Defining Globalization PDF

GLOBALIZATION CHAPTER 1 DEFINING GLOBALIZATION  GLOBALIZATION Globalization is a very important change, if not ‘’the most important’’ -BAUMAN,2003 Globalization makes us see ourselves as part of what we refer to as the ‘’global age’’ - ALBROW, 1996 ...

GLOBALIZATION CHAPTER 1 DEFINING GLOBALIZATION  GLOBALIZATION Globalization is a very important change, if not ‘’the most important’’ -BAUMAN,2003 Globalization makes us see ourselves as part of what we refer to as the ‘’global age’’ - ALBROW, 1996  LITERATURE (1) Broad & Inclusive “Globalization means the onset of the borderless world...” (Ohmae, 1992) (2) Narrow & Exclusive “The internationalizing of production, the new international division of labor, new migratory movements from South to North, the new competitive environment that accelerates these processes, and the internationalizing of the state...states as agencies of  POSITIVE NEGATIVE “It is the process of some see it as world shrinkage, of occurring through distances getting and with shorter, things regression, moving closer. colonialism, and destabilization - (Larsson, 2001)  Overall, GLOBALIZATION IS A CONCEPT THAT IS NOT EASY TO DEFINE. Overall, GLOBALIZATION IS A CONCEPT THAT IS N0T EASY TO DEFINE.  Metaphors of Globalization - words use to compare two different things but have something in common. - Metaphors will be use to better understand the concept of globalization. - Solid and liquid Solidity / Solid - Refers to barriers that prevent or make difficult the movements of things. - Can be natural or man-made NATURAL SOLIDITY Land forms and bodies of water  MAN-MADE SOLIDITY - Made by humans  Liquidity /Liquid - Refers to the increasing ease of movement of people, things, information, and places in contemporary world. Characteristics of liquidity (Zygmunt Bauman) 1. Today’s liquid phenomena change quickly and their aspects, spatial and temporal, are in continuous fluctuation. 2. Movement of liquid phenomena is difficult to stop. - Liquidity is the one increasing and proliferating - Best describes globalization Flows - Refers to the movement of people, things, places, and information brought by the growing “ porosity” of global; limitations.  Trade - Import and export of goods and services Telecommunication - complex and extensive flows of information used for communication, power exchanges Migration - People coming from one place to another. GLOBALIZATION THEORIES  HOMOGENEITY – refers to the increasing sameness in the world as cultural inputs, economic factors, and political orientations of societies expand to create common practices, same economies, and similar forms of government. Homogeneity in culture often links to cultural imperialism. This means a given culture influences other culture.  HETEROGENEITY – pertains to the creation of various cultural practices, new economies, and political groups because of the interaction of elements from different societies in the world. Heterogeneity in culture often links to cultural hybridization.  The global flow of media is often characterized as media imperialism. The internet can be seen as an arena for alternative media. Global media are dominated by a small number of large corporations.  “The contemporary world is undergoing the process of McDonaldization.” McDonaldization involves the global spread of rational systems, such as efficiency, calculability, predictability and control. McWorld is existing  “McWorld” vs. “Jihad” McWorld (Globalization of Politics) Commodification of Culture Homogenizing power of 4 imperatives, a market imperative, a resource imperative, an information-technology imperative, and an ecological imperative.  Jihad (Struggle) - Fierce Tribalism - Evolution of Nationalism from a force of unification to a force of differentiation - Anti-Globalism, Anti- Capitalism, Anti- colonialism and Anti- Homogenization  Click icon to add picture DYNAMICS OF LOCAL AND GLOBAL CULTURE 3 perspective on Global Cultural flow  - Cultural Differentialism  -Cultural Hybridization - Cultural Converge o Cultural Differentialism – emphasizes the fact that cultures are essentially different and are only affected by global flows o Cultural Hybridization – emphasizes the integration of local and global culture o Cultural Converge – stresses homogeneity introduced by globalization  THE GLOBALIZATION OF RELIGION Globalization transforms the generic religion into a world- system of competing and conflicting religions.  