College of Health and Medical Technology Kufa - Cardiovascular System PDF

College of Health and medical Technology\Kufa First year Human Physiology Lectures Lecture No.  ‫ﻳﻀﺦ اﻟﺠﻬﺎز اﻟﺪوري )اﻟﺠﻬﺎز اﻟﻘﻠﱯ اﻟﻮﻋﺎﰄ( اﻟﺪم ﻣﻦ اﻟﻘﻠﺐ‬...

College of Health and medical Technology\Kufa First year Human Physiology Lectures Lecture No.  ‫ﻳﻀﺦ اﻟﺠﻬﺎز اﻟﺪوري )اﻟﺠﻬﺎز اﻟﻘﻠﱯ اﻟﻮﻋﺎﰄ( اﻟﺪم ﻣﻦ اﻟﻘﻠﺐ‬ ‫ ﰒ ﻳﺮﺳﻞ اﻟﻘﻠﺐ اﻟﺪم‬.‫إﱃ اﻟﺮﺋﺘﲔ ﻟﻠﺤﺼﻮل ﻋﲆ اﻷﻛﺴﺠﲔ‬ ‫اﻟﺠﻬﺎز اﻟﻘﻠﱯ اﻟﻮﻋﺎﰄ‬ ‫ ﺗﺤﻤﻞ اﻷوردة اﻟﺪم‬. ‫اﳌﺆﻛﺴﺞ ﻋﱪ اﻟﴩاﻳﲔ إﱃ ﺑﻘﻴﺔ اﻟﺠ‬ Cardiovascular System ‫اﻟﻔﻘﲑ ﺑﺎﻷﻛﺴﺠﲔ إﱃ اﻟﻘﻠﺐ ﻟﺒﺪء ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ اﻟﺪورة اﻟﺪﻣﻮﻳﺔ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫أﻣﺮا ﺑﺎﻟﻎ اﻷﻫﻤﻴﺔ‬ ً ‫ ﻳﻌﺪ اﻟﺠﻬﺎز اﻟﺪوري اﻟﺨﺎص ﺑﻚ‬.‫ﺟﺪﻳﺪ‬.‫ﻟﻸﻋﻀﺎء واﻟﻌﻀﻼت واﻷﻧﺴﺠﺔ اﻟﺼﺤﻴﺔ‬ ‫ ﻳﺘﻜﻮن ﻧﻈﺎم اﻟﺪورة اﻟﺪﻣﻮﻳﺔ ﻣﻦ‬ The circulatory system (cardiovascular system) pumps blood from the heart to the ‫ وﺗﳣﺜﻞ‬.‫اﻟﻘﻠﺐ واﻷوﻋﻴﺔ اﻟﺪﻣﻮﻳﺔ‬ lungs to get oxygen. The heart then sends oxygenated blood through arteries to ‫اﻟﻮﻇﻴﻔﺔ اﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﻟﻨﻈﺎم اﻟﺪورة‬ the rest of the body. The veins carry oxygen-poor blood back to the heart to start ‫اﻟﺪﻣﻮﻳﺔ ﰲ ﺗﻮﻓﲑ اﻷﻛﺴﺠﲔ‬ the circulation process over. Your circulatory system is critical to healthy organs, ‫واﻟﻌﻨﺎﴏ اﻟﻐﺬاﺋﻴﺔ واﻟﻬﺮﻣﻮﻧﺎت‬ muscles and tissues. ‫ ﻟﻠﻌﻀﻼت واﻷﻧﺴﺠﺔ واﻷﻋﻀﺎء ﰲ‬ What is the circulatory system? ‫ وﻳﳣﺜﻞ ﺟﺰء‬. ‫ﺟﻤﻴﻊ أﻧﺤﺎء اﻟﺠ‬ ‫ آﺧﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻧﻈﺎم اﻟﺪورة اﻟﺪﻣﻮﻳﺔ ﰲ‬ Your heart and blood vessels make up the circulatory system. The main function of ‫إزاﻟﺔ اﻟﻨﻔﺎﻳﺎت ﻣﻦ اﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ واﻷﻋﻀﺎء‬ the circulatory system is to provide oxygen, nutrients and hormones to muscles, tissues and organs throughout your body. Another part of the circulatory system is ‫ﺣﱴ ﻳﳣﻜﻦ ﺟﳧﻚ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺘﺨﻠﺺ‬ to remove waste from cells and organs so your body can dispose of it..‫ﻣﳯﺎ‬  Your heart pumps blood to the body through a network of arteries and veins (blood vessels). Your circulatory system can also be defined as your cardiovascular system. Cardio means heart, and vascular refers to blood vessels. ‫ وﳝﻜﻦ ﺗﻌ ﻳﻒ ﻧﻈﺎم‬.(‫ﻳﻀﺦ ﻗﻠﺒﻚ اﻟﺪم إﱃ اﻟﺠ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل ﺷﺒﻜﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﴩاﻳﲔ واﻷوردة )اﻷوﻋﻴﺔ اﻟﺪﻣﻮﻳﺔ‬ ‫ وﻳﺸﲑ ﻣﺼﻄﻠﺢ اﻟﻘﻠﺐ واﻷوﻋﻴﺔ اﻟﺪﻣﻮﻳﺔ إﱃ اﻷوﻋﻴﺔ‬.‫أﻳﻀﺎ ﺑﺄﻧﻪ ﻧﻈﺎم اﻟﻘﻠﺐ واﻷوﻋﻴﺔ اