GKC Semester 4 Units PDF

GKC - SEMETER IV UNITS 1. LITERATURE 2. ART & ENTERTAINMENT PART-I 3. ART & ENTERTAINMENT PART-II 4. ART & ENTERTAINMENT PART-III 5. ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES SOCIAL ISSUES GKC431/451/461/491/881 Unit I UNIT 1 LITERATURE 1.1 IMPORTANT INDIAN W RITERS AND THEIR W ORKS...............................................5 1.2 IMPORTANT FOREIGN WRITERS AND THEIR W ORKS...........................................8 1.3 FOREIGN W ORDS AND PHRASES IN COMMON USE...........................................11 1.4 THE NOBEL PRIZES.......................................................................................14 1.4.1 List of Some Selected Laureates in Literature........................................15 1.4.2 Nobel Prize Medal...................................................................................18 GKC431/451/461/491/881 Unit I 1. Literature 1.1 Important Indian Writers and Their Works Kalam, A.P.J. Abdul Ignited Minds, Wings of Fire Adiga, Arvind The White Tiger Fazal, Abul Ain-e-Akbari, Akbarnamah SenAmartya The Argumentative Indian Fig 1. 1 Ghosh, Amitav Circle of Reason, Shadow Lines A.P.J. Abdul Kalam Desai, Anita Village by the Sea, Cry the Peacock Roy, Arundhati The God of Small Things, The Algebra of Infinite Justice Ghosh, Aurobindo The Life Divine, Essays on Gita Fig 1. 2 Malik, B.M. My Years with Nehru; The Chinese Betrayal Kaul, B.N. Untold Story Ban Bhatta Kadambari, Harshacharita, Chandishatak Chandra, Bankim Anand Math, Kapal Kundla, Durgesh Nandini Bharat Muni Natya Shastra Bhartreehuri Nitishatak, Shringarshatak, Vairagyashatak Bhavabhuti Uttar Ram Charita Bihari Satsai Islam, Kazi Nazrul Agni Veena Gorakhpuri, Firaque Gul-e-Nagma Firdausi Shahnama Moraes, Frank Nehru, India Today, Sunlight and Shadow Bachchan, Harivansh Rai Madhushala 5 GKC431/451/461/491/881 Unit I Kabir, Humayun Glimpses of India, Our Heritage Gandhi, Indira My Truth Kriplani, J.B. Gandhiji: Life and Thought Dalvi, J.P. Himalayan Blunder Fig 1. 3 Jai Deo Geet Govind Prasad, Jai Shankar Kamayani, Skandagupta, Chandragupta Jainendra Tyagpatra, Sunita Narayan, Jaiprakash Prison Diary Singh, Jasvant A call to Honour Nehru, Jawahar Lal Discovery of India, Glimpses of World History Munshi, K.M. I Follow the Mahatma Menon, K.P.S. Many Worlds Kalhan Rajatarangini Fig 1. 4 Kalidasa Meghdoot, Abhigyan Shakuntalam, Jawahar Lal Kumarsambhavam, Raghuvamsa Nehru Kautilya Arthashashtra Chander, Krishna Shikast, Teen Gunde Nayar, Kuldeep Between the Lines, The Critical Years, The Judgement, India after Nehru Singh, Khushwant A Train to Pakistan, Delhi, Truth, Love and a little Malice Fig 1. 5 Rai, Lala Lajpat Unhappy India Gandhi, Mahatma My Experiments With Truth Gupta, Maithili Sharan Saket, Bharat Bharati Azad, Maulana Abul Kalam India Wins Freedom Fig 1. 6 Ghalib, Mirza Diwan-e-Ghalib 6 GKC431/451/461/491/881 Unit I Rakesh, Mohan Aadhe-Adhure, Band Andhere Kamre Anand, Mulk Raj The Coolie, Two Leaves and a Bud, Untouchable Sehgal, Nayan Tara Day in Shadow, A Voice for Freedom Chaudhari, Nirad C. A Passage to England, Autobiography of an Unknown Indian Panini Ashtadhyayi Premchand Godan, Sevasadan, Gaban, Rangbhumi, Shoje atan Shankar, Pt. Ravi My Music, My Life Narayan, R.K. Guide, Mr. Sampat, My Days, Malgudi Days Rao, Raja Kanthapura, The Serpent and the Rope, The Cat and Shakespeare Dinker, Ram Dhari Singh Urvashi, Kurukshetra Tagore, Rabindranath Gitanjali, Gora, Chitra Prasad, Rajendra India Divided Mistry, Rohinton A Fine Balance Fig 1. 7 Radha Krishnan, S. The Hindu View of Life, Indian Philosophy, An Idealist View of Life Naidu, Sarojini The Song of India, Golden Threshold, Broken Wing Ray, Satyajit Our Films, Their Films Fig 1. 8 S. Radha Krishnan Chattopadhyay, Sharat Chandra Charitraheen, Devdas Tharoor, Shashi The Great Indian Novel Saddi, Shekh Gulistan-Bostan Pandeya, Shyamnarayan Haldighati Pant, Sumitranandan Chidambara, Lokayatan Gavaskar, Sunil Idols, Sunny Days Saraswati, Swami Dayanand Satyartha Prakash Seshan, T.N. The Degeneration of India 7 GKC431/451/461/491/881 Unit I Bandhopadhyaya, Tara Shankar Ganadevata Das, Tulsi Ram Charita Manas, Vinay Patrika Naipaul, V.S. A House for Mr. Biswas, A Million Mutinies Now Valmiki Ramayan Vatsayayan Kamasutra Vyas, Ved Mahabharata, Bhagvad-Gita, Fig 1. 9 Tendulkar, Vijay Silence, the Court is in Session, Ghasiram Kotwal Seth, Vikram A Suitable Boy, Beastly Tales Prabhakar, Vishnu Awara Mashiha Sharma, Vishnu Panchatantra Verma, Vrindavan Lal Jhansi Ki Rani, Mrignainee Yashpal Jhootha Sach Hussain, Zakir Abboo Khan Ki Bakri 1.2 Important Foreign Writers and Their Works Smith, Adam The Wealth of Nations Einstein, Albert Ideas and Opinions Huxley, Aldous Brave New World Doyle, Arthur Conan The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes Whitehead, Alfred North & Principia Mathematica Russell, Bertrand Clinton, Bill My Life Darwin, Charles The Origin of Species Dickens, Charles A Tale of Two Cities, David Copperfield Achebe, Chinua Things Fall Apart Lawrence, D.H. Lady Chatterley's Lover, Sons and Lovers 8 GKC431/451/461/491/881 Unit I Alighieri, Dante Divine Comedy Forster, E.M. A Passage to India, Howards End Fitzgerald, Edward Rubaiyat-i-Omar Khayyam Gibbon, Edward Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire Zola, Emile Nana Bronte, Emily Wuthering Heights Hemingway, Ernest A Farewell to Arms, The Old Man and the Sea Dostoevsky, Feodor Crime and Punishment, The Brothers Karamazov Shaw, George Bernard Man and Superman Orwell, George Animal Farm, Nineteen Eighty Four Myrdal, Gunnar Asian Drama Wells, H.G. Time Machine James, Henry Ambassador, Portrait of a Lady Melville, Herman Moby Dick Newton, Isaac The Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica. Ibsen A Doll's House Rowling, J.K. Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire Joyce, James A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man Corbett, Jim Man-eaters of Kumaon Gray, John Men are from Mars, Women are from Venus Milton, John Paradise Lost Swift, Jonathan Gulliver's Travels Marx, Karl Communist Manifesto, Das Kapital Collins, Larry and Freedom at Midnight, Is Paris Burning, Lapierre, Dominique Is New York Burning? Tolstoy, Leo Anna Karenina, War and Peace 9 GKC431/451/461/491/881 Unit I Puzo, Mario The Godfather Tully, Mark No Full Stops in India Twain, Mark Adventures of Tom Sawyer, Adventures of Huckleberry Finn Gorky, Maxim Mother Mandela, Nelson The Struggle of My Life Buck, Pearl S. The Good Earth Attenborough, Richard In Search of Gandhi Rolland, Romain Mahatma Gandhi Rousseau Confessions Kipling, Rudyard Jungle Book Rushdie, Salman Midnight‘s Children, Satanic Verses, Moor‘s Last Sigh Coleridge, S.T. Biographia Literaria Hawking, Stephen A Brief History of Time Eliot, T.S. The Waste Land, Family Reunion, Murder in the Cathedral Nasreen, Taslima Lajja Moore, Thomas Utopia Hobbes, Thomas Leviathan Voltaire, Francois Candide Maugham, W.Somerset Of Human Bondage, The Razor's Edge Golding, William Lord of the Flies Shakespeare, William Hamlet, Macbeth, The Tempest, Othello, King Lear, Julius Caesar Churchill, Winston Gathering Storm Bhutto, Z.A. If I am Assassinated 10 GKC431/451/461/491/881 Unit I 1.3 Foreign Words and Phrases in Common Use ab initio (L) From the beginning ad interim (L) Meanwhile ad hoc (L) For purpose, at hand Alma mater (L) Gracious mother. A term of respect used by students for their old university or college. alias (Lat.) otherwise; applied to a second name bestowed upon himself by a person alpha and omega (Lat) from beginning to end Apropos (Fr.) To the point, at an opportune time; with regard to alter ego (Lat.) one's other self, very intimate friends bourgeois (F) Middle class bon voyage (F) Pleasant journey bella donna (It.) a pretty woman bonanza (US) Gold mine, an oil well, that is prospering greatly (bringing good luck and prosperity) Creme de la Creme (F) The best people or things of their kind cadre (F) A list of officers coup d'etat (F) An abrupt change of government by force chauffeur (Fr.) professional driver of motor car communique (Fr.) official note or intimation corrigendum (Lat.) corrections in a book de facto (L) In reality; in point of fact de jure (L) Determined by law as opposed to de facto ( By Legal right) detente (F) An easing or relaxation of strained relations, an improvement in the relationship between two or more countries dictum (L) Judgement; saying divide et impera (L) Divide and rule 11 GKC431/451/461/491/881 Unit I debut (Fr.) first appearance in the society or on stage as performer detenu (Lat.) prisoner dramatis personae (Lat) characters in a drama en bloc (F) as a group rather than separately en famille (F) With one's family ex officio (L) By virtue of one's office ex-gratia (L) As an act of grace exempli gratia (L) For example eureka (G) Exclamation used to show pleasure at having found something especially for the answer to a problem—“I have found it” El Dorado (Sp.) the golden land of one's dreams; the imaginary golden land emeritus (Lat) from merit en masse (Fr.) in a body et al. (Lat.) and other people ex tempore (Lat) without preparation facsimile (L) A close imitation fait accompli (F) An accomplished fact faux pas (F) A false step; a social blunder habeas corpus (Lat.) writ of the court requiring arrested person to be bodily brought before it to investigate the legality of his detention homo sapiens (Lat) Man as a thinking animal impasse (L) Deadlock in camera (L) In secret in toto (L) Entirely, totally 12 GKC431/451/461/491/881 Unit I in memoriam (L) In memory of interim (Lat.) serving for interval ibid (ibidem)-Lat. In the same place, in the same book i.e. (id est)-Lat. that is locus standi(L) Right to interfere laissez faire(F) non-interference leitmotif (Ger.) a recurring theme in a musical composition lingua franca (L) any language spoken or understood by various people modus operandi(L) Manner of operation; mode of doing a thing modus vivendi (L) A way of living or agreeing magnum opus (L) A great work mala fide (L) In bad faith matinee (Fr.) a morning performance; actually an afternoon one nonchalance (Fr.) indifference NB (nota bene)- Lat. note well par excellence (F) By way of special eminence pro rata (L) In proportion post-mortem (L) After death protege (F) Dependent; patronised by others pro tempore (L) For the time being prima facie (L) On the very first view parole (Fr.) word of honour, especially prisoner's per annum (Lat.) by or in the year per capita (Lat.) for each person proletariat (Lat.) The labouring class: wage earners, lower social class. 13 GKC431/451/461/491/881 Unit I pros and cons (Lat.) for and against quod erat demonstrandum (L) What was to be proved (Q.E.D.) repondez, s'il vous plait (L) Reply, if you please (R.S.V.P.) resume (F) A condensed statement, summary raison d'etre (Fr.) reason for existence rendezvous (Fr.) meeting-place; an appointment resume (Fr.) an abstract or summary sine die (L) Without any definite date; indefinitely status quo (L) A position in which a person, or thing is or was; existing order of things sobriquet (Fr.) a nickname summum bonum (Lat.) the highest good tete-a-tete (F) A private conversation tableau (Fr.) a picture; a set piece via media (L) A middle course viva voce (L) Oral test, by oral testimony vis-a-vis (Fr.) Opposite versus (L) Against vide (Lat.) see volte-face (Fr.) a sudden or complete change in conduct or policy 1.4 The Nobel Prizes The Nobel Prizes are given under the will of Alfred Bernhard Nobel who died in 1896. He was a noted Swedish chemist and engineer who discovered Nitroglycerin and its use in the manufacture of dynamite. These prizes are given each year in six fields. The Nobel Prizes for Peace, Physics, Chemistry, Medicine and Literature were started in 1901. The Nobel Prize for Economics was instituted in 1967 by the Swedish Bank (Sveriges 14 GKC431/451/461/491/881 Unit I Riksbank), in celebration of its 300th anniversary and was given for the first time in 1969. These prizes are the most prestigious awards in the world. These are supported by the Nobel Foundation (US$ 58,960,000) set up in 1900. The worth of each prize is $ 1 million. Fig 1. 10: Alfred Nobel The Nobel Prize in Literature (Swedish: Nobelpriset i litteratur) is awarded annually, since 1901, to an author from any country who has, in the words from the will of Alfred Nobel, produced "the most outstanding work of an idealistic tendency" (original Swedish: den som inom litteraturen har producerat det utmärktaste i idealisk riktning). The "work" in this case refers to an author's work as a whole, though individual works are sometimes also cited. The Swedish Academy decides who, if anyone, will receive the prize in any given year and announces the name of the chosen laureate in early October. The highlight of the Nobel Prize Award Ceremony in Stockholm is when each Nobel Laureate steps forward to receive the prize from the hands of His Majesty the King of Sweden. Under the eyes of a watching world, the Nobel Laureate receives three things: a diploma, a medal and a document confirming the prize amount. In 2007 the Nobel Prize in Literature was awarded to the British author Doris Lessing, who was cited as "that epicist of the female experience, who with scepticism, fire and visionary power has subjected a divided civilisation to scrutiny". She received a prize amount of 10,000,000 SEK (slightly more than $ 1.4 million). 1.4.1 List of Some Selected Laureates in Literature In the table below, the language is the language of the Laureate's works. (Source: The Nobel Foundation.) Table 1.1 Year Name Nationality Language Citation 1901 Sully France French "in special recognition Prudhomme of his poetic composition, which 15 GKC431/451/461/491/881 Unit I gives evidence of lofty idealism, artistic perfection and a rare combination of the qualities of both heart and intellect." 1913 Rabindranath India Bengali "because of his Tagore profoundly sensitive, fresh and beautiful verse, by which, with consummate skill, he has made his poetic thought, expressed in his own English words, a part of the literature of the West." 1998 José Portugal Portuguese "who with parables Saramago sustained by imagination, compassion and irony continually enables us once again to apprehend an elusory reality." 1999 Günter Grass Germany German "whose frolicsome black fables portray the forgotten face of history." 2000 Gao Xingjian People's Chinese "for an oeuvre of Republic of universal validity, bitter China insights and linguistic 1998: ingenuity, which has France opened new paths for the Chinese novel and drama." 2001 V. S. Naipaul Trinidad and English "for having united Tobago perceptive narrative United and incorruptible Kingdom scrutiny in works that compel us to see the presence of suppressed histories." 2002 Imre Kertész Hungary Hungarian "for writing that upholds the fragile experience of the individual against the barbaric arbitrariness of history." 16 GKC431/451/461/491/881 Unit I 2003 J. M. South Africa, English "who in innumerable Coetzee 2006: guises portrays the Australia surprising involvement of the outsider." 2004 Elfriede Austria German "for her musical flow of Jelinek voices and counter- voices in novels and plays that with extraordinary linguistic zeal reveal the absurdity of society's clichés and their subjugating power." 