corporations and industrialized nations benefit disproportionately from globalization. Greenfield venture: A foreign subsidiary built from scratch by the foreign owner. High-context cultures: Cultures that rely on non-verbal and situational cues in communication, along with spoken or written words. Importing: Selling in domestic markets products acquired from abroad. Individualism–collectivism: The degree to which a society values individual self-interests versus group interests. Insourcing: Job creation through foreign direct investment. Intercultural competencies: Skills and characteristics that promote success in cross-cultural interactions. International business: A business that conducts transactions of goods and services across national boundaries. Joint venture: A venture in a foreign country co-owned by foreign and local partners. Licensing agreement: Payment by a local firm to a foreign firm for the rights to make or sell its products. Loose culture: A culture with relaxed social norms and flexible conformity expectations. Low-context cultures: Cultures that emphasize communication through spoken or written words. Masculinity–femininity: The degree to which a society values assertiveness and material success versus care and quality of life. Monochronic cultures: Cultures where people tend to do one task at a time. Most favoured nation status: A status that gives a trading partner the most favorable treatment for imports and exports. NAFTA/USMCA: A trade agreement linking Canada, the U.S., and Mexico in an economic alliance. Non-tariff barriers: Trade barriers that discourage imports without using taxes, such as quotas or restrictions. Political risk: The potential loss of value in foreign investments due to political instability or changes. Political-risk analysis: The study of political disruptions that could threaten the value of a foreign investment. Polychronic cultures: Cultures where people accomplish many tasks simultaneously. Power distance: The degree to which a society accepts unequal distribution of power. Protectionism: Policies like tariffs to protect domestic firms from foreign competition. Proxemics: The study of how people use space in communication. Regional economic alliances: Alliances between countries to promote economic cooperation and gains. Reshoring: The shifting of foreign manufacturing jobs back to domestic locations. Southern Africa Development Community (SADC): An organization linking 14 southern African countries in trade and economic development efforts. Sweatshops: Businesses that employ workers at low wages for long hours in poor working conditions. Tariffs: Taxes imposed by governments on imports. Tax inversion: When a multinational corporation buys a firm in a low-tax country to shield foreign earnings from domestic taxes. Tight culture: A culture with rigid social norms and strong expectations for conformity. Time orientation: The degree to which a society emphasizes short-term versus long-term goals. Transnational corporation: A corporation that operates worldwide without a strong national identity. Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP): An agreement among Pacific Rim countries to lower trade barriers. Uncertainty avoidance: The degree to which a society tolerates risk and uncertainty. World 3.0: A world where nations balance global economic cooperation with national identity and interests. World Trade Organization (WTO): A global organization that negotiates and resolves disputes about tariffs and trade restrictions. Which of the following provides an indicator of the overall quality of human experience in the workplace? a) Power distance  b) Cultural intelligence c) Job satisfaction d) Individualism Answer: c Kid Explanation: Job satisfaction is about how happy people feel at work. Normal Explanation: Job satisfaction reflects how content employees are with their work environment and roles. Which of Hofstede’s cultural dimensions represents equality between employees and leaders in decision-making? a) Power distance b) Masculinity c) Uncertainty avoidance d) Individualism Answer: a Kid Explanation: Power distance shows if people see their boss as equal or someone more powerful. Normal Explanation: Power distance measures how much people in a society accept inequality in authority and power in the workplace. In cultures with high uncertainty avoidance, people prefer... a) Flexibility and adaptability b) Strong rules and structured environments c) A focus on long-term goals d) Making quick decisions Answer: b Kid Explanation: People feel safer when there are clear rules to follow. Normal Explanation: In high uncertainty avoidance cultures, individuals feel more comfortable with structured environments that minimize risk and ambiguity. Which of Hofstede’s cultural dimensions is characterized by strong individual achievements? a) Collectivism b) Masculinity c) Individualism d) Uncertainty avoidance Answer: c Kid Explanation: It’s when people like to focus on what they can do by themselves. Normal Explanation: Individualism is where people prioritize personal achievements and individual goals over group goals. What is a characteristic of a high power distance