Weathering and Soil Formation PDF

1 Chapter Weatheringand Soil Formation as 1. Unconsolidated material overlying the rocks is known (a) Solum (c) Catena (d) Deposited material (b) Regolith 2...

1 Chapter Weatheringand Soil Formation as 1. Unconsolidated material overlying the rocks is known (a) Solum (c) Catena (d) Deposited material (b) Regolith 2. Weathering is more pronounced at (c) Lower portion of profile (a) Upper portion of soil profile (d) All of these (b) Middle portion of soil profile of the regolith differentiated into horizon 3. Upper and biochemically weathered portion is called (a) Pedon (c) Soil (b) Mineral (d) Solum 4. Weathering refers to (a) Disintegration (c) Disintegration and decomposition (d) None of these (b) Decomposition 5. Physical weathering means (a) Disintegration of rocks (c) Displacement of the rock (d) Allof these (b) Decomposition of rock 6. Example of monomineralic rock is (a) Marble (c) Lime stone (b) Halite (d) All of these  Objective Fundamental of Soil Science Weathering and Soil Formation 3 7. The term "Exíoliation" is related to 19. Example of hydrolysis of silicate clay minerals is (c) Biological weathering (a) Physical weathering (a) Mica to Vermiculite (c) Kaolinite to Mica (d) None of these (b) Haematite to Limonite (b) Chemical weathering (d) Vermiculite to Feldspar 8. The Solum is 20. One of the most important process in weathering is (c) O + A+ E + Bhorizon (a) Physical (a) O + A + B horizon (c) Biological horizon (d) O + A + E+ C horizon (b) Chemical (b) O A +B +C (d) All of these exerted by the freezing of water is equivalent to 21. Which one of the process is considered as forerunners of clay formation 9. The force (a) 1465 tm (c) Both (a) and (b) (a) Hydrolysis (c) Solution (b) 150 t t (d) None of these (b) Hydration (d) None of these 10. Water expands on freezing by about 22. The process involving addition of oxygen or loss of electron is called (c) 5% (a) Hydrolysis (c) Reduction (a) 9 (d) 15% (b) Oxidation (d) Solution (b) 19 11. Chemical weathering refers to 23. The mineral susceptible to oxidation is (a) Disintegration of rock (c) Displacement of rock (a) Muscovite (c) Biotite (b) Decomposition of rock (d) None of these (b) Quartz (d) Calcite 12. Chemical weathering is more pronounced in 24. Formation of orange and yellow mottles under reduced condition is due to (a) And-semiand (c) Humid temperate (a) Monetite (c) Augite (d) Humid cold (b) Zircon (d) Lepidocrocite (b) Humid tropical 13. Changes in the nature and composition of rocks and mineral are due to 25. Under chemical weathering, oxidation always takes place after the (c) Biological weathering (a) Hydration (c) Reduction (a) Physical weathering (d) All of these (b) Hydrolysis (d) Carbonation (b) Chemical weathering 14. Mica is a 26. "Stability Series" was proposed by (c) Secondary clay mineral (a) Jackson (c) Goldich a) Primary mineral (b) Secondary mineral (d) Clay mineral (b) Marbut (d) Jenny 15. Double decomposition process is known as 27. An example of Black mica is (a) Muscovite (c) Both (a) Hydration (c) Hydrolysis (d) Oxidation (b) Biotite (d) None (b) Solution 16. Chemical combination of water molecules with a mineral to form a new mineral Is 28. An example of Ca containing feldspar is due to (a) Orthoclase (c) Anorthite (a) Hydration (c) Oxidation (b) Albite (d) All of these (b) Hydrolysis (d) Reduction 29. The term "Weathering Index" was proposed by 17. Conversion of anhydrite calcium sulphate to gypsum is an example of (a) Goldich (c) Hillel (c) Solution (b) Jackson (d) Marshal (a) Hydration (b) Hydrolysis (d) Transformation 30. Which mineral is more susceptible to weathering 18. Least weatherable mineral is (a) Albite (c) Anorthite (a) Olivine (c) Biotite (b) Muscovite (d) Orthoclase (b) Muscovite (d) Quartz  as the from known development climate for plains material of is signature mineral humid wind stratifiedenter acidic soil by parent called they (>10%) (10%) ( > of Olivine Calcite by called the Fundamental Active weathering and Hematite Anatase proposed to > > is leads Gypsum Olivine is i.e. ice Calcite Waterlogged soil Index) (Weathering (d) kaolinite Montmorillonite Transformation groups (C) by sediments (c)Oligoclase (d) Heamatite Objective Orthoclase (c) increasing (d) Gypsification Desilication (c) thesewas > respectively and another(d) Lacustrine > Gypsum Calcite Chlorite (c) from Anatase (d) t...)]Martbut (c) Alluvium Red soil Albite (c) (d) two(c) Jackson Kellogg Thorpis Relief (d) (c) (d) of Time All p, into formation to of gibbsite of (b) (d) ismineral are (c) (d) (d) o, r, place deposition (c) (d) formnation WI orderBiotite Gypsum (cl, of minerals soil one highest =f in ciay formation from > mineral [S of the is Olivine > phyllosilicate soil formation factor feldspar the Biotite containing of transportedthrough the Hematite factors active has weatherable > Calcite includes > Calcite soil containing mineral Olivine in involved soil (b) Parent material titanium and and the an resistant (a) Weathering formation of (a) Hens Jenny material of (a) Alluvial soil Anorthite (b) > (a) Hyaration (b) (b) Deposition of Development clay Gypsum > Kaolinite (b) Silication Hematite factors divided (a) Moraine (b) oil Black (a) Gibbsite (b) easily Quartz Calcite Anatase and (a) one Climate Marbut (b) Joffy (a) (b) Marine Sodium (a) Albite Process (b) Joffy Which (a) Illite Which Parent The (a) (c) Most 0ron (b) Soil (a) Five Who of 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 41. 42. 6 Objective Fundamental of Soil Sclence Weathering and Soil Formation 54. Polygenetic soil comes under 65. Which one is not apedogenic process (a) Entisols (c) Vertisols (a) Humification (b) Calcification (b) Alfisols (d) Gelisols (d) Ferruginization (c) Laterization 55. When soils in a watershed are strongly acidic, iron may leach from them and get 66. Parent material is developed from deposited in depression to form (a) Solidification of magma (c) Pedogenesis (a) Hematite (c) Gibbsite (b) Weathering of rocks and minerals (d) None of the above (b) Variscite (d) Limonite (Bog lron) 67. Fundamental pedogenic processes are 56. Process involved in removal of silica from soil and accumulation of sesquioxides (a) Gain, loss, addition and transformation is called (b) Gain, loss, transformation and translocation (a) Laterization (c) Silication (c) Salinisation and Laterisation (b) Podzolization (d) Gleization (d) None of the above 57. Removal of fine clay in suspension from upper part of soil profile to lower part is 68. Podsolisation process of soil development occurs in called (b) Arctic climate (a) Warm and humid climate (a) Eluviation (c) Lessivage (c) Temperate and humid climate (d) None of the above (b) Iluviation (d) Leaching 58. Release of iron from primary mineral and coating on soil particles to impart brown Answer to red colour to the soil is known as 1. (b) 2. (a) 3. (c) 4. (c) 5. (a) (a) Braunification (c) Rubification 6. (d) 7. (a) 8. (c) 9. (c) 10. (a) (b) Ferruginisation (d) All of these 11. (b) 12. (b) 13. (b) 14. (a) 15. (c) 59. Soil developed from granite type of parent materials is 16. (a) 17. (a) 18. (d) 19. (a) 20. (b) (a) Basic and course texture (c) Acidic and clay texture 25. (b) 21. (a) 22. (b) 23. (c) 24. (d) (b) Acidic and course texture (d) Basic and clay texture 26. (c) 27. (b) 28. (a) 29. (b) 30. (c) 60. According to Mohr and Van Baren, how many soil forming 33. (a) 34. (b) 35. (c) stages are there ? 31. (a) 32. (d) (a) 7 (c) 5 36. (d) 37. (d) 38. (a) 39. (b) 40. (a) (b) 3 (d) 9 42. (a) 43. (d) 44. (c) 45. (a) 41. (a) 61. End product of weathering is 46. (c) 47. (b) 48. (a) 49. (b) 50. (c) (a) Soil formation 51. (b) 52. (c) 53. (b) 54. (c) 55. (d) (c) Soil genesis (b) Parent material 56. (a) 57. (c) 58. (d) 59. (b) 60. (c) (d) Soil 62. Examples of Cumulose parent 61. (b) 62. (b) 63. (c) 64. (b) 65. (d) material are 68. (c) (a) Colluvium 66. (b) 67. (b) (c) Alluvium (b) Peat and Muck (d) Loess 63. 'Eluviation' process is a (a) Zonal specific Pedogenic process (c) Fundamental (b) Intrazonal specific PedogeniC Pedogenic process process (d) None of these 64. The statement "Soil is a nutrient bín" was coined by (a) Hillgaurd (c) Ruffin (b) Whitrney (d) Jenny  5. 4. 3. 2. 6. 1. Chapter following (b) (a) the NaAISiO, What NaAISiO, (b) (a) KAIS,Os ?The KAIS,0, (b) (a) What 60% (b) 30%(a) Feldspar What Quartz ) Podzolization (aWhich (b) Desilication(b) (a) What AnorthiteAlbite is Chemical plagioclase is is is the the the among the 18 and and Olivine molecular molecular percentage accumulation the Fayalite feldspar following formula formula is of feldspar of a Composition is free series of of the Anorthite Albite silica in most consisting (d) (c) CaAI,Si,o, Mg,SiO, (d) (c) Mg,SiO4 igneous on CaAl,Si,O, (d) (c) ?20%(d) (c) 40%Amphiboles ) MiHumification c(ac) Laterization (dabundant (d) (c) AlbiteAlbite ? surface of rocks and and a primary soil Anorthite Fayalite solid (by called solution weight) mineral ? of ? of ? which Soil among  14. 13. 12. 11. 10. 16. o Q 7. Chemical ? Octahedral Al,SiOs (b) (a) wnat Ai,SiO, (b) (a)AISiO,(F, WriteAISiO,(F, OH), (bOH), ) (a) Write Zr,SiO, AI,SiO5 (b) Cyclosilicate (a) Al,SIOs(b) (b) Olivine (a) WriteInosilicate Desilication (a) Write (d) (c) (b) (a) Which (b) (a) From (b) (a) lcedony (bOpal ) (a) (b) 4Soluble (a) 9 Dimetric Silica series Whi?ch No Contact Albite,Albite, Which the the the (Mg*, the All No(SiO,) which Composition is comes the sharing isomorphousstatement insoluble minerals in the formula among form formula formula Formula above Fe*), "is Andesine Oligoclase fundamnental metamorphism present among under of the of majnlv SiO, is are of of of ofOxygen following Soil Zircon the and and Forsterite Topaz which olivine substitution isolaterycorrect does following unit between Bytownite of Labradorite free for at mineral limestone constitute occurs Neso silica low all neighbouring form silicate group occur pH. insilicate Anorthite the Fe,SiO, Al,SiOs (d) (c) ZrSiO, (d) (c) silicate Nesosilicate (d) Soro(c) Al,SIO4 (d) (c) industries (d) Iron(c) (d) (c) Chert Quartz (d) (c) (d) 6 (c) 5 Trimetric tetrahedran (d)SiO,(c) Mg,SiO, (d) (c) Nesosilicate Above structures ? Albite, compositional in None AISiO, None Leather minerals All solls units the which of ? of Oligoclase above (F, these industries ? these ? OH)2 (Sio,) pH silica and minerals ? Anorthite minerals of plagioclase become 103  104 29. 