gizmo-cards-1722904241412.txt

Solid
 Fixed volume; Fixed shape (regardless of size and shape of container) Solid
 High density Cannot be appreciably compressed Vibration in place Liquid
 Fixed volume; Assumes the shape of occupied part of container Gas
 Assumes volume and shape of container Liquid
 High density Cannot be app...

Solid
 Fixed volume; Fixed shape (regardless of size and shape of container) Solid
 High density Cannot be appreciably compressed Vibration in place Liquid
 Fixed volume; Assumes the shape of occupied part of container Gas
 Assumes volume and shape of container Liquid
 High density Cannot be appreciably compressed Random, Medium Speed, Limited Distances Crystalline Solid
 Ordered Arrangement Particles are essentially in fixed positions Particles close together Liquid
 Disorder particles or Clusters of Particles Free to move relative to each other Particles close together States of Matter
 Gas Liquid Crystalline Solid Solids and Liquids are Condensed States Gas
 Total Disorder Much Empty Space Particles have complete freedom of motion Particles far apart Increased temperature means greater speed These particles are in constant motion Dipole - Dipole Forces
 Also known as polar - polar force of attraction Ionic Bond
 Electronegativity Difference Range: Greater than 2.0 Induced Dipole
 Temporary Dipole moment in nonpolar molecules Intermolecular Forces
 Between two molecules Polar Covalent Bond
 Electronegativity Difference Range: 0.5 - 2.0 Gas
 Low density Easy to compress Random, Fast, Cover Large Distances Nonpolar Covalent Bond
 Electronegativity Difference Range: 0.0 - 0.4 Ion - Dipole Forces
 The cation forms an attraction with the partially negative end of the molecule. While the anion forms an attraction with the partially positive end of the molecule. Strongest of all forces. Hydrogen Bonding
 Occurs when a hydrogen atom is bonded to either a Nitrogen, Oxygen, or Fluorine atom. Responsible for the boiling of water. Polarizability (Ion Induced Dipole)
 The ease with the electron distribution in the atom that can be distorted Intramolecular Force of Attraction
 Force is within the molecule Van der Waals Forces
 Hydrogen Bonding Dipole - Dipole London Dispersion Diffuse Cloud (Dipole Induced Dipole)
 The ease with the electron distribution in the atom that can be distorted London Dispersion Forces
 Weakest of all forces. Present in all attractions. Involves noble gasses. The strength of intermolecular forces: Ion-Dipole \> Hydrogen Bonding \> Dipole-Dipole \> London Dispersion Diagram 2
 What type of force? Diagram 1
 What type of force? Kinetic Molecular Model
 All matter is made of tiny particles The speed of particles is proportional to temperature The Wealth of Nations was written in 1776 Solids, Liquids, and Gases differ in distances between particles, in the freedom of motion of particles, and in the extent to which the particles interact Amorphous Solids
 Do not melt at a specific temperature, soften gradually over a range of temperatures Solid
 State of matter with fixed shape and volume, particles are close-packed so they can vibrate but not flow, rigid and cannot be compressed easily Crystalline Solids
 Regular arrangement of components, definite geometrical shape, flat shape edges when cut, definite heat of fusion, true solid, long range order, symmetrical arrangement Amorphous Solids
 Considerable disorder in their structure, irregular shape, irregular edges when cut, no definite heat of fusion, pseudo solid, short range order Metallic Solids
 Cu, Fe, Al, Pt Covalent-Network Solids
 Diamond, C, Quartz, SiO2 Types of Solids
 Crystalline Solids Amorphous Solids Metallic Solids Ionic Solids Covalent-Network Solids Molecular Solids Crystalline Solids
 Rock Salt Amorphous Solids
 Glass Molecular Solids
 Argon, Ar; Methane, CH4; Sucrose, C12H22O11; Dry Ice, CO2 Unit Cell
 The simplest repeating arrangement of particles such as atoms, molecules, or ions within an ordered crystal Ionic Solids
 NaCl, Ca(NO3)2 Ionic Solids
 Extended network of ions held together by ion-ion interactions, form of unit particles is positive and negative ions, forces between particles are electrostatic attractions, properties include hard and brittle, high melting point, poor thermal and electrical conduction Crystalline solids have repetitions of atoms in a specific pattern Crystals and their Structures
 Quartz Salt Crystal Ice Crystal Diamond Graphite Molecular Solids
 Discrete molecules held together by intermolecular forces, form of unit particles is atoms or molecules, forces between particles include London dispersion, dipole-dipole, and hydrogen bonding, properties include fairly soft, low to moderately high melting point, poor thermal and electrical conduction Adhesion
 Happens between unlike properties Metallic Solids
 Extended networks of atoms held together by metallic bonding, form of unit particles is atoms, forces between particles are metallic bonds, properties include soft to very hard, very high melting point, excellent thermal and electrical conduction, malleable and ductile Droplets
 Molecules within a liquid are pulled in all directions by intermolecular forces Spherical because of surface tension Energy is pulled inwards because of Hydrogen Bonding Surface Tension
 The elastic force in the surface of a liquid. The amount of energy required to increase or stretch the surface of a liquid by unit area. Stronger Intermolecular Force
 Stronger Surface Tension Cohesion
 Happens between like properties Covalent-Network Solids