culture? a) Equality among all workers b) Respect for hierarchy and authority c) High tolerance for change d) Preference for teamwork Answer: b Kid Explanation: In these cultures, people think it’s important to follow what the boss says. Normal Explanation: In high power distance cultures, there is great respect for authority and hierarchical structures, and people tend to accept inequalities in power. Which of the following is a feature of long-term orientation in cultural dimensions? a) Focusing on immediate rewards b) Planning for the future and long-term success c) Avoiding risks at all costs d) Focusing on equality in decision-making Answer: b Kid Explanation: It’s like planting seeds now to get fruit later. Normal Explanation: Long-term orientation refers to a cultural focus on future rewards and long-term success over immediate outcomes.  In a monochronic culture, how is time usually viewed? a) Time is flexible, and multitasking is common b) Time is strict, and people prefer to do one thing at a time c) People value multitasking and group goals d) People use time as a measure of respect Answer: b Kid Explanation: People in these cultures like to do one thing at a time. Normal Explanation: Monochronic cultures, like in the U.S. and Germany, see time as linear and prefer doing tasks sequentially. What is a characteristic of a low-context culture? a) Communication relies heavily on words and direct language b) Communication depends on body language and relationships c) People focus more on actions than words d) Formal rules are followed strictly Answer: a Kid Explanation: People say exactly what they mean. Normal Explanation: In low-context cultures, such as the U.S., communication is explicit, and the meaning is conveyed clearly through words. Which country is likely to score high in individualism? a) Japan b) United States c) Mexico d) India Answer: b Kid Explanation: The U.S. is a place where people focus on being their own boss. Normal Explanation: The United States is one of the highest-scoring countries in Hofstede’s individualism dimension, emphasizing personal independence and individual achievements. Which of the following cultural dimensions values teamwork and group success over individual achievements? a) Individualism b) Collectivism c) Power distance d) Uncertainty avoidance Answer: b Kid Explanation: In these cultures, people care more about the team than just one person. Normal Explanation: Collectivism is a cultural orientation where group goals are prioritized over individual achievements. In a collectivist culture, how are decisions typically made? a) By the individual b) By the group or family c) By a single leader d) Without input from others Answer: b Kid Explanation: Decisions are made by the group, not just one person. Normal Explanation: In collectivist cultures, decisions are made collectively, with an emphasis on what benefits the group rather than just an individual. What is a feature of a low uncertainty avoidance culture? a) Preference for clear rules b) Embracing change and flexibility c) Strong fear of the unknown d) Strict adherence to procedures Answer: b Kid Explanation: People are okay with things changing quickly and don't mind surprises. Normal Explanation: Low uncertainty avoidance cultures are more comfortable with ambiguity, change, and taking risks, and they tend to be flexible in their approach to situations. Which of the following best describes a high masculinity score in Hofstede’s cultural dimensions? a) Emphasis on nurturing and cooperation b) Focus on achievement, competition, and success c) Equality between genders in the workplace d) A focus on short-term goals Answer: b Kid Explanation: People in these places care a lot about winning and being the best. Normal Explanation: High masculinity cultures emphasize success, competition, and achievement, valuing assertiveness and material rewards. Which cultural dimension involves a focus on immediate gratification rather than future rewards? a) Long-term orientation b) Short-term orientation c) Power distance d) Uncertainty avoidance Answer: b Kid Explanation: People in short-term oriented cultures want things to happen quickly. Normal Explanation: Short-term orientation focuses on quick results and immediate rewards rather than long-term planning and delayed gratification. Which of the following is an example of high-context communication? a) Using direct and clear language b) Relying heavily on non-verbal cues and relationships c) Ignoring body language d) Expressing every idea through written communication Answer: b Kid Explanation: People don’t always say what they mean directly; they use gestures or hints. Normal Explanation: In high-context cultures, communication relies on non-verbal cues, relationships, and the context in which the conversation takes place. In which type of culture is personal success valued over team achievements? a) Collectivist b) High power distance c) Low power distance d) Individualist Answer: d Kid Explanation: In these cultures, people care more about what they do themselves than what the whole group does. Normal Explanation: In individualist cultures, personal goals and achievements are