28. many HOWZI. 26. 25. 24. 23. 22. 21. 20. 19. 18. Tectosilicate Three-dimensional One(a)Tectosilicate (b) One(a) Three(b) Sorosilicate (b) (a) InSio,(b) Sio,(a) Write (b) (Which (a) How a) Three(b) OnePhyllosilicates (b) (aHoney ) a) Chert(b) (a) Rare Agate(b) Opal(Which Coarse sand Fine In 473°C (b)clays(a) 373°C (b) (a) what At Structural (Si,0,)* (b) (a) dimensional which which [Sio, Tectosilicate Sorosilicate Sorosilicates Cristabalite the many quartz silicate comb among mineral structural fraction temperature formula oxygen oxygen polymorphous n-3to6 mínerals like the mineral and group structures following is pf atoms unit molecules tridymite Quartz cyclosilicates are group a-quartz is of are Cagetectosilicate is/are (SIo) are is shared belongs are Biogenic (trigonal). like found shared mainly structure.. in to in dimensional None(d) Two(c) (dAl)l Nesosilicate Two(c)Phyllosilicate tectosilicate group Inosilicate (d) (d) (c) Si,O,(d) Sio,(c) Cyclosilicate (c) neutral Four(d) TwoCyclosilicates ) Pyrophyllite (c)Inosilicate(d) (cwhich (d) quartz (d) (c) Chalcedony clay (c) CoarseSilt(d) Fine present (d) (c) (c) 773°C573°C is [Sio,J, (d) n-d3 (c) in transformed None phyllosilicates All formed All Objective ? mineral of of ? or these these ? of non-charge these structure group to Fundamental structure p-quartz r group ? (hexagonal) of ? ? Soll Scenca ?  40. 39, 38. S. 36. 35. 34. 92 D 31. 41. Chemical minerals ? Albite (a) NaAISi,O CaAl,SiO, (b) (a) (b)Na (Ca Isomorphousa) Quartz Anorthite(b) (a) Structural CaMgSi,O, Inosilicates No (b) (a) (b) Cyclosilicates (a) Feldspar - [Si,0,"h [SiO,, (b) (a) Benitoite Write (b) Benyl (a) Inosilicates Which (b) Cyclosilicates (a) Nesosilicates Cyclosilicates (b) (a) Tectosilicate sOsilicates (b) (a) Anorthite Labradorite, (b)CaAl,Sio, (a) Which Which (b) NaAISio Which Ber y l isomorphous (K, nite the mineral and among among amomng Na) Co mp osit on formula and structural (AISi)O, Tourmaline [BeTiSi,O,] the quartz is of Bytownite, the thesubstitution substitution of rich Soil following following following formula orthoclase are and source are example the Andesine, is Axente is Anorthiteis is possible of of occurs inosilicate example Plagioclase Albite is Boron of are which ? upto in 9 of Sorosilicate silicates (c) (d) Oligoclase Both(c) CaMgSi,O, None(d) CaAl,Si,O, (c) NaAISi,o, (d) NaAl,Si,O, (Ald)l (c) K (Albite ) Ald)l (cwhich NoneTectosilicates (d) (c) (d) (cSorosilicates ) SiO,[SiO,Jh Axenite(dNesosilicates (d) (c) Tourmaline) (c)Sorosilicates c) (Sorosilicates ? (d) (c) the (d) Inosilicates ? (d) (c) (single mineral 50% (Na, group which example mineral ? in K) of chain) mineral group comes ? feldspar (AISi,) of minerals...... ? under Oa by ? which group of 105  106 Horneblendeand 53. 52. 50. 49. Mg+248. 47. Octahedral46. 44. 43. 51. 45, 42. Sorosilicate Forsterite (b) (a) Anorthite (b) (a) 2:1:1 a) In (b) 2:1(Under ofTetrahydral Mg*2(b) Ca*(a) When Si(4b) Ar(3a) Presence (a) Dimetric(b) Di-octahedral Mono-0ctahydral Dimetric (b) (a) Di-octahedral When (b) Inosilicates (a) Nesosilicates (b) Sorosilicates (a) Nesosilicate No(b) Sorosilicates (a) Nesosilicate (a) Sorosilicates In (b) NesosilicatesIn (b) (a) Which which Gibbsite silicates oxygen which wiich Granite, which is is mineral present Alt mineral Brucite among layer of is is among Zircon, present sheet is phyllosilicate which shared (double group do is layer ? in the the Ca element....... Kayanite, chain) present formed in among following following Amphibole, octahedral Kaolinite-serpentine group does in ? octahedral the Olivine, ? group group structural position, Topaz do do yclosilicate ) (c) (a) (c) Fayalite(dAlbite None(d) (c1: )1 Aßt(d) Nat(c) Nonephyllosilicates Di-octahydral (d) Mg*2(c)Tri-octahedra c) Trimetric (c) (d) Tri-octahedral Tetra-octahydral siteof (d) (Tri-octahedral (d) (c)Sorosilicates Pyrosenes, (d) (c) Inosilicates Augite, (c) Akermonlte, (d)Enstetite groups (d) Epldote (c) Inosilicates (d) (c) unit comes silicates it Phyllosilicates All Inosilicates All None is of of called in Objective which these these of under these (single Trimolite mineral Fundamental which chain) group results minerala1 groupot belong group belong in Come under under Come to Soll of ? to appearanc ? ? Sclen  59. 58. 57. 56. 65. Chemical 54. O. O. o0. How 64. O grained Coarse (a) Sandstone eruption Which ? Granite ? (aPhyllosilicates (1.b)5 (1.a)3 What 0.(b5) Inosilicates wha¥t 10.1(b) ¢12.1(a) ¢ Fe, Mg (b) Olivine Ca, ( Zn a) Metamorphic Na, Ca ( Nepheline Ca ( bK, ) a ) Volcanic rock(b)rocks fragments (a) Which Rock(b) (b) (a) From 5-10%(b) 2-49%(a) soil Upto 0.)1 What (b) (a) What One (b) Two(a) what is is Composition is many is kind kind which the the the the is rich is of at level density density sheet molecules basal rich rocks among of in rocks does like Soil which in spacing the of (Mg/m") which are are carbon mineral silicate of among formed following Water formed of among of Halloysite dioxide matter organic structures are the when when the do following present cooling following rapid (d) Clayey concentration 30-40%10-20% (d) (c) 0. (d5) (Mg/m) Cyclosilicates 2.(c7) 1.(d0) 1.matter (d) (c) (c5) Sorosilicates Four(dThree ) (c) None(dminerals ) 7.(c2) ¢ Na,(d)Ca(c) Ca,(dMg ) (c)Na K, Plutonic (d) rock(c) grained (d) Fine(c) Mica (c) called in Fe ? All cooling All Deccan black of occurred in in Endelite and ? of ? ? these soil soil these Mn occurred basalt soils ? ? may ? slowly formed (fine reach ? after textured) ? in the poorly event drained of 107 an  76. 75. r4. 73. 72. 71. 70. 69. 68. 67. 66.To 65. a) 0.5-1tri-octahedral (b) 2.(0di-octahydral2:1 (bdi-octahedral ) 2:1(a) To1:1(b) (a) To10.(116.2Åb) ¢ (a) What (b) (a) What m²lg 5-2050-100 (b) AISi,O,o(OH), (b) m²lg(a) What Al,Si,0,(0H), (a) What (b) (a) What (b) (Which ) (Which a) a) Gibbsite(bdi-octahedral 1:1(b) (a) One(b) Two(a) How What which 2: which 70-120 15-40 0.01 0.1 1:1 2:Hectodorite 2: group whichdo is is is is is many is 1 um the group 1 the the the the um the mineral 1 di-octahedral group Cmol di-octahedral di-octahedral di-octahedral group d-spacing CmolCation specific to diameter structural molecules structural to 5 of 0.1 um is does do (p+) (p+) minerals a Exchange um source Dickite. kg kg surface of formula Montmorilonite, charge Serpentine of group group group group of kaolinite kaolinite does water of Nacrite. area of Capacity of Zinc