2005 Harold Pinter United English "who in his plays Kingdom uncovers the precipice under everyday prattle and forces entry into oppression's closed rooms." 2006 Orhan Turkey Turkish "who in the quest for Pamuk the melancholic soul of his native city has discovered new symbols for the clash and interlacing of cultures." 2007 Doris United English "that epicist of the Lessing Kingdom female experience, who with scepticism, fire and visionary power has subjected a divided civilisation to scrutiny." 2008 Jean-Marie France French "author of new Gustave Le departures, poetic Clézio adventure and sensual ecstasy, explorer of a humanity beyond and below the reigning civilization" 2009 Herta Müller Romanian, German "who, with the German concentration of poetry and the frankness of prose, depicts the landscape of the dispossessed" 2010 Mario Vargas Peru, Spain Spanish "for his cartography of Llosa structures of power and his trenchant 17 GKC431/451/461/491/881 Unit I images of the individual's resistance, revolt, and defeat" 2011 Tomas Sweden Sweedish "because, through his Tranströmer condensed, translucent images, he gives us fresh access to reality" 2012 Mo Yan China Chinese "who with hallucinatory realism merges folk tales, history and the contemporary" 2013 Alice Munro Canada English "master of the contemporary short story" 2014 Patrick France French "for the art of memory Modiano with which he has evoked the most ungraspable human destinies and uncovered the life- world of the occupation" 2015 Svetlana Belarusian Russian "for her polyphonic Alexievich writings, a monument to suffering and courage in our time" 2016 Bob Dylan USA English "for having created new poetic expressions within the great American song tradition" 1.4.2 Nobel Prize Medal Fig 1.11: Front & rear side of the Nobel Peace Prize Medal presented to Sir Ralph Norman Angell in 1933; the Imperial War Museum, London, 26 August 2005. All medals made before 1980 were struck in 23 carat gold. Since then, they have been struck in 18 carat green gold plated with 24 carat gold. The weight 18 GKC431/451/461/491/881 Unit I of each medal varies with the value of gold, but averages about 175 grams (0.386 lb) for each medal. The diameter is 66 millimetres (2.6 in) and the thickness varies between 5.2 millimetres (0.20 in) and 2.4 millimetres (0.094 in). 19 GKC431/451/461/491/881 Unit II UNIT 2 ART & ENTERTAINMENT PART-I 2.1 ART & ENTERTAINMENT.................................................................................23 2.2 CLASSICAL DANCES OF INDIA.........................................................................23 2.3 INDIAN CINEMA.............................................................................................26 2.4 ACADEMIES AND OTHER INSTITUTIONS............................................................27 GKC431/451/461/491/881 Unit II 2. Art & Entertainment Part-I 2.1 Art & Entertainment  Art is an enriching and civilizing factor of life and essential to the physical, mental and spiritual well being of the world.  Indian dances can be divided into classical, folk and modern types. India evolved a type of classical dance drama that combines movement, expression, singing, music, and costumes. 2.2 Classical Dances of India There are seven kinds of classical dances:  Bharata Natyam  Kathak Dance  Kathakali Dance  Kuchipudi Dance  Manipuri Dance  Odissi Dance  Mohiniattam Dance 1. Bharat Natyam: This dance has retained orthodoxy of Bharat's Natya Shastra. It had originated in the precincts of South Indian temples. It is a solo dance performed by female artists. Several variations have been developed down the ages viz. Odissi, Kuchipudi. Prominent dancers are Yamini Krishnamurti, Sonal Mansingh, Sanjukta Panigrahi. Fig 2. 1 23 GKC431/451/461/491/881 Unit II 2. Manipuri: Manipuri is the classical dance from Manipur. Slow and gracious movements differentiate Manipuri form from other dance styles. Delicate arm movements and gentle foot work characterise this dance. Fig 2. 2 3. Kathakali: It is a dance from Kerala based on the epics- Ramayan, Mahabharat and Purans. It has a strong basis in the traditional dance-forms. Fig 2. 3 4. Kathak: A north Indian dance, purely for amusement. Noted dancers are Sitara Devi, Gopi Krishna, Uma Sharma and Birju Maharaj. Fig 2. 4 24 GKC431/451/461/491/881 Unit II 5. Kuchipudi Dance: Kuchipudi originated from a hamlet in Andhra Pradesh called Kuchelapuri or Kuchelapuram. This vaishnava dance was performed by the Brahmin Families of village Kuchelapuri. Fig 2. 5 6. Odissi Dance: Odissi originated from Orrisa. This dance is similar to Bhartnatyam with respect to the mudras and expressions. Odissi is based on the popular devotion to Lord Krishna. Fig 2. 6 7. Mohiniattam Dance: Mohiniattam means mohini's dance. Mohini according to Indian mythology, was a very beautiful woman who attracted people instantly. The first reference to mohiniattam is found in "Vyavaharmala" composed by Mazhamangalam Naryanam Namboodiri, assigned to the 16th Century A.D. The dancers are attired in a beautiful white and gold bordered Kasavu Saree of Kerala. Fig 2. 7 25 GKC431/451/461/491/881 Unit II 2.3 Indian Cinema Harishchandra Sakharam Bhatwadekar (Save dada) was the first Indian to make a film. He made short films like 'The Wrestlers, Man and Monkey‘ in 1899. 'Raja Harish Chandra' was the first fully indigenous feature film, made by Dhundiraj Govind Phalke (Dada Saheb Phalke). The film was released for public exhibition on 3rd May, 1913. The feature film 'Pundalik' was made earlier, however it had British help. This earned Dada Saheb the title of 'Father of Indian Cinema'. The first talkie 'Alam Ara' directed by Ardeshir Iron was released in March 1931 in Bombay‘s Majestic cinema hall. South Indian Cinema came into being with the release of 'Bhaktha Prahalad' (Telugu) and 'Kalidas' (Tamil) in 1931. The thirties are also recognized as the decade of social protest in Indian Cinema. Numerous films on social injustice were made during this period, prominent being V. Shantaram's 'Aadmi' and P.C. Barua's 'Mukti'. In the forties Sohrab Modi with his historic film 'Pukar' started a new genre of films. The first International Film Festival of India held in Bombay (1952) opened new horizons for Indian movie makers with their exposure to the movies of French and Italian film makers. The biggest turning point in Indian Cinema came with the arrival of Satyjit Ray's 'Pather Panchali'. The International recognition accorded to the film (Sanges award for the best human documentary) marked the establishment of Indian Cinema as an industry in its own right. Neo-realism in Hindi Cinema was evident in films like 'Do Bigha Zameen' (Bimal Roy), 'Aan‘ (Mehboob Khan), 'Munna & Rahi‘ (K.A. Abbas), 'Awara', `Boot Polish‘ & ‗Jagte Raho‘ (Raj Kapoor), ‗Do Aankhen Barah Haat‘ (V.Shantaram) and ‗Pyasa‘ (Guru Dutt). The fifties also witnessed the arrival of romance in Indian Cinema with ‗Baiju Bawra‘, ‗Shree Char Sau Bees‘ etc. The Sixties witnessed the blockbusters, K.Asif's, ‗Mughal-e-Azam‘, Raj Kapoor's ‗Jis Desh Mein Ganga Behti Hai‘, Dilip Kumar's ‗Ganga Jamuna‘ etc. The seventies witnessed the divergence of small budgeted serious offbeat cinema from the mainstream cinema. The popular Hindi hits of that decade were 'Johnny Mera Naam', ‗Hathi Mere Sathi‘, ‗Pakeeza‘, ‗Bobby‘, ‗Zanjeer‘, ‗Sholay‘, ‗Mukaddar Ka Sikandar‘, ‗Deewar‘ and ‗Amar Akbar Anthony‘. The 80's saw the revival of the musical love stories in Hindi. Mr. India, Tezaab, Qayamat Se Qayamat Tak, Tridev, Chandni, Maine Pyar Kiya etc. The 90's have seen notable films like Drishti & Drohkal (Govind Nihalani), Anjali, Roja, Bombay (Mani Ratnam) & Salaam Bombay (Meera Nair). In the late 1990s, 'Parallel Cinema' began