prioritized over group or collective success. Which cultural dimension influences how formal or informal interactions are in a business setting? a) Power distance b) Masculinity c) Long-term orientation d) Uncertainty avoidance Answer: a Kid Explanation: Power distance shows whether people think it’s okay to be friends with their boss or not. Normal Explanation: Power distance affects how formal or informal business interactions are, with high power distance cultures tending to emphasize more formal relationships between managers and employees. What does 'feminine culture' in Hofstede's dimensions emphasize? a) High levels of competition and material success b) Cooperation, caring, and quality of life c) Strict gender roles in the workplace d) Individual achievements over group success Answer: b Kid Explanation: Feminine cultures care a lot about helping others and making sure everyone is happy. Normal Explanation: Feminine cultures place value on relationships, cooperation, and quality of life rather than competition and assertiveness. Which of Hofstede’s dimensions is likely to have a flexible approach to planning and deadlines? a) Masculinity b) Low power distance c) Long-term orientation d) Low uncertainty avoidance Answer: d Kid Explanation: People in these cultures are more relaxed about deadlines and changes. Normal Explanation: Cultures with low uncertainty avoidance tend to be more flexible and relaxed when it comes to planning, deadlines, and dealing with uncertainty. In a culture with high power distance, how is the role of a manager typically viewed? a) As equal to the employees b) As distant and authoritative c) As someone who collaborates closely with the team d) As informal and approachable Answer: b Kid Explanation: In these cultures, people see the boss as someone important who gives orders. Normal Explanation: In high power distance cultures, managers are viewed as authoritative figures who are distant from employees, and there is a clear separation between those in power and their subordinates. 21. What does a high individualism score suggest about a culture? a) People value group harmony and cooperation b) People prioritize personal goals over group needs c) There is strong respect for traditions d) The culture avoids uncertainty and risk Answer: b Kid Explanation: People care more about what they can do by themselves. Normal Explanation: A high individualism score indicates that personal achievements and independence are prioritized over collective goals. 22. Which cultural dimension represents a preference for strict social hierarchy and authority? a) Low power distance b) Masculinity c) High power distance d) Collectivism Answer: c Kid Explanation: People think it’s important to follow what their leaders say. Normal Explanation: High power distance cultures emphasize a strict hierarchy and accept significant differences in power and authority between leaders and employees. 23. Which of the following is a sign of a masculine culture? a) Focus on cooperation and relationships b) Focus on competition and success c) Equal sharing of power between men and women d) Avoiding risks and uncertainty Answer: b Kid Explanation: People in these cultures want to win and be successful. Normal Explanation: Masculine cultures prioritize competition, success, and assertiveness, often valuing material rewards for achievements. 24. What is an indicator of low-context communication? a) Indirect language and reliance on gestures b) Explicit and direct communication c) Formal language with little reliance on personal relationships d) Avoidance of eye contact and gestures  Answer: b Kid Explanation: People say exactly what they mean without leaving room for guessing. Normal Explanation: Low-context communication involves clear, direct communication where most of the meaning is conveyed through words rather than non-verbal cues or context. 25. Which of Hofstede's dimensions describes how comfortable a society is with uncertainty and ambiguity? a) Power distance b) Uncertainty avoidance c) Individualism d) Masculinity Answer: b Kid Explanation: It shows whether people feel okay with not knowing what’s going to happen. Normal Explanation: Uncertainty avoidance measures how comfortable a culture is with uncertainty and ambiguity, with high uncertainty avoidance cultures preferring structured situations and clear rules. 26. Which of the following characteristics is common in low power distance cultures? a) A clear distinction between leaders and workers b) Equal treatment and shared decision-making between all levels c) Strict rules governing workplace behavior d) Minimal interaction between managers and employees Answer: b Kid Explanation: People see everyone as equals, and workers and bosses work together. Normal Explanation: Low power distance cultures emphasize equality and often involve more collaboration and shared decision-making between managers and employees. 27. What is a key feature of a high masculinity culture? a) Focus on nurturing and caring for others b) Emphasis on achievement, assertiveness, and competition c) Preference for group harmony and cooperation d) Avoidance of long-term planning Answer: b Kid Explanation: People like to be the best and focus on winning. Normal Explanation: High masculinity cultures place a strong emphasis on assertiveness, competition, and achieving success. 28. In a long-term oriented culture, which of the following is prioritized? a) Immediate rewards and quick results b) Future planning and perseverance c) Avoiding uncertainty at all costs d) Teamwork and collaboration Answer: b Kid Explanation: People in these cultures like to plan for the future, even if it takes time. Normal Explanation: Long-term oriented cultures prioritize future rewards, focusing on planning and perseverance to achieve long-term success. 29. What is typical of a short-term oriented culture? a) Focus on immediate results and social pressures b) Strong desire for long-term rewards c) Strict adherence to cultural traditions d) Focus on uncertainty avoidance Answer: a Kid Explanation: People in these cultures want things to happen fast. Normal Explanation: Short-term oriented cultures focus on immediate results, often prioritizing social pressures and short-term achievements over long-term goals. 30. Which of the following represents a feature of high uncertainty avoidance? a) Comfort with ambiguous situations b) Strict rules and policies to avoid uncertainty c) Encouragement of risk-taking and innovation d) A flexible approach to workplace policies Answer: b Kid Explanation: People feel safer when there are lots of rules  to follow. Normal Explanation: High uncertainty avoidance cultures prefer strict rules and structured environments to minimize risk and uncertainty. Which of the following provides an indicator of the overall quality of human experience in the workplace? a) Profitability b) Job satisfaction c) High power distance d) Low-context communication Answer: b Kid Explanation: Job satisfaction means how happy people are at their jobs. Normal Explanation: Job satisfaction is a measure of how content people feel in their roles and with their work environment. Which of Hofstede’s cultural dimensions is represented by the statement: “In Canada, the boss is one of the team and although she may make the final decision, any team member can make herself heard during the decision-making process”? a) High power distance b) Low power distance c) Masculinity d) Uncertainty avoidance Answer: b Kid Explanation: In low power distance cultures, the boss listens to everyone before making a decision. Normal Explanation: Low power distance cultures have less hierarchical structures, and employees have more equality in decision-making. Which dimension of Hofstede’s model indicates the preference for strong rules and structures to avoid uncertainty? a) Masculinity b) Uncertainty avoidance c) Collectivism d) Power distance Answer: b Kid Explanation: In some places, people like having rules so they don’t feel unsure about what to do. Normal Explanation: High uncertainty avoidance cultures prefer structured environments and clear rules to reduce ambiguity. What is the main focus of a "masculine" culture, according to Hofstede? a) Nurturing relationships b) Competition and achievement c) Avoiding uncertainty d) Following authority Answer: b Kid Explanation: In these cultures, people want to win and be the best. Normal Explanation: Masculine cultures prioritize competition, assertiveness, and achieving material success. Which cultural dimension is characterized by people making decisions based on what is best for the group rather than the individual? a) Individualism b) Collectivism c) Masculinity d) Power distance Answer: b Kid Explanation: Collectivism means people care more about what’s good for the team than just one person. Normal Explanation: In collectivist cultures, decisions are made with the group’s benefit in mind, rather than focusing on individual needs. In Hofstede’s cultural dimensions, what does “low-context communication” mean? a) Relying on non-verbal cues b) Saying exactly what you mean with words c) Using vague language d) Making decisions based on emotions Answer: b Kid Explanation: In low-context cultures, people say things clearly and directly. Normal Explanation: Low-context communication means that most of the information is conveyed through explicit words, without relying on body language or context. Which of the following is a reason companies engage in international business? a) To avoid profits b) To reduce employee engagement c) To find new customers and increase profits d) To lower product quality Answer: c Kid Explanation: Companies sell things in other countries to make more money. Normal Explanation: Companies engage in international business to expand their customer base and increase profits. What is a key feature of a high power distance culture? a) Everyone is seen as equal in the workplace b) People are comfortable with inequalities in power c) Employees freely question authority d) Informal communication with leaders Answer: b Kid Explanation: In high power distance cultures, people think the boss is in charge and that’s okay. Normal Explanation: High power distance cultures accept a clear hierarchy where authority figures have much more power than others. What is an advantage of a joint venture in international business? a) Full control over foreign operations b) Sharing costs and risks with a local partner c) Avoiding local business practices d) Limiting technology transfer Answer: b Kid Explanation: Two companies work together and share the costs and risks. Normal Explanation: A joint venture allows two companies to share resources, costs, and risks when entering a foreign market. In cultures with high uncertainty avoidance, how do people typically feel about risk? a) They are comfortable with taking risks b) They avoid risks and prefer clear rules c) They encourage innovation despite risks d) They are indifferent to risks Answer: b Kid Explanation: People in these cultures like rules because they don’t want to take risks. Normal Explanation: High uncertainty avoidance cultures prefer structured environments with clear rules to avoid uncertainty and risk. 11. What does Hofstede’s dimension of individualism vs. collectivism measure? a) How much a society values competition b) How people prioritize personal goals vs. group goals c) The degree to which people follow authority d) The importance of tradition in a culture Answer: b  Kid Explanation: It measures whether people care more about themselves or the group. Normal Explanation: Individualism vs. collectivism measures whether people prioritize their own personal goals over the goals of the group or community. 12. What type of market entry strategy involves using foreign suppliers to produce goods at lower costs? a) Joint ventures b) Global sourcing c) Franchising d) Licensing agreements Answer: b Kid Explanation: Companies buy things from other places where it’s cheaper to make them. Normal Explanation: Global sourcing is a strategy where companies use foreign suppliers to produce goods at a lower cost than in their home country. 13. Which cultural dimension shows the extent to which people expect unequal power distributions in society? a) Masculinity b) Uncertainty avoidance c) Power distance d) Collectivism Answer: c Kid Explanation: Power distance shows how okay people are with some people having more power than others. Normal Explanation: Power distance reflects how much a society expects and accepts unequal power distribution among individuals in workplaces and organizations. 14. Which type of agreement allows a company to use the brand name and business model of another company in exchange for fees? a) Licensing agreement b) Franchising c) Importing d) Exporting Answer: b Kid Explanation: Franchising is when a company lets someone else use its name and way of doing business for money. Normal Explanation: Franchising allows a business to operate using the brand name and business model of another company, often for a fee or royalty. 15. What does Trompenaars’ dimension of universalism vs. particularism explore? a) Whether rules or relationships are more important in a culture b) How much a society avoids uncertainty c) The balance between individual and group achievements d) Attitudes toward gender roles Answer: a Kid Explanation: It’s about whether people think rules are more important or relationships are. Normal Explanation: Universalism vs. particularism explores whether a culture places more importance on formal rules and laws (universalism) or on personal relationships and situations (particularism). 16. What is a multinational corporation (MNC)? a) A company that operates in only one country b) A business with operations in multiple foreign countries c) A government-owned company d) A small local business Answer: b Kid Explanation: It’s a company that works in lots of countries, not just one. Normal Explanation: A multinational corporation is a company that has operations in multiple foreign countries, conducting business on a global scale. 17. What is ethnocentrism? a) Believing all cultures are equally important b) Thinking your own culture is better than others c) Understanding and adapting to different cultures d) Ignoring cultural differences altogether  Answer: b Kid Explanation: It’s when people think their way of doing things is the best and others are wrong. Normal Explanation: Ethnocentrism is the belief that one’s own culture is superior to others, and that it is the correct way of doing things. 18. Which dimension of Hofstede’s model is concerned with the degree to which a society values traditional male and female roles? a) Power distance b) Masculinity vs. femininity c) Uncertainty avoidance d) Individualism Answer: b Kid Explanation: Masculinity vs. femininity shows if a culture values traditional roles for men and women or if they care more about relationships and equality. Normal Explanation: Masculinity vs. femininity measures how much a society values traditional masculine traits like assertiveness and competition compared to feminine traits like nurturing and cooperation. 19. What is the primary focus of sustainable development in global business? a) Maximizing short-term profits b) Meeting current needs without harming future generations c) Expanding into as many markets as possible d) Avoiding international regulations Answer: b Kid Explanation: Sustainable development means helping people now without hurting the planet for the future. Normal Explanation: Sustainable development focuses on meeting the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. 