Globalization Lessons PDF

Introduction to Globalisation & The Main Actors What is globalisation? ‘The increasing integration of economies around the world, particularly through the movement of goods, services, and capital across borders. There are also broader cultural, political, and environmental dimensions of global...

Introduction to Globalisation & The Main Actors What is globalisation? ‘The increasing integration of economies around the world, particularly through the movement of goods, services, and capital across borders. There are also broader cultural, political, and environmental dimensions of globalization.’ International Monetary Fund The worldwide movement toward economic, financial, trade, and communications integration. This implies the opening of local and nationalistic perspectives to a broader outlook of an interconnected and interdependent world with free transfer of capital, goods, and services across national frontiers. ‘The growing interdependence of the world’s economies, cultures, and populations, brought about by cross-border trade in goods and services, technology, and flows of investment, people, and information.’ Peterson Institutec Do now: 1. Using the definitions above, create your own simplified definition of globalization. 2. What do you think Globalization contributes to our society? 3. Explain what factors have allowed globalization to thrive. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3oTLyPPrZE4 – What is Globalisation?  Flows in Globalisation Global Flows & Interdependence Flows of movement Capital – money flows through the world’s stock markets Commodities – valuable raw materials (e.g., fossil fuels, food and minerals) are traded (maritime spaces) Information – the internet allows real-time communication between countries globally Migrants – the permanent movement of people still face challenges due to border controls and immigration laws Tourists – Budget airlines have made it possible for people to travel further more easily These global flows have increased the interconnectedness of places which has increased the interdependence of places  Flows in Globalisation Task: Watch the following videos on the flows in Maritime Spaces and make notes about the impact it has on globalization, trends, key statistics, locations, issues etc. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Gn7IoT_WSRA – How containerization shaped the modern world https://www.shipmap.org/ Main Actors in Globalisation: Cooperation & Tension Potential/Previous Questions (Written & Oral). Obviously the exact wording might differ, but the topics/themes will remain. 2023 written: How does globalisation lead to both co-operation and tension at different scales? Other Potential Examples: Analyze cooperation, tensions, and regulations at the global, regional, and local scales. How does cooperation among actors affect globalization? What trade-related tensions surround globalization? (at global, regional and local scales)? To what extent do regulations influence globalization? How does globalization reflect tension and cooperation at different scales? Analyse the tensions and degree of cooperation that exist within Globalization. How does globalization lead to cooperation on different scales? Main Actors in Globalisation: Cooperation & Tension Nation States Financial Institutions (IMF & World Bank) International Organizations or IGOs (International Governmental Organizations) & Regional Organizations (The EU, WTO, UN, NAFTA etc.) Also known as Trade Blocs. Non-Governmental Organizations NGOs (WWF, UNICEF, Amnesty etc.) Transnational Corporations TNCs (Apple, Coca-Cola etc.) Tasks: Read through the completed parts of the table and highlight the examples into the different scales (Global, Regional, Local) Fill in the table for the remaining 3 Actors of Globalisation, using specific examples from the information sheets. Highlight them as the same scales as before  How they aid cooperation (specific examples inc. regulations) How they cause tension (specific examples inc. regulations) Main Actors [Global, Regional, Local] [Global, Regional, Local] Engage in diplomacy to foster cooperation on various global issues, such as climate change, terrorism, and trade. This can involve May engage in trade disputes, imposing tariffs, quotas, or other trade participating in international summits, negotiations, and treaties aimed barriers on imports from other countries, leading to tensions and at addressing common challenges. For example, the signing of the Paris disruptions in global trade. For example, the ongoing trade tensions Agreement in 2015 demonstrated widespread cooperation among between the United States and China have escalated through the nations to combat climate change by setting targets for reducing imposition of tariffs on billions of dollars' worth of goods, impacting greenhouse gas emissions. global supply chains and economic stability. Collaborate through International Organizations to promote peace, Military actions or territorial disputes can escalate tensions and pose stability, and economic development. An example is the United Nations Nation States threats to regional and global security. Conflicts such as the Peacekeeping Operations, where multiple countries contribute troops Russia-Ukraine conflict, North Korea's nuclear ambitions, and disputes and resources to maintain peace and stability in conflict-affected over maritime territories in the South China Sea. regions. The adoption of nationalistic policies that prioritize their own interests Provide foreign aid and development assistance to less developed over international cooperation, leading to tensions with other countries. countries to alleviate poverty, improve healthcare, and build For instance, the United Kingdom's decision to exit the European Union infrastructure. For instance, Japan's Official Development Assistance (Brexit) reflects a shift towards nationalist sentiments, causing (ODA) program supports various development projects in Asia, Africa, uncertainties and tensions in European and global affairs. and Latin America, contributing to regional and global development efforts. NGOs often provide humanitarian assistance during global crises, such as natural disasters or conflicts, fostering cooperation among nations Some NGOs are critical of certain aspects of globalization, such as free and communities. For example, organizations like the Red Cross and trade agreements or corporate practices, which they argue exacerbate Doctors Without Borders provide medical aid and relief efforts inequalities and harm the environment. This critique can lead to worldwide, promoting cooperation and solidarity. tensions between NGOs and governments or multinational Non-Governm Many NGOs undertake development projects in collaboration with corporations. For example in 2018, the Indian government introduced ental governments and international institutions to address issues like the Foreign Contribution (Regulation) Amendment Bill, which tightened Organizations poverty, education, and healthcare. Organizations like Oxfam and CARE regulations on foreign-funded NGOs, citing concerns about national (NGOs) International. security and misuse of funds. This led to tensions between the NGOs engage in advocacy and diplomacy to promote global government and several NGOs operating in India, sparking debates (WWF, UNICEF, cooperation on issues like human rights, environmental protection, and about the impact on civil society and democratic freedoms. AMNESTY) peacebuilding. They often participate in international forums and NGOs advocating for human rights or humanitarian interventions may negotiations, influencing policies and fostering dialogue between challenge state sovereignty, leading to tensions with governments. For governments and civil society. For instance, Amnesty International instance, organizations involved in human rights monitoring or election campaigns for human rights worldwide, urging governments to uphold observation may face resistance or expulsion from certain countries that international standards through diplomatic channels and public perceive their activities as interference in internal affairs. awareness campaigns.  How they aid cooperation (specific examples inc. regulations) How they cause tension (specific examples inc. regulations) Main Actors [Global, Regional, Local] [Global, Regional, Local] Financial Institutions (World Bank, IMF) IGOs (International Governmental Organizations (WTO, UN) Regional Organizations (EU, USMCA, ASEAN) Transnational Corporations (TNCs) (Apple, Coca Cola, Volkswagen, Shell)  Why are Countries unequally integrated into Globalisation? Do now: Write down how the following main actors in Globalisation contribute to Cooperation (x2 examples) & Tension (x2 examples): IGOs Financial Institutions TNCs NGOs  Measuring Gobalisation The KOF Index of Globalisation is an index of the degree of globalisation of countries.It incorporates the economic, social and political dimensions of globalization. Economic globalization is measured by: Flows of trade, foreign direct investment and portfolio investment, as well as the restrictions applying to these flows. Social globalization is expressed as: Spread of ideas, information, images and people. It is estimated by personal contact, information, and cultural proximity (number of McDonald’s restaurants, number of Ikea shops and trade in books). Political globalization is characterized by The degree of political cooperation; the number of embassies, membership of international organizations, participation in UN Security Council missions, and number of international treaties signed.  Core, Semi-Periphery & Periphery Core countries are characterized by high levels of development, a hub of trade flows. The core has a level of dominance over the periphery which is reflected in trade and transportation. Accessibility is higher within the core. Semi-periphery has a higher level of autonomy and has been the object of significant improvements in economic development (China, Brazil, Malaysia, etc.). The accessibility has improved, which allows it to take advantage of its advantages in labor and resources. Peripheral countries have small domestic markets, lack of infrastructure, population increase, low economic output, low levels of economic diversification, high agricultural population.  Global Economic Triangle of the CORE Cartogram of total trade of each country in the world, 2019 Countries in this core have diversified economies, with high output, high purchasing power and large domestic markets. Outside this core, the global periphery is a location of cheap raw materials or cheap manufacturing or a market for the core to “dump” their surplus products.  World Systems Analysis This theory claims there is a Global Economy which all countries are a part of. Therefore countries are interdependent and therefore development in one country depends on the country’s position in the Global Economy (World system). World Systems Analysis theorists argue that the development of the Core is a result of its exploitation of the Periphery.  Resource exporting countries. Recently LEDCs, Mainly in & Newly Africa. Industrialized This means that Countries (NICs). low-income For example countries earn little Former Socialist and spend more, Countries, Poorer giving them a European negative balance of Countries, trade. The Malaysia, Mexico, countries are South Africa, BRICs forced to borrow Some of these money to pay for countries could imports and can go now be seen as into debt. part of the CORE (South Korea)  What might a globalised country look like? Task 1: Read through the different features of core and peripheral countries. You must Task 2: Explain why the characteristics of the periphery play a role in being left out of then categorize them into the following groups: globalisation Physical Factors – Core Physical Factors – Periphery Human/Economic Factors – Core Human/Economic Factors – Periphery Good international Wide variety of relations e.g. member of Good transport links e.g. Stable climate (not to