experiencing a resurgence in Hindi cinema, largely due to the critical and commercial success of Satya (1998), a crime film based on the Bombay underworld, written and directed by Ram Gopal Varma, with screenplay by Anurag Kashyap. The film's success led to the emergence of a distinct genre known as Mumbai noir, urban films reflecting social problems in Bombay city. Later films made on organised crime in Bombay include Madhur Bhandarkar's Chandni Bar (2001) and 26 GKC431/451/461/491/881 Unit II Traffic Signal (2007), Ram Gopal Varma's Company- Ajay Devgn (2002) and its prequel D (2005), Anurag Kashyap's Black Friday (2004). Vishal Bhardwaj's 2014 film Haider, the third instalment of Indian Shakespearean Trilogy after Maqbool (2003) and Omkara (2006), won the People's Choice Award at the 9th Rome Film Festival in the Mondo Genere category making it the first Indian film to achieve this feat. Indian cinema has more recently begun influencing Western musical films, and played a particularly instrumental role in the revival of the genre in the Western world. Baz Luhrmann stated that his successful musical film Moulin Rouge! (2001) was directly inspired by Bollywood musicals. The critical and financial success of Moulin Rouge! renewed interest in the then-moribund Western musical genre, subsequently fuelling a renaissance of the genre. Danny Boyle's Oscar-winning film Slumdog Millionaire (2008) was also directly inspired by Indian films, and is considered to be a "homage to Hindi commercial cinema". Other Indian filmmakers are also making attempts at reaching a more global audience, with upcoming films by directors such as Vidhu Vinod Chopra, Jahnu Barua, Sudhir Mishra and Pan Nalin. Indian Cinema was also recognised at the American Academy Awards. Three Indian films, Mother India (1957), Salaam Bombay! (1988), and Lagaan (2001), were nominated for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film. Indian winners of the Academy Awards include Bhanu Athaiya (costume designer), Satyajit Ray (filmmaker), A. R. Rahman (music composer), Resul Pookutty (sound editor) and Gulzar (lyricist), Cottalango Leon and Rahul Thakkar Sci-Tech Award. 2.4 Academies and Other Institutions  Sangeet Natak Academy: Established in 1953. It aims at the preservation and promotion of Indian Culture (Dance, Drama and Music).  Sahitya Academy: Established in March 12, 1954, it aims at the development of Indian letters and co-ordinates literary activities.  Lalit Kala Academy: Established in Oct 1953. It was established for the promotion of fine arts and research work.  National Book Trust: Established in 1957 to encourage the production and availability of good literature at moderate prices.  Indian Council for Cultural Relations: Established in Nov. 1949 with the object of establishing, reviving and strengthening cultural relations between India and other countries. 27 GKC431/451/461/491/881 Unit III UNIT 3 ART & ENTERTAINMENT PART-II 3.1 HISTORY OF ABBREVIATIONS..........................................................................31 3.1.1 Some Important Abbreviations................................................................32 3.2 SOBRIQUETS................................................................................................45 3.3 THE SUPERLATIVES.......................................................................................47 GKC431/451/461/491/881 Unit III 3. Art & Entertainment Part-II 3.1 History of Abbreviations The word abbreviation refers to short form of a word. Abbreviation has been used as long as phonetic script existed, in some senses actually being more common in early literacy, where spelling out a whole word was often avoided, initial letters commonly being used to represent words in specific application. An increase in literacy has, historically, sometimes spawned a trend toward abbreviation. The standardization of English in the 15th through 17th centuries included such a growth in the use of abbreviation. At first, abbreviations were sometimes represented with various suspension signs, not only periods. For example, specific phoneme sets like "er" were dropped from words and replaced with ɔ, like "mastɔ" instead of "master" or exacɔbate instead of "exacerbate". The use of abbreviation for the names of "Father of modern etymology" J. R. R. Tolkien and his friend C. S. Lewis, and other members of Oxford literary group known as the Inklings, are sometimes cited as symptomatic of this. Likewise, a century earlier in Boston, a fad of abbreviation started that swept the United States, with the globally popular term OK generally credited as a remnant of its influence. After World War II, the British greatly reduced their use of the full stop and other punctuations after abbreviations in at least semi-formal writing, while the Americans more readily kept its use until more recently, and still maintain it more than Britons. The classic example, considered by their American counterparts quite curious, was the maintenance of the internal comma in a British organization of secret agents called the "Special Operations, Executive" — "S.O.,E" — which is not found in histories written after about 1960. But before that, many Britons were more scrupulous at maintaining the French form. In French, the period only follows an abbreviation if the last letter in the abbreviation is not the last letter of its antecedent: "M." is the abbreviation for "monsieur" while "Mme" is that for "madame". Like many other cross-channel linguistic acquisitions, many Britons readily took this up and followed this rule themselves, while the Americans took a simpler rule and applied it rigorously. Over the years, however, the lack of convention in some style guides has made it difficult to determine which two-word abbreviations should be abbreviated with periods and which should not. The U.S. media tend to abbreviate two-word abbreviations like United States (U.S.), but not personal 31 GKC431/451/461/491/881 Unit III computer (PC) or television (TV). Many British publications have gradually done away with the use of periods in abbreviations completely. 3.1.1 Some Important Abbreviations A abbrev. abbreviation (of) absol. absolute, -ly Abstr. (in titles) Abstract, -s Acct. (in titles) Account A.D. Anno Domini adj. Adjective Adv. (in titles) Advance, -d, -s adv. Adverb advb. adverbial, -ly Advt. Advertisement AF., AFr. Anglo-French Afr. Africa, -n Agric. (as label) in Agriculture; (in titles) Agriculture, - al Amer. American Amer. Ind. American Indian Anc. (in titles) Ancient Anglo-Ind. Anglo-Indian Anglo-Ir. Anglo-Irish Anthrop., Anthropol. (as label) in Anthropology; (in titles) Anthropology, -ical Antiq. (as label) in Antiquities; (in titles) Antiquity app. apparently Appl. (in titles) Applied Applic. (in titles) Application, -s Arab. Arabic Arch. (as label) in Architecture; (in titles) Architecture, -al assoc. association Astr. in Astronomy Astrol. in Astrology Astron. (in titles) Astronomy, -ical Astronaut. (in titles) Astronautic, -s 32 GKC431/451/461/491/881 Unit III attrib. attributive, -ly Austral. Australian Autobiogr. (in titles) Autobiography, -ical A.V. Authorized Version B B.C. Before Christ B.C. (in titles) British Columbia bef. before Bibliogr. (as label) in Bibliography; (in titles) Bibliography, -ical Biochem. (as label) in Biochemistry; (in titles) Biochemistry, -ical Biol. (as label) in Biology; (in titles) Biology, - ical Bk. Book Brit. (in titles) Britain, British Bulg. Bulgarian Bull. (in titles) Bulletin C Cal. (in titles) Calendar Cambr. (in titles) Cambridge Canad. Canadian Catal. (in titles) Catalogue Celt. Celtic Cent. (in titles) Century, Central Cent. Dict. Century Dictionary