20. What is one challenge multinational corporations face in host countries? a) Having too many customers b) Excessive profits c) Complaints about interfering with local governments d) Easy access to technology Answer: c Kid Explanation: Sometimes local people think the company is too involved with their government. Normal Explanation: Multinational corporations can face complaints about interfering with local governments or dominating local economies in host countries. 21. Which of the following is a challenge faced by multinational corporations (MNCs) in host countries? a) Limited technology access b) Interference with local government c) Lack of competition d) No labor availability Answer: b Kid Explanation: Sometimes people in the host country don’t like when the company gets too involved with the government. Normal Explanation: One challenge MNCs face is accusations of interfering with the host country’s government, which can lead to political and social tensions. 22. Which cultural dimension explains why employees in some countries expect their leaders to make all the decisions? a) High individualism b) Low power distance c) High power distance d) Masculinity Answer: c Kid Explanation: In high power distance cultures, people expect the boss to make decisions and not ask others. Normal Explanation: High power distance cultures accept a hierarchical order where leaders are expected to make decisions without input from employees. 23. What is an example of a market entry strategy that requires little capital investment? a) Global sourcing b) Joint ventures c) Foreign subsidiaries d) Direct investment Answer: a Kid Explanation: Global sourcing is when a company buys things from other places where it’s cheaper. Normal Explanation: Global sourcing involves procuring goods or services from overseas suppliers, allowing companies to expand internationally without a significant capital investment. 24. Which of Hofstede’s dimensions deals with how comfortable a culture is with inequality in power and authority? a) Masculinity b) Individualism c) Power distance d) Uncertainty avoidance Answer: c Kid Explanation: Power distance is about whether people are okay with some people having more power than others. Normal Explanation: Power distance measures how comfortable a culture is with inequality in power and authority, with high power distance societies accepting large gaps between leaders and subordinates. 25. Which dimension of Hofstede’s model is concerned with how societies handle uncertainty and ambiguity? a) Masculinity b) Power distance c) Uncertainty avoidance d) Collectivism Answer: c Kid Explanation: In cultures with high uncertainty avoidance, people like to follow rules to feel safe. Normal Explanation: Uncertainty avoidance refers to how much a culture tolerates uncertainty and ambiguity, with high uncertainty avoidance societies preferring rules and structured environments to minimize risk. 26. What is the key feature of a licensing agreement in international business? a) The company has full control over the product abroad b) The company allows another business to produce and sell its products c) The company owns all foreign subsidiaries d) The company is responsible for all operations in the foreign country Answer: b Kid Explanation: Licensing is when one company lets another make and sell its products in exchange for a fee. Normal Explanation: A licensing agreement allows a foreign company to produce and sell a product in exchange for a fee or royalty, providing access to new markets without direct ownership. 27. In Trompenaars' model, what does the dimension of “achievement vs. prescription” focus on? a) Whether people are judged based on what they accomplish or their background b) How much risk people are willing to take c) Whether societies prefer rules or relationships d) The role of gender in the workplace Answer: a Kid Explanation: It’s about whether people are respected for what they do or who they are. Normal Explanation: Achievement vs. prescription refers to whether people in a culture are judged based on their accomplishments (achievement) or their background and status (prescription). 28. What is the primary reason for multinational corporations (MNCs) to engage in joint ventures? a) To avoid risks associated with direct ownership b) To own all operations in the host country c) To gain full control of foreign subsidiaries d) To operate only in one country Answer: a Kid Explanation: Joint ventures help companies share risks and costs with a local partner. Normal Explanation: MNCs engage in joint ventures to share risks, costs, and resources with a local partner, reducing the risks associated with direct ownership in a foreign market.  29. Which of the following represents a low-context culture in communication? a) People rely on direct and clear language b) People communicate through non-verbal cues and context c) Body language is more important than words d) Relationships are more important than words Answer: a Kid Explanation: In low-context cultures, people say exactly what they mean with words. Normal Explanation: Low-context cultures rely on explicit, clear communication where most of the meaning is conveyed through words, rather than non-verbal cues or context. 