GLOBALIZATION AND REGIONALIZATION  The process of globalization and regionalization reemerged during the 1980s and heightened after the end of the Cold war in the 1990s. The regionalization of the world system and economic activity undermines the potential benefits coming out from a liberalized global economy. in a 2007 survey, the Financial Times revealed that majority of Europeans consider that globalization brings negative effects to their societies(as cited in Jacoby and Meunier, 2010). It is important however, to consider the gradual development of inter-regional relations such as the ASEAN, the European Union, or the South American trade bloc, Mercosur. In fact, a sort of “contagion effect” (held et al., 2005, p. 77) has spread during the past years. Regionalization in one part of the world encourages regionalization elsewhere-- whether by imitation, like the success of the European Single Market. Hurell (2007) captured this debated in his “one (global) world/many (regional) worlds relationship”. Regional developments in one part of the have affected and fueled regionalization everywhere else in a sort of contagion or domino effect. This fact, along with increasing developments in interregional cooperation, shows that the regionalization process is global in nature. Therefore, regionalization is intimately linked THE ARGUMENT CONCERNING THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN REGIONALIZATION AND GLOBALIZATION  CYCLE Globalization is a long term cyclical process and , thus finding its origin will be a daunting task.  EPOCH The following are the sequential occurrence of the epochs. 1. Globalization of religion ( fourth to seventh centuries) 2. European colonial conquests (late fifteenth century) 3. Intra-European wars ( late eighteenth to early nineteenth centuries) 4. Heydey of European imperialism (mid-nineteenth century to 1918) 5. Post-World War II period 6. Post-Cold War period  EVENTS Specific events are also considered as part of the fourth view in explaining the origin of globalization. If this is the case, then several points can be treated as the start of globalization. The recent years could also be regarded as the beginnings of globalization with reference to specific technological advances in transportation and communication. BROADER, MORE RECENT CHANGES  THREE NOTABLE CHANGES: 1.The emergence of the united States as the global power 2.The emergence of multinational corporations 3.The demise of the Soviet Union and the end of Cold War  1.THE EMERGENCE OF UNITED STATES AS THE GLOBAL POWER (post-World War) Dominant military and economic power after WWII Outrun Germany and Japan in terms of industry Axis powers and Allies fall behind economically US soon began to progress in different aspects like in diplomacy, media, film and many more 2. THE EMERGENCE OF MULTINATIONAL CORPORATIONS (MNCs) Usa, Germany, and Great Britain had in their homeland great corporations However, they did not remain there as far their production and market are concerned  GLOBAL DEMOGRAPHY DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION – a singular historical period during which mortality and fertility rates decline from high to low levels.  THREE MAIN DEMOGRAPHIC PROCESSES: BIRTH MIGRATION AGING - these processes contribute to changes in populations, including how people inhabit the earth, form nations and societies, and develop culture  GLOBAL MIGRATION CATEGORIES OF MIGRANTS 1. VAGABONDS 2. TOURIST  LABOR MIGRATION - defined as the movement of persons from their home State to another State for the purpose of employment Migration is traditionally governed either by: “PUSH” – are those that compel a person, due to different. reasons, to leave that place and go to some other place  ILLEGAL IMMIGRATION Refers to the migration of people into a country in violation of the immigration laws of that country, or the continued residence without the legal right to live in that country Northern Triangle,” Council of Foreign Relations (2016) http://www.cfr.org/ transnational-crime/central-americas-violent- northern-triangle/p37286 5 Massey, Douglas S. Economic Development and International Migration in Comparative Perspective.” Population and Development Review, vol. 14.3 (1988) http://www.jstor.org/stable/1972195? seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents 6 Jones, C. Richard. “Harbingers of Migration Regression: Global Trends and a Mexican Case Study.” Social Science Quarterly, vol. 97.2 (June 2016) pp. 293-310. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/ssqu.121 72/abstract 7 “What Is Forced Migration?” Forced Migration Online (2012) http://www.forcedmigration.org/about/whatisfm 8 John Vidal, “El Alto, city of rural migrants whose crops failed when the climate changed,” The Guardian (2011) https://www. theguardian.com/global-development/poverty- matters/2011/apr/12/bolivia-crop-failure-climate- change  THANK YOU FOR LISTENING