Cf., cf. confer, 'compare' Ch. Church Chem. (as label) in Chemistry; (in titles) Chemistry, - ical Chr. (in titles) Christian Chron. (in titles) Chronicle Chronol. (in titles) Chronology, -ogical Cinemat., Cinematogr. in Cinematography Clin. (in titles) Clinical cl. L. classical Latin cogn. w. cognate with 33 GKC431/451/461/491/881 Unit III Col. (in titles) Colonel, Colony Coll. (in titles) Collection collect. collective, -ly colloq. colloquial, -ly comb. combined, -ining Comb. Combinations Comm. in Commercial usage Communic. in Communications comp. compound, composition Compan. (in titles) Companion compar. comparative compl. complement Compl. (in titles) Complete Conc. (in titles) Concise Conch. in Conchology concr. concrete, -ly Conf. (in titles) Conference Congr. (in titles) Congress conj. conjunction cons. consonant const. construction, construed with contr. contrast (with) Contrib. (in titles) Contribution Corr. (in titles) Correspondence corresp. corresponding (to) Cotgr. R. Cotgrave, Dictionarie of the French and English tongues cpd. compound D D.A. Dictionary of Americanisms D.A.E. Dictionary of American English D.C. District of Columbia Deb. (in titles) Debate, -s def. definite, -inition 34 GKC431/451/461/491/881 Unit III dem. demonstrative deriv. derivative, -ation derog. derogatory Descr. (in titles) Description, -iptive Devel. (in titles) Development, -opmental Diagn. (in titles) Diagnosis, Diagnostic dial. dialect, -al Dict. dictionary; spec., the Oxford English Dictionary dim. diminutive Dis. (in titles) Disease Diss. (in titles) Dissertation D.O.S.T. Dictionary of the Older Scottish Tongue Du. Dutch E E. East Ecol. in Ecology Econ. (as label) in Economics; (in titles) Economy, -omics ed. Edition E.D.D. English Dialect Dictionary Edin. (in titles) Edinburgh Educ. (as label) in Education; (in titles) Education, - al EE. Early English e.g. exempli gratia, 'for example' Electr. (as label) in Electricity; (in titles) Electricity, - ical Electron. (in titles) Electronic, -s Elem. (in titles) Element, -ary Embryol. in Embryology e.midl. east midland (dialect) Encycl. (in titles) Encyclopaedia, -opaedic Eng. England, English Engin. in Engineering Ent. in Entomology Entomol. (in titles) Entomology, -ogical esp. Especially 35 GKC431/451/461/491/881 Unit III Ess. (in titles) Esssay, -s et al. et alii, 'and others' etc. et cetera Ethnol. in Ethnology etym. etymology euphem. euphemistically Exam. (in titles) Examination exc. Except Exerc. (in titles) Exercise, -s Exper. (in titles) Experiment, -al Explor. (in titles) Exploration, -s F f. Feminine F. French fem. (rarely f.) Feminine fig. figurative, -ly Finn. Finnish fl. floruit, 'flourished' Found. (in titles) Foundation, -s Fr. French freq. frequent, -ly Fris. Frisian Fund. (in titles) Fundamental, -s G G. German Gaz. (in titles) Gazette gen. Genitive gen. general, -ly Geogr. (as label) in Geography; (in titles) Geography, - ical Geol. (as label) in Geology; (in titles) Geology, - ical Geom. in Geometry Geomorphol. in Geomorphology Ger. German 36 GKC431/451/461/491/881 Unit III Gloss. Glossary Gmc. Germanic Govt. (in titles) Government Gr. Greek Gr. Great Gram. (as label) in Grammar; (in titles) Grammar, -matical Gt. Great H hist. Historical Hort. in Horticulture Househ. (in titles) Household Housek. (in titles) Housekeeping I Ibid. Ibidem, 'in the same book or passage' Icel. Icelandic Ichthyol. in Ichthyology i.e. id est, 'that is' IE. Indo-European Illustr. (in titles) Illustration, -ated imit. imitative imp. imperative impers. impersonal impf. imperfect ind. indicative indef. indefinite Industr. (in titles) Industry, -ial inf. infinitive infl. influenced Inorg. (in titles) Inorganic Ins. (in titles) Insurance Inst. (in titles) Institute, -itution int. interjection intr. intransitive 37 GKC431/451/461/491/881 Unit III Introd. (in titles) Introduction Ir. Irish irreg. irregular, -ly It. Italian J Jap. Japanese Jrnl. (in titles) Journal Jun. (in titles) Junior K Knowl. (in titles) Knowledge L l. line L. Latin lang. language Lect. (in titles) Lecture, -s Less. (in titles) Lesson, -s Let., Lett. letter, letters LG. Low German lit. literal, -ly Lit. Literary Lith. Lithuanian M m. masculine Mag. (in titles) Magazine Magn. (in titles) Magnetic, -etism Man. (in titles) Manual Manch. (in titles) Manchester Manuf. in Manufacture, -acturing Mar. (in titles) Marine masc. (rarely m.) masculine Math. (as label) in Mathematics; (in titles) Mathematics, -al 38 GKC431/451/461/491/881 Unit III MDu. Middle Dutch ME. Middle English Mech. (as label) in Mechanics; (in titles) Mechanics, - al Med. (as label) in Medicine; (in titles) Medicine, - ical med.L. medieval Latin MHG. Middle High German Mineral. (in titles) Mineralogy, -ical MLG. Middle Low German mod. modern mod.L. modern Latin Myst. (in titles) Mystery Mythol. in Mythology N N. North N.Amer. North America, -n N.&Q. Notes and Queries Narr. (in titles) Narrative Nat. (in titles) Natural Nat. Hist. in Natural History Naut. in nautical language N.E. North East N.E.D. New English Dictionary, original title of the Oxford English neut. (rarely n.) neuter NF., NFr. Northern French No. Number nom. nominative north. northern dialect n.q. no quotations N.T. New Testament Nucl. Nuclear N.W. North West N.Z. New Zealand 39 GKC431/451/461/491/881 Unit III O obj. object obl. oblique Obs., obs. obsolete Obstetr. (in titles) Obstetric occas. occasionally OE. Old English (= Anglo-Saxon) OF., OFr. Old French OFris. Old Frisian OHG. Old High German OIr. Old Irish opp. opposed (to), the opposite (of) Org. (in titles) Organic orig. origin, -al, -ally O.T. Old Testament Outl. (in titles) Outline Oxf. (in titles) Oxford P p. page pa.t. past tense Path. (as label) in Pathology; (in titles) Pathology, - ical Pharm. in Pharmacology phr. phrase Phys. physical; (rarely) in Physiology Physiol. (as label) in Physiology; (in titles) Physiology, -ical Pict. (in titles) Picture, Pictorial pl., plur. plural Pol. Polish Pol. (as label) in Politics; (in titles) Politics, -itical Pol. Econ. in Political Economy pop. popular, -ly poss. possessive Pott. (in titles) Pottery pple. participle 40 GKC431/451/461/491/881 Unit III Pr. Provencal pr. present Pract. (in titles) Practice, -ical prec. preceding (word or article) pred. predicative pref. prefix pref., Pref. preface prep. preposition pres. present Princ. (in titles) Principle, -s priv. privative prob. probably Proc. (in titles) Proceedings pron. pronoun pronunc. pronunciation prop. properly pr. pple. present participle Psych. in Psychology Psychol. (as label) in Psychology; (in titles) Psychology, -ical Publ. (in titles) Publications Q Q. (in titles) Quarterly quot(s). quotation(s) q.v. quod vide, 'which see' R R. (in titles) Royal R.C.Ch. Roman Catholic Church Rec. (in titles) Record redupl. reduplicating Ref. (in titles) Reference refash. refashioned, -ing refl. reflexive Reg. (in titles) Register 41 GKC431/451/461/491/881 Unit III reg. regular rel related to Rep. (in titles) Report, -s repr. representative, representing Res. (in titles) Research Rev. (in titles) Review rev. revised Rom. Roman, -ce, -ic Russ. Russian S S. South S.Afr. South Africa, -n sb. substantive sc. scilicet, 'understand' or 'supply' Sc., Scot. Scottish Sch. (in titles) School Scotl. (in titles) Scotland Sel. (in titles) Selection, -s Ser. Series sing. singular Sk. (in titles) Sketch Skr. Sanskrit Slav. Slavonic S.N.D. Scottish National Dictionary Soc. (in titles) Society Sp. Spanish Sp. (in titles) Speech, -es sp. spelling spec. specifically Spec. (in titles) Specimen St. Saint Stand. Standard str. strong Struct. (in titles) Structure, -al 42 GKC431/451/461/491/881 Unit III Stud. (in titles) Studies