30. What is one potential complaint a host country may have against multinational corporations? a) Lack of job opportunities b) Excessive profits and domination of the local economy c) No access to modern technology d) Limited market access Answer: b Kid Explanation: Host countries sometimes feel like big companies make too much money and control their local economy. Normal Explanation: Host countries often complain that multinational corporations dominate the local economy, make excessive profits, and limit opportunities for local businesses. Cultural Perception of Homeownership: The idea of homeownership is deeply ingrained in society, seen as a marker of economic well-being and success. Pressure to buy homes is prevalent, but people rarely question whether it's the right financial choice. Global Variations in Homeownership: In countries like Switzerland, homeownership is low (38%), while it’s higher in places like the UK (about 66%). Swiss housing prices have increased less drastically than in the UK due to different market factors. Historical Shift to Homeownership: After WWII, governments encouraged homeownership through policies like tax breaks, low-interest loans, and mortgage subsidies. These policies contributed to a rapid increase in homeownership but also led to financial instability, including the 2008 financial crisis. Consequences of High Homeownership: High rates of homeownership can lead to economic issues, such as housing shortages due to "NIMBY" (Not In My Backyard) attitudes, where homeowners resist new development to protect property values. High homeownership has been linked to lower entrepreneurship and workforce mobility, as people are less likely to move for job opportunities. Impact of Renting vs. Buying: Renting often gets a bad reputation for "throwing away money," but in reality, both renting and homeownership have costs that can be equivalent in the long term. Homeowners face mortgage payments, insurance, maintenance, and other costs, which can make renting a better financial choice in some situations. Examples of Rental Systems: Switzerland offers strong protections for renters, with long leases and stable prices.  Renters can negotiate lower rent if interest rates fall, offering more financial stability compared to other countries. Government Policies and Homeownership: Governments continue to promote homeownership, often through policies like mortgage interest deductions (U.S.) or help-to-buy schemes (U.K.). Despite heavy government investment, the net effect of these policies on increasing homeownership is often minimal. Conclusion: Homeownership isn’t inherently better than renting; it depends on personal circumstances, financial factors, and government policies. Governments should rethink their approach to promoting homeownership, as it may not always lead to better economic outcomes. Intra-regional Trade in Sub-Saharan Africa: Sub-Saharan Africa has the lowest rate of intra-regional trade (about 10%) compared to other regions like North America (40%) and Western Europe (60%). Challenges Hindering Trade: Non-tariff barriers such as excessive documentation, burdensome customs procedures, inefficient ports, and poor infrastructure increase the cost of trading. Reducing trade barriers could cut the cost of moving goods by 12.5% to 17% and boost exports. Focus on Trade Facilitation: Simplifying and modernizing trade procedures is essential for faster growth, benefiting small businesses the most. Measures to Improve Trade: Single Window Systems: Countries like Ghana are adopting this system to streamline customs processes. One-stop Border Posts: An example is the Chirundu border post between Zambia and Zimbabwe, which reduces crossing time. Technology Use: Automation, like digital weighbridges, reduces corruption and delays, e.g., at Mariakani, Kenya. Recommendations: Harmonize and simplify procedures across regions. Implement digital systems for customs management to reduce corruption and improve efficiency. Strengthen existing trade arrangements like the Economic Community of West African States’ Trade Liberalisation Scheme and Common External Tariff. Personal Tea Journey: Love for tea started in childhood and evolved with travel and exposure to different cultures. Learned about chai tea tautology (chai means tea in several languages). Different cultures have different names for tea but refer to the same beverage (e.g., chai, cha, te, tsaa, etc.). Global Tea History: Tea originated in China and spread globally, with matcha popularizing Chinese tea culture. Tea reached Japan in the 9th century and Europe in the 17th century through Dutch traders.  