g2.pdf

b a l i z a t i o l theories o G n Presented by Group 2  U E S S T H G SONG TITLE E salamin, salamin Dilaw pantropiko sanctuary Sining Globalization In general, globalization is the sharing of culture, money, and produ...

b a l i z a t i o l theories o G n Presented by Group 2  U E S S T H G SONG TITLE E salamin, salamin Dilaw pantropiko sanctuary Sining Globalization In general, globalization is the sharing of culture, money, and products between countries that is happening because of international trade and advances in transportation and communication. Theory An idea or set of ideas that is intended to explain facts or events Globalization theories HOMOGENEITY refers to the increasing sameness in the world as cultural Inputs, economic factors, and political orientations of societies expand to create common practices, same economies, and similar forms of government. HOMOGENEITY often linked to cultural imperialism Examples: The dominant religion in our country is Christianity Americanization defined by Kuisel (1993) HOMOGENEITY Global economic crises are also products of homogeneity in economic globalization (Stiglitz, 2002) For instance, blame the international Monetary Fund (IMF) for its "one-size-fits- all" approach which treats every country in the world as the same. "McWorld" (Barber, 1995) HOMOGENEITY Media Imperialism, global flow of media Undermines the existence of alternative global media originating from developing countries Independent Media Center counter this trend Disseminates information to facilitate global participation of activist Hacktivist HOMOGENEITY McDonaldization (Ritzer, 2008) The process by which Western societies are dominated by the principles of fast food restaurants Global spread of rational systems "extended to other businesses, sectors, and geographic areas" HETEROGENEITY The fact of consisting of parts or things that are very different from each other. (Cambridge Dictionary) Pertains to the creation of various cultural practices, new economies, and political groups because of the interaction of elements from different societies in the world. HETEROGENEITY "glocalization" coined by Roland Robertson. Global forces interact with local factors or a specific geographic area, the "glocal" is being produced. Economic issues are not exempted from heterogeneity. The co modification of cultures and "glocals markets are examples of differentiation happening in many economies around the world. HETEROGENEITY Barber (1995) "McWorld"-the "Jihad." the political groups that are engaged in an "intensification of nationalism and that leads to greater political heterogeneity throughout the world". GLOBALIZATION THEORIES Homogeneity Heterogeneity Theory of Liberalism Theory of Political Realism Theory of Marxism Theory of Constructivism Theory of Postmodernism Theory of Feminism Theory of Trans-formationalism Theory of Eclecticism Theory of Liberalism: Liberalism sees the process of globalization as market-led extension of modernization. At the most elementary level, it is a result of 'natural' human desires for economic welfare and political liberty. As such, transplanetary connectivity is derived from human drives to maximize material well- being and to exercise basic freedoms. These forces eventually interlink humanity across the planet. Theory of Liberalism: Such explanations come mostly from Business Studies, Economics, International Political Economy, Law and Politics. Liberalists stress the necessity of constructing institutional infrastructure to support globalization. All this has led to technical standardization, administrative harmonization, translation arrangement between languages, laws of contract, and guarantees of property rights. Theory of Political Realism: Advocates of this theory are interested in questions of state power, the pursuit of national interest, and conflict between states. According to them states are inherently acquisitive and self-serving, and heading for inevitable competition of power. Some of the scholars stand for a balance of power, where any attempt by one state to achieve world dominance is countered by collective resistance from other states. Theory of Political Realism: Another group suggests that a dominant state can bring stability to world order. The 'hegemon' state (presently the US or G7/8) maintains and defines international rules and institutions that both advance its own interests and at the same time contain conflicts between other states. Globalization has also been explained as a strategy in the contest for power between several major states in contemporary world politics. Theory of Marxism: Marxism is principally concerned with modes of production, social exploitation through unjust distribution, and social emancipation through the transcendence of capitalism. Marx himself anticipated the growth of globality that 'capital by its nature drives beyond every spatial barrier to conquer the whole earth for its market'. Accordingly, to Marxists, globalization happens because trans-world connectivity enhances opportunities of profit-making and surplus accumulation. Theory of Marxism: Marxists reject both liberalist and political realist explanations of globalization. It is the outcome of historically specific impulses of capitalist development. Its legal and insti­t utional infrastructures serve the logic of surplus accumulation of a global scale. Liberal talk of freedom and democracy make up a legitimating ideology for exploitative global capitalist class relations. Theory of Constructivism: Globalization has also arisen because of the way that people have mentally constructed the social world with particular symbols, language, images and interpretation. It is the result of particular forms and dynamics of consciousness. Patterns of production and governance are second-order structures that derive from deeper cultural and socio-psychological forces. Such accounts of globalization have come from the fields of Anthropology, Humanities, Media of Studies and Sociology. Conversation and symbolic exchanges lead people to construct ideas of the world, the rules for social interaction, and ways of being and belonging in that world. Social geography is a mental experience as well as a physical fact. They form 'in' or 'out' as well as 'us' and they' groups. Theory of Postmodernism: Some other ideational perspectives of globalization highlight the significance of structural power in the construction of identities, norms and knowledge. They all are grouped under the label of 'postmodernism'. They too, as Michel Foucault does strive to understand society in terms of knowledge power: power structures shape knowledge. Certain knowledge structures support certain power hierarchies. Postmodernism, like Marxism, helps to go beyond the relatively superficial accounts of liberalist and political realist theories and expose social conditions that have favored globalization. Obviously, postmodernism suffers from its own methodological idealism. All material forces, though come under impact of ideas, cannot be reduced to modes of consciousness. For a valid explanation, interconnection between ideational and material forces is not enough Theory of Feminism: It puts emphasis on social construction of masculinity and femininity. All other theories have identified the dynamics behind the rise of trans- planetary and supra- territorial connectivity in technology, state, capital, identity and the like. Biological sex is held to the overall social order and shape significantly the course of history, presently globality. Their main concern lies behind the status of women, particularly their structural subordination to men. Women have tended to be marginalized, silenced and violated in global communication. Theory of Trans-formationalism: This theory has been expounded by David Held and his colleagues. Accord­i ngly, the term ‘globalization’ reflects increased interconnectedness in political, economic and cultural matters across the world creating a “shared social space”. Given this interconnectedness, globalization may be defined as “a process (or set of processes) which embodies a transformation in the spatial organization of social relations and transactions, expressed in trans­c ontinental or interregional flows and networks of activity, interaction and power.” Theory of Trans-formationalism: They imply that the "politics of globalization" have been "transformed" (using their word from the definition of globalization) along al of these dimensions because of the emergence of a new system of "political globalization." They define "political globalization" as the "shifting reach of political power, authority and forms of rule" based on new organizational interests who are "transnational" and "multi-layered." Theory of Eclecticism: Each one of the above six ideal-type of social theories of globalization highlights certain forces that contribute to its growth. They put emphasis on technology and institution building, national interest and inter-state competition, capital accumulation and class struggle, identity and knowledge construction, rationalism and cultural imperialism, and masculinize and subordination of women. Theory of Eclecticism: Earlier nationalism promoted territorialism, capitalism, and statism, now these plural identities are feeding more and more globality hyper-capitalism and polycentrism. These identities have many international qualities visualized in global diasporas and other group affiliations based on age, class, gender, race, religious faith and sexual orientations. Many forms of supra-territorial solidarities are appearing through globalization.  reference Aldama, Prince Kennex Reguyal. 2018. The Contemporary World (First Edition). REX Book Store. https://www.politicalsciencenotes.com/articles/ 8-theories-of-globalization-explained/642 THANK YOU QU I Z TIME