subj. subject subord. cl. subordinate clause subseq. subsequent, -ly subst. substantively suff. suffix superl. superlative Suppl. Supplement Surg. (as label) in Surgery; (in titles) Surgery, Surgical s.v. sub voce, 'under the word' Sw. Swedish s.w. south-western (dialect) syll. syllable Syr. Syrian Syst. (in titles) System, -atic T Taxon. (in titles) Taxonomy, -omical techn. technical, -ly Technol. (in titles) Technology, -ogical Telegr. in Telegraphy Teleph. in Telephony (Th.) (quoted from) Thornton's American Glossary Theol. (as label) in Theology; (in titles) Theology, -ogical Theoret. (in titles) Theoretical tr., transl. translated, translation Trans. (in titles) Transactions trans. transitive transf. transferred sense Trav. (in titles) Travel(s) Treas. (in titles) Treasury Treat. (in titles) Treatise Treatm. (in titles) Treatment Trig. in Trigonometry Trop. (in titles) Tropical 43 GKC431/451/461/491/881 Unit III Turk. Turkish Typog., Typogr. in Typography U ult. ultimately Univ. (in titles) University unkn. unknown U.S. United States U.S.S.R. Union of Soviet Socialist Republics usu. usually V v., vb. verb var(r)., vars. variant(s) of vbl. sb. verbal substantive Vet. Sci. in Veterinary Science viz. videlicet, 'namely' Voy. (in titles) Voyage, -s v.str. strong verb vulg. vulgar v.w. weak verb W wd. word Webster Webster's (New International) Dictionary Westm. (in titles) Westminster WGmc. West Germanic Y Yrs. (in titles) Years Z Zoogeogr. in Zoogeography Zool. (as label) in Zoology; (in titles) Zoology, -ogical 44 GKC431/451/461/491/881 Unit III 3.2 Sobriquets The origin of sobriquet belongs to France. A sobriquet is a nickname or a fancy name, or an assumed name usually a familiar name given by others which is familiar enough such that it can be used in place of a real name without the need of explanation. This salient characteristic, that is, of sufficient familiarity, is most easily noted in cases where the sobriquet becomes more familiar than the original name for which it was formed as an alternative. For example, Genghis Khan, who is rarely recognized now by his original name "Temüjin"; and the British Whig party, which acquired its sobriquet from the British Tory Party as an insult. Sobriquets are often found in politics. Candidates and political figures are often branded with sobriquets, either contemporarily or historically. For example, American President Abraham Lincoln came to be known as Honest Abe. Sobriquets are not always used to highlight virtuous qualities, either. A banking tycoon and politician from Knoxville, Tennessee named Jake Butcher was known as "Jake the Snake" after being indicted and subsequently convicted for bank fraud. Primary Names Sobriquets Aberdeen, Scotland The Granite City Africa The Dark Continent Amristsar, India The City of the Golden Temple Atlantic Ocean The Herring Pond Australia The Land of the Golden Fleece, The Land of the Kangaroo Bangalore, India The Garden City of India Belgium The Cockpit of Europe Belgrade, Yugoslavia White City Bombay, India The Gateway of India Broadway, New York The Great White Way Burma (Mayanmar) The Land of the Golden Pagoda Calcutta, India The City of Palaces Canada The Land of Lilies, The Land of Maple Chicago, USA Windy City 45 GKC431/451/461/491/881 Unit III Cochin, India The Venice of the East, The Queen of the Arabian Sea Finland The Land of Thousand Lakes River Hwang Ho, China The Sorrow of China Ireland The Emerald Island Jaipur The Rose Pink City Bengal‘s Sorrow River Damodar, Bengal, India Empire City New York, US Egypt Gift of the Nile Palestine Holy Land Bahrain Island of Pearls Japan Land of the Rising Sun Punjab Land of Rivers Finland Land of Thousand Lakes Thailand Land of the White Elephant Switzerland Playground of Europe Pamirs Roof of the world Nilgiri Hills Blue Mountains Margaret Thatcher Iron Lady Burma Land of Golden Pagoda Canada Land of Lillies Norway Land of the Midnight Sun Bhutan Land of Thunderbolt Cochin, India Venice of East Mother Teresa Saint of the Gutters 46 GKC431/451/461/491/881 Unit III 3.3 The Superlatives In grammar the superlative of an adjective or adverb is the greatest form of degree or quality which indicates that something has some feature to a greater degree than anything it is being compared to in a given context. For example, if Adam is 45, Bess is 35, and Chris is 25, Adam is the oldest of the three, because his age transcends those of Bess and Chris in one direction, while Chris is the youngest, because his age transcends those of Adam and Bess in the other direction. If Dan, who is 50, and Edna, who is 20, join the group, Dan now becomes the oldest and Edna the youngest. Some prescriptive grammars hold that, when comparing only two entities, use of the superlative is ungrammatical: if the group were to contain only Adam and Bess, Adam would be older, while Bess would be younger and it would be ungrammatical to say that Adam was the oldest. The superlative degree used in reference to sets of two or fewer are found, however, in writing and speech. 1. First Siameses Twins-Chang and Eng Bunker (Thailand) 2. First Human Heart Transplant-was Perfomed on Louis Washkansky (55) at the Great Schuur Hospital, Cape Town, S. Africa on De 3, 1967 by a team of 30 led by Prof Christian Neethling Barnard. 3. First Artificial Heart-Dr. Burney B. Clark 61, of Wisconsin, U.S.A. received the first artificial heart on Dec 1-2, 1982 at the Utah Medical Centre, the Surgeon was Dr. William C. de Vries. 4. Largest and heaviest Animal-The Blue or Suplhur bottom whale. 5. Fastest moving animal-The Peregrine Falcon (350 km/h) 6. Tallest Tree-The redwood near the Coast of California (112.1m.) 7. Most massive tree canopy-The Great Banyan tree in the Indian Botanical Garden, Calcutta. (4 acres) 8. Largest Forest-The vast coniferous forests of the Northern USSR. 9. Largest Park-The Wood Buffalo National Park in Alberta, Canada, has an area of 17560 sq. miles. 10. Largest Desert-The Sahara in N. Africa. (89 x 105 sq. km.). 11. Longest River-The two longest rivers in the world are Amazon and Nile. 12. First test tube baby-Lousie Brown, Lancashire, England on July 25, 1978. 13. Largest Sea-The South China Sea. (2974600 sq. km.). 14. Largest Gulf-The Gulf of Mexico. (1500000 sq. km.). 47 GKC431/451/461/491/881 Unit III 15. Largest Bay Area-The Bay of Bengal. 16. Largest Peninsula-Arabia. (3250000 sq. km.) 17. Highest Waterfall-Salto Angel Falls in Venezuela. 18. Largest Planet-Jupiter. 19. Fastest Planet-Mercury. 20. Earliest Spacecraft-Sputnik (USSR). 48 GKC431/451/461/491/881 Unit IV UNIT 4 ART & ENTERTAINMENT PART-III 4.1 HISTORY OF THE OLYMPICS...........................................................................51 4.2 OLYMPIC SPORTS.........................................................................................52 4.2.1 Modern Olympics....................................................................................53 4.2.2 Modern Pentathlon..................................................................................53 4.2.3 Winter Olympics......................................................................................53 4.2.4 Olympics Sign and Flag..........................................................................53 4.3 IMPORTANT GAMES, HELD IN OLYMPICS..........................................................53 4.3.1 Olympic Games Host Cities....................................................................54 4.4 GAMES.........................................................................................................56 4.4.1 Basketball...............................................................................................56 4.4.2 