British traded opium for tea with China, leading to the Opium War and the weakening of China’s global power. British smuggled tea plants and growers to India (Darjeeling) and Sri Lanka to reduce China's monopoly. Sustainable Tea Consumption: Prefers buying ethical, organic, and artisanal tea, though transparency in the value chain is challenging. Supports sustainable tea farming through Renegade Tea Farm in Georgia by adopting a tea plot. Renegade Tea Estate emphasizes transparency, small production, and alternative agriculture. Renegade Tea Estate Experience: Established in 2017, allowing customers to adopt tea plots and be part of the production process. Farm has grown to 1500 families with varying adoption durations. Provides four teas in subscription: Prodigy Mesame (oolong), Sunset Garden (green), Georgian Breakfast (black), and Imereti Summer (white). Cultural Tea Consumption Observations: Tea consumption varies across cultures and regions. In South West Nigeria, tea is less popular among the general population but more common among elites. In East and Southern Africa (e.g., Arusha, Nairobi, Johannesburg), tea is consumed frequently, often with milk. Personal Preferences: Prefers black tea, tolerates white tea, enjoys oolong, and struggles to appreciate green tea. Coffee Experience: Author started with regular coffee but discovered a passion for specialty coffee in their 30s while working as a café manager. Learned about coffee brewing precision and the key differences between a cappuccino and a latte. Cappuccino vs. Latte: Cappuccino: A dry beverage with more foam and less milk, providing a stronger espresso flavor. Latte: A wet beverage with more milk and a thin layer of foam, offering a smoother, creamier drink. Coffee Brewing Process: Espresso pour must be timed perfectly. Steaming milk involves creating different amounts of foam, depending on the drink. Pouring milk into espresso is an art, with finishing touches like the rosetta design. Taste Preferences: The choice between cappuccino and latte depends on personal preference and desired flavor (stronger vs. milkier). Both drinks are popular, and the preference varies by mood and situation (e.g., extra foam for taste or more milk for warmth in cold weather). Conclusion: Coffee is complex and personal. The choice between cappuccino and latte depends on individual taste. Encourages exploring coffee varieties from around the world. Education and Value of a Degree: Keteh questions the value of education, while Prof. Agravante emphasizes that a degree is important as a signaling device and for building connections. Culture and Its Dynamism: Prof. Agravante explains that culture is dynamic and often shaped by historical and economic factors, not static or superior. He argues that GDP doesn't capture all aspects of well-being, such as household contributions and altruism. Perception of Capitalism and Economic Systems: Keteh expresses concerns about capitalism’s impact on growth and well-being. Prof. Agravante highlights the flaws in capitalism, mentioning food deserts and social inequality in developed countries like the U.S. Social Constructs and Illusions: The professor explains that success and happiness are often based on cultural illusions, shaped by societal expectations. Material goods, such as luxury items, serve as signaling devices but are based on perception, not intrinsic value. Cultural Relativity: Prof. Agravante discusses how culture and perceptions change over time, using examples like the transformation of Hagia Sophia and the Christian Nicene Creed. He touches on belief systems and how they explain what people don’t understand (e.g., religious doctrines, the Yoruba Ifa system, Hammurabi’s code). Language and Cultural Similarities: The professor notes linguistic similarities between African languages (e.g., Yoruba and Ibo) and the connections between Swahili, Arabic, and Bantu languages. Food and Globalization: He emphasizes that food is also affected by globalization and may change or disappear over time. Gender Roles and Family Expectations: Keteh reflects on cultural pressures for women to prioritize family, while Prof. Agravante mentions modern options like surrogacy and egg freezing to delay childbearing. Vacation Suggestions: Prof. Agravante suggests vacation spots such as Alhambra Palace, Machu Picchu, Ngorongoro Crater, and the Canadian Rockies. Initial Encounter: Scholars Makau and Chedeye meet at Schiphol Airport, heading to Nairobi, and discuss their work on public health and the COVID-19 pandemic. Public Health Discussion:  Face-masks and Vaccines: Chedeye explores the economic and public health impacts of face-masks and vaccines, arguing both create positive externalities. Oligopolistic Markets: They discuss oligopolistic airline industries and their influence, drawing parallels to the vaccine market. Iatrogenic Effects and Echo-Chamber: Iatrogenic Effects: Makau explains unintended negative consequences of medical procedures. Echo-Chamber Effect: They discuss how people reinforce their own opinions within social circles, leading to misinformation. Vaccination: Vaccine Benefits: Makau highlights the importance of vaccines for immunity, but acknowledges that no solution is perfect. Travel and Vaccination: They discuss the possibility of showing proof of vaccination instead of multiple COVID tests when traveling. Conclusion: Post-Flight: After landing in Nairobi, they express hope for better vaccine access in Africa and plan to meet again at a future policy conference in Zanzibar.