hot Infertile land Coastline entertainment e.g. international International airport or to cold) cinemas, museums, etc. organizations like NATO and OECD Poor education system Regular suffer from Good electricity, water Poor housing - often often resulting in high Available resources Mountainous devastating natural and gas supplies informal settlements levels of illiteracy disasters Poor healthcare leading Government policy e.g to high death rates and Little international Areas of flat land that the development on low life expectancy. Close to other developed Poor levels of cultural or sporting make construction easy enterprise zones or Possibly high rates of countries communications facilities export processing zones diseases like HIV and malaria Good medical care so that Possible exploitation from High employment and Stable democracy free there are low death rates Large levels of debt Frequent conflicts previous colonial power high wages from conflict and high life expectancy - free from major diseases Lack of democracy or a Large primary sector kleptocratic* High foreign direct economy - maybe a large Net migration gain Landlocked (no coastline) government. No Net migration loss investment (FDI) number of subsistence accountability for farmers government officials Why are some countries switched off? “What are the most significant factors that influence a country's integration into globalization?” Task: For each image, label the factor it represents in one colour. In another coloured pen, describe how this can contribute to being ‘switched off’ from globalisation. Try to use specific examples where possible. (This can be in bullet points)  Who are the winners and losers of Globalisation? How useful is Globalisation? David Mitchell https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HXX7UpCrZm0&t=1s Who are the winners and losers of Globalisation? General Impact of Globalization on Economic Growth Justin Kuepper, April 4th 2020 Consider what this means for the USA Some of the benefits of globalization include: Foreign Direct Investment: Foreign direct investment (FDI) tends to increase at a much greater rate than the growth in world trade, helping boost technology transfer, industrial restructuring, and the growth of global companies. Technological Innovation: Increased competition from globalization helps stimulate new technology development, particularly with the growth in FDI, which helps improve economic output by making processes more efficient. Economies of Scale: Globalization enables large companies to realize economies of scale that reduce costs and prices, which in turn supports further economic growth. However, this can hurt many small businesses attempting to compete domestically. Some of the risks of globalization include: Interdependence: Interdependence between nations can cause regional or global instabilities if local economic fluctuations end up impacting a large number of countries relying on them. National Sovereignty: Some see the rise of multinational or global firms, and other international organizations as a threat to sovereignty. Ultimately, this could cause some leaders to become nationalistic or xenophobic. Equity Distribution: The benefits of globalization can be unfairly skewed towards rich nations or individuals, creating greater economic inequalities. https://www.thebalance.com/globalization-and-its-impact-on-economic-growth-1978843 So…Does Globalisation CAUSE inequality? Globalization can increase wage inequality in a relatively rich country. Conversely, it opens more opportunities for exports in high-tech firms that use more high-skilled labor. Technological change can also potentially increase wage inequality. Within-country inequality has been rising, but between-country inequality has been falling. Therefore global inequality has declined since around 2000.  “Globalisation may not have increased income inequality, after all.” Busting the myths of Globalisation: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DKOoiqgAZuI Is this the end of Globalisation? Brazil’s Global Integration Read through the case study of Brazil and populate the table (with specific examples) to show: How Brazil is integrated globally Why or how they are not integrated Extension: Highlight the evidence based on the three different scales: Local (National) Regional (Neighbours, Continent) Global How/Why Brazil is an integrated country How/Why Brazil is not an integrated country  The Rustbelt North East USA & Globalisation Megalopolis The Rust Belt: Midwest and Northeast; including Ohio, Pennsylvania, Michigan, and New York, which (BosNYWash) experienced significant deindustrialization and The Sun Belt economic decline due to the contraction of traditional manufacturing industries like steel and automotive. Also known as the Northeast Megalopolis, refers to the highly The Sun Belt refers to the states south of urbanized corridor stretching from 36 degrees 30 latitude, encompassing Boston, Massachusetts, through New York City, and down to Washington, D.C. states like California, Texas, Florida, It is one of the most densely populated Georgia and Arizona. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=esJMtNzTxJY and economically vibrant regions in the https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QPKKQnijnsM – Wealth Inequality in America United States.  Group presentations – different areas to present? In what ways are (U.S.) territories unequally integrated into globalization? Analyze the unequal integration of Give an example PP on a case stu territories in the United States in Different scales globalization. Impact of globalization How does globalization impact the United How they are switched on/o States on different scales? Analyze the integration of France in globalization at different scales. Using examples of your choice, explain how territories are impacted by globalization at different scales Using the Documents and your knowledge analyse the extent to which territories of the USA are unequally integrated into globalization.