Cricket.....................................................................................................57 4.4.3 Hockey....................................................................................................58 4.4.4 Football...................................................................................................60 4.4.5 Table-tennis............................................................................................61 4.4.6 Lawn Tennis............................................................................................62 4.4.7 Volley Ball...............................................................................................63 4.4.8 Chess......................................................................................................64 4.4.9 Kho-Kho..................................................................................................65 GKC431/451/461/491/881 Unit IV 4. Art & Entertainment Part-III 4.1 History of The Olympics According to legend, the ancient Olympic Games were founded by Heracles (the Roman Hercules), a son of Zeus. However, the first Olympic Games for which we still have written records were held in 776 BCE (though it is generally believed that the Games had been going on for many years already). In these Olympic Games, a naked runner, Coroebus (a cook from Elis), won the sole event at the Olympics, the stade - a run of approximately 192 meters (210 yards). This made Coroebus the very first Olympic champion in history. The ancient Olympic Games grew and continued to be played every four years for nearly 1200 years. In 393 CE, the Roman emperor Theodosius I, a Christian, abolished the Games because of their pagan influences. Approximately 1500 years later, a young Frenchman named Pierre de Coubertin began their revival. Coubertin is now known as le Rénovateur. Coubertin was a French aristocrat born on January 1, 1863. He was only seven years old when France was overrun by the Germans during the Franco-Prussian War of 1870. Some believe that Coubertin attributed the defeat of France not to its military skills but rather to the French soldiers' lack of vigor. After examining the education of the German, British, and American children, Coubertin decided that it was exercise, more specifically sports, that made a well-rounded and vigorous person. Coubertin's attempt to get France interested in sports was not met with enthusiasm. Still, Coubertin persisted. In 1890, he organized and founded a sports organization, Union des Sociétés Francaises de Sports Athlétiques (USFSA). Two years later, Coubertin first pitched his idea to revive the Olympic Games. At a meeting of the Union des Sports Athlétiques in Paris on November 25, 1892, Coubertin stated, "Let us export our oarsmen, our runners, our fencers into other lands. That is the true Free Trade of the future; and the day it is introduced into Europe the cause of Peace will have received a new and strong ally. It inspires me to touch upon another step. I now propose and in it I shall ask that the help you have given me hitherto you will extend again, so that together we may attempt to realise [sic], upon a basis suitable to the conditions of our modern life, the splendid and beneficent task of reviving the Olympic Games." His speech did not inspire action. Though Coubertin was not the first to propose the revival of the Olympic Games, he was certainly the most well- 51 GKC431/451/461/491/881 Unit IV connected and persistent of those to do so. Two years later, Coubertin organized a meeting with 79 delegates who represented nine countries. He gathered these delegates in an auditorium that was decorated by neoclassical murals and similar additional points of ambiance. At this meeting, Coubertin eloquently spoke of the revival of the Olympic Games. This time, Coubertin aroused interest. The delegates at the conference voted unanimously for the Olympic Games. The delegates also decided to have Coubertin construct an international committee to organize the Games. This committee became the International Olympic Committee (IOC; Comité Internationale Olympique) and Demetrious Vikelas from Greece was selected to be its first president. Athens was chosen as the location for the revival of the Olympic Games and the planning was begun. 4.2 Olympic Sports Currently, the Olympic program consists of 35 different sports, 53 disciplines and more than 400 events. The Summer Olympics includes 28 sports with 38 disciplines and the Winter Olympics includes 7 sports with 15 disciplines. Nine sports were on the original Olympic programme in 1896: athletics, cycling, fencing, gymnastics, weightlifting, shooting, swimming, tennis, and wrestling. If the 1896 rowing events had not been cancelled due to bad weather, they would have been included in this list as well. At the most recent Winter Olympics, 15 disciplines in seven sports were featured. Of these, cross country skiing, figure skating, ice hockey, Nordic combined, ski jumping, and speed skating have been featured on the programme at all Winter Olympics. In addition, figure skating made its debut at the London Summer Olympics of 1908 and ice hockey was first contested at the 1920 Summer Olympics in Antwerp before the introduction of a separate Winter Olympics. In recent years, the IOC has added several new sports to the programme to attract attention from young spectators. Examples of such sports include snowboarding and beach volleyball. There is currently an effort underway to make Cricket an Olympic sport. It appears though the growth in the number of sports included at an Olympics has plateaued. The IOC decided to discontinue baseball and softball beginning in 2012. Rugby was played in the 1900, 1908, 1920 and 1924 Olympics but was discontinued in 1928. Until 1992, the Olympics also often featured demonstration sports. The objective was for these sports to reach a larger audience; the winners of these events are not official Olympic champions. These sports were sometimes sports popular only in the host nation, but internationally known sports have also been demonstrated. Some demonstration sports eventually were included as full-medal events. 52 GKC431/451/461/491/881 Unit IV 4.2.1 Modern Olympics Baron Piere de Coubertin of France gave birth to these games in 1892. In 1894 a meeting was held in Paris in which the representatives of various countries were invited and it was proposed that with the world exhibition in 1900, the first Modern Olympic were held in Athens in 1896. Since then every 4th year Olympics are held all over the world. Its aim is to promote the development of these five physical and moral qualities which are basis of amateur sports and to bring together the athletes of the world in a great quadrennial festival of Sports. 4.2.2 Modern Pentathlon Competitive exercise in which each competitor takes part in fencing, swimming and long races. In Asiad, in addition to these events Golf, Badminton and Table-Tennis are also included. 4.2.3 Winter Olympics Many games which are played on ice are called Winter Olympics. In this, Skiing, Ice-Hockey, Figure-Skating, Speed Skating, etc. are included. These competitions were started in 1924 in France and they are held after every 4 years. 4.2.4 Olympics Sign and Flag The Sign of Olympics is five inter-connected coloured circles. The five colours-Blue, Yellow, Black, Green and Red represent five Continents- Europe, Asia, Australia, Africa and America respectively. These circles are made on the Olympic silk flag. The flag was first used in 1920. Fig 4. 1 The flag of Winter Olympics is different. 