Glycolysis PDF

MAJOR PATHWAYS IN CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM Otto Warburg and Hans von Euler-Chelpin; Gustav Embden and Otto Meyerhof elucidated the glycolytic pathway in yeast and muscle respectively in the 1930s Jakub Karol Parnas Glyc...

MAJOR PATHWAYS IN CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM Otto Warburg and Hans von Euler-Chelpin; Gustav Embden and Otto Meyerhof elucidated the glycolytic pathway in yeast and muscle respectively in the 1930s Jakub Karol Parnas Glycolysis (Embden-Meyerhof- Parnas pathway) 1. Phosphorylation of Glucose (hexokinase) 2. Conversion of Glucose-6-phosphate to Fructose-6-Phosphate (phosphohexose isomerase) 3. Phosphorylation of Fructose 6-phosphate to Fructose 1,6-Bisphosphate (phosphofructosekinase-1) 4. Cleavage of Fructose 1,6-Bisphosphate (aldolase) 5. Interconversion of the Triose Phosphates (triose phosphate isomerase) 6. Oxidation of Glyceraldehyde 3-Phosphate to 1,3-Bisphosphoglycerate (glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase) 7. Phosphoryl transfer from 1,3-Bisphosphoglycerate to ADP (phosphoglycerate kinase) 8. Conversion of 3-Phosphoglycerate to 2-Phosphoglycerate (phosphoglycerate mutase) 9. Dehydration of 2-Phosphoglycerate to phosphoenolpyruvate (enolase) 10. Transfer of the Phosphoryl group from phosphoenolpyruvate to ADP (pyruvate kinase) Canceling out common terms on both sides of the equation gives the overall equation for glycolysis under aerobic conditions Three possible catabolic fates of the pyruvate formed in glycolysis Phosphorylation of glucose to glucose-6- phosphate by ATP creates a charged molecule that cannot easily cross the plasma membrane. In the sequential reactions of glycolysis, three types of chemical transformations are particularly noteworthy: (1) degradation of the carbon skeleton of glucose to yield pyruvate; (2) phosphorylation of ADP to ATP by compounds with high phosphoryl group transfer potential, formed during glycolysis; and (3) transfer of a hydride ion to NAD+, forming NADH.