 Extended network of atoms held together by covalent bonds, form of unit particles is atoms connected in a network of covalent bonds, forces between particles are covalent bonds, properties include very hard, very high melting point, often poor thermal and electrical conduction Capillary Action
 Drinking through a Straw Blood in Capillary Veins Molar Heat of Vaporization
 The energy required to vaporize 1 mole of liquid at a given temperature Temperature and Viscosity
 Inversely Proportional Vapor Pressure
 Pressure exerted by the vapor above the surface of the liquid in a closed container. Equilibrium pressure of a vapor above its liquid. Viscosity
 Measure of a fluid's resistance to flow Capillary Action
 Movement of water, tendency of liquids to rise in a narrow tube Boiling Point
 Temperature at which its vapor pressure, acting on the liquid surface, equals the external pressure Intermolecular Forces and Vapor Pressure
 Inversely Proportional Water is a universal solvent Boiling Point of Water
 Everest (69.9°C) Sea Level (100°C) Dead Sea (101.4°C) Intermolecular Forces and Molar Heat of Vaporization
 The stronger the intermolecular forces, the higher the molar heat of vaporization Intermolecular Forces and Boiling Point
 The stronger the intermolecular forces, the higher the boiling point Five Properties of Water
 Attraction to other polar molecules Stores heat: High specific heat Stores heat: High heat of vaporization Low density of ice High polarity Ice expands when frozen Ice floats on water because hydrogen bonds become more stable, arranging the water molecules far apart from each other, causing ice to have less density than water Temperature and Vapor Pressure
 Directly Proportional Reproduction organisms reproduce with their own kind Growth & Development inherited info carried by genes Response to the environment sensitive to its own environment Evolutionary Adaptation adaptations best suited for their environments Order highly organized to natural inanimate objects 7 properties and processes of life Order Reproduction Growth and Development Energy Processing Response to the environment Regulation Evolutionary Adaptation Chloroplast site of photosynthesis Cytosol jellylike substance in which subcellular components are suspended Plasma membrane functions as a selective barrier that allows passage of enough oxygen, nutrients, and wastes to service the cell Mycoplasmas smallest cells has diameter between 0.1 and 1.0 µm chromosomes carry genes in form of DNA ribosomes tiny complexes that make proteins according to instructions from the genes Eukaryotic cell most of the DNA is in an organelle called the nucleus generally much larger Prokaryotic cell membrane-enclosed DNA is concentrated in the nucleoid nucleoid membrane-enclosed Cytoplasm interior of either cell grana: the stacks of thylakoids embedded in the stroma of a chloroplast. Mitochondria organelles that carry out cellular respiration in nearly all eukaryotic cells chromatin complex of DNA building blocks nucleolus prominent structure within the non-dividing nucleus bound ribosomes produce protein that are transported out of the cell Endomembrane System performs metabolic functions in cell nucleus control center contains most cells Endomembrane System Parts nuclear envelope endoplasmic reticulum golgi apparatus lysosomes various kinds of vesicles and vacuoles plasma membrane vacuoles serves as vehicles golgi apparatus sort, label free ribosomes produce protein for the cell enzymes that catalyze the first steps of sugar breakdown Protein translation happens in ribosome microphage white blood cells SRY determines the sex x chromosome from mother/maternal linked to intelligence Abiogenesis origin of life came from non-living matter Miller-Urey Experiment successfully produced molecules from inorganic components thought to have been present on probiotic earth Endosymbiotic Theory states that mitochondria and chloroplasts in today's eukaryotic cells were once separate prokaryotic microbes. Spontaneous Generation Theory idea that living organisms are to develop from non-living matter presented by Aristotle Archaea extreme conditions Phototropism the ability of the plant to re-orient the shoot growth towards a direction of light source Stroma floor colorless dense fluid Chloroplast photosynthesizing organelles of all photosynthesizing eukaryotes Zacharias Jansen developed first compound microscope in Middleburg, Holland Robert Hooke refined microscope one observation is the cork cell Antoine van Leeuwenhock refined and perfected a design of a simple microscope Animalcules spermatozoa, bacteria, protozoa Matthias Schleiden & Theodore Schwann 1838-1839 - started the foundation of cell theory Robert Remak prominent neurologist & embryologist published convincing evidence that cells are derived from other cells as a result of cell theory Rudolf Virchow a well-respected pathologist editorial essay called "Cellular Pathology" What is this part of the cell?
 Mitochondrion A) Mitochondrion B) Intermembrane Space C) outer membrane D) free ribosomes in the mitochondrial matrix E) DNA F) inner membrane G) cristae H) matrix What is this part ?
 Chloroplast A) Ribosomes B) Stroma C) Inner and outer membranes D) Granum E) DNA F) Intermembrane Space G) Thylakoid Cell Fractionation nucleus - 3,000 rpm (5 minutes) ribosomes - 28,000 rpm (16 hours) mitochondria - 14,000 rpm (30 minutes) endoplasmic reticulum - 35,000 rpm ( 70 minutes) deoxyribonucleic acid - 12,000 rpm (2 min)