4.3 Important Games, Held in Olympics 1) Archery 2) Athletics 3) Basketball 4) Boxing 5) Canoeing 6) Cycling 7) Equestria 8) Fencing 9) Gymnastic 10) Handball 11) Judo 12) Modern Pentathelon 13) Rowing14) Shooting 15) Swimming 16) Weight-Lifting 17) Yatching 18) Wrestling 53 GKC431/451/461/491/881 Unit IV 4.3.1 Olympic Games Host Cities Table 4.1 Summer Olympic Games Winter Olympic Games Year Olympi Host city Country No Host city Country ad 1896 I Athens Greece 1900 II Paris France 1904 III St. Louis, United Missouri States 1906 III Athens Greece 1908 IV London United Kingdom 1912 V Stockhol Sweden m 1916 VI (2) Berlin Germany 1920 VII Antwerp Belgium 1924 VIII Paris France I Chamonix France 1928 IX Amsterda Netherlan II St Moritz m ds Switzerland 1932 X Los United III Lake Placid, United Angeles, States New York States California 1936 XI Berlin Germany IV Garmisch- Germany Partenkirche n 1940 XII (3) Tokyo→ Japan→ V Sapporo→ Japan→ (3) Helsinki Finland St Moritz→ Switzerland Garmisch- → Partenkirche Germany n 1944 XIII (3) London United V Cortina Italy (3) Kingdom d'Ampezzo 1948 XIV London United V St Moritz Switzerland Kingdom 54 GKC431/451/461/491/881 Unit IV 1952 XV Helsinki Finland VI Oslo Norway 1956 XVI Melbourn Australia VII Cortina Italy e, Victoria + d'Ampezzo + Sweden Stockhol m 1960 XVII Rome Italy VIII Squaw United Valley, States California 1964 XVIII Tokyo Japan IX Innsbruck Austria 1968 XIX Mexico Mexico X Grenoble France City 1972 XX Munich West XI Sapporo Japan Germany 1976 XXI Montreal, Canada XII Innsbruck Austria Quebec 1980 XXII Moscow Soviet XIII Lake Placid, United Union New York States 1984 XXIII Los United XIV Sarajevo Yugoslavia Angeles, States California 1988 XXIV Seoul South XV Calgary, Canada Korea Alberta 1992 XXV Barcelona Spain XVI Albertville France 1994 XVI Lillehammer Norway I 1996 XXVI Atlanta, Unitd Georgia States 1998 XVI Nagano Japan II 2000 XXVII Sydney, Australia New South Wales 2002 XIX Salt Lake United 55 GKC431/451/461/491/881 Unit IV City, Utah States 2004 XXVIII Athens Greece 2006 XX Turin Italy 2008 XXIX Beijing China 2010 XXI Vancouver, Canada British Columbia 2012 XXX London United Kingdom 2014 XXI Sochi Russia I 2016 XXXI Rio de Brazil Janeiro 2018 XXI To be II announced 4.4 Games 4.4.1 Basketball Circumference - Not less than 75 cm. Not more than 78 cm. Team - Each team consists of 12-15 Players, but game is played by not more than five players on the field at the same time, the rest are substitutes. Playing Time - The game consists of two halves of 20 minutes each with an interval of 10 minutes. 56 GKC431/451/461/491/881 Unit IV Fig 4. 2 Important terms - Basket, dribbling, holding, free throw, hook shot, three seconds, thirty second. Tournaments -  National Basketball Championship  Junior National Basketball Championship  Scindhia Gold Cup Trophy  All India Ramu Memorial Basketball Tournament  Federation Cup Bombay  All India Nehru Cup (Bhilwara)  Asian Basketball Federation Championship 4.4.2 Cricket Sammuel Johnson derived the name Cricket from ‗Cyres‘, old English for a Stick. Cricket is widely believed to have originated in England. Cricket has been played under recognised rules, at least since the beginning of the 8th century. The first recorded match was played in Sussex in 1697. The first test match was played in 1877 in Melbourne where Australia beat England by 45 Runs. Since 1934, India has started a National Championship for the Ranji Fig 4. 3 Trophy. The game is mostly played in the Commonwealth Countries. 57 GKC431/451/461/491/881 Unit IV Women’s Cricket- Women first played in England in the 18th Century and sporadic references appear during the 19th century. Now it is played in many countries including India. Important Terms- Crease, Bye, No ball, Point, Slip, Third man, Gully, Over, Long-off, Mid-on, Cover, Run-out, Stumped. L.B.W., Follow-on, Hat-trick, Lost ball, Dead-ball, Wide ball, Leg-bye, Runout, Wicket-keeper. Fig 4. 4 Implements and Ground The Ball- Weight not less than 5.5 Ounce and not more than 5.75. It measures not less than 8.5 inches and not more than 9 inches in circumference. The Bat- The bat should not exceed 4 1/4 inches at the widest part. It is not be more than 38 inches in length. The Stumps- The stumps are pitched opposite and parallel to each other at a distance of 22 yards from Stump to Stump. Tournaments  Ranji Trophy  Irani Trophy  Duleep Trophy  Deodhar Trophy  Cooch Behar Trophy  National Women‘s Cricket  C.K. Nayudu Trophy 4.4.3 Hockey Origin of Modern Hockey-About 1875 a game resembling modern hockey began to be played in England. The real birthday of modern hockey was, however, Jan 18, 1866. The date of the formation of the hockey association and of the adoption of the striking circles. In 1895 the first international match was played between England and Ireland. From 1908 hockey was included in the Olympic games. India first participated in the Olympic Fig 4. 5 hockey in 1928; nine teams participated and India won the gold medal. Ground Dimension- Length of the ground-100 Yards Width of the ground-60 Yards 58 GKC431/451/461/491/881 Unit IV Weight of the Stick For men- Not less than 12 Ounces Not more than 28 Ounces For women-Not more than 23 Ounces Each stick is of such a size that it can be passed through a 2 inches ring. Circumference of the Ball- Not less than 8 13/16 inches. Not more than 9 1/4 inches. Weight of the Ball- Not less than 5 1/2 Ounces. Not more than 5 3/4 Ounces. Team- Each team consists of 16 players, but game is played by not more than 11 players on the field at the same time. Not more than three substitutes are permitted. Duration of Game- 35 M-5 M-35 M (M = Minutes) Important Terms- Hitting, Stopping, Pushing, Scooping, Flicking, Dribbling, Dodging, Tackling, Off-side, Goal, Penalty-Corner, Penalty-Stroke. Tournaments  Ranga Swami Cup-National Championship (1928)  Dhyan Chand Memorial Hockey, (Agra)  K.D. Singh Babu Memorial, Lucknow.  Beinghton Cup, Calcutta (1895).  Aga Khan Gold Cup, Bombay (1986).  Obaidulla Gold Cup, Bhoptal (1931).  Nehru Hockey Tournament, Delhi (1964).  D.C.M., Kota (1945).  Scindhia Gold Cup, Gwalior.  Indira Gandhi Gold Cup (International), Lucknow.  Gold Cup, Bombay (1955).  Murugappa Gold Cup, Madras (1945).  Maharaja Ranjit Singh Gold Cup, Amritsar (1970). 59 GKC431/451/461/491/881 Unit IV 4.4.4 Football Origin- The origin of football is surrounded in mystery. Contemporary historians, however, believe that the game originated in England centuries ago but was formally played for the first time in Derby, England in 217 A.D. Dimension of Ground- Length-110 metres or 100 metres Fig 4. 6 Width-75 metres or 65 metres Weight of the ball- Not less than 14 ounces Not More than 16 ounces Circumference of the ball- Not less than 27 inches Not more than 28 inches Team- Each team consists of 16 players but game is played by not more than 11 players on the field at the same time. Not more than two substitutes are permitted. Duration of Game- 45 min - 10 min -45 min (Min = Minutes) Important Terms- Kicking, Trapping, Passing, Dribbling, Heading, Throwing, Tackling and Charging, Off Side, Free-Kick, Penalty Kick, Corner-Kick. Tournaments  Santosh Trophy (National Football) 1941  Federation Cup, Madras  D.C.M. Cup, New Delhi  Dr. B.C. Roy Trophy, Agartala  Rover‘s Cup, Bombay  Durand Cup, New Delhi  I.F.A. Shield, Calcutta  Vitta Trophy, Madras  Jawahar Lal Nehru Gold Cup (International) 60 GKC431/451/461/491/881 Unit IV  Senior Women‘s National Football 4.4.5 Table-tennis Origin- Table-Tennis is an extremely fast indoor game. It was earlier known as ―Gossima‖ or ―Ping-Pong‖. The present name was adopted by the ITTF. Table-Tennis became quite popular in India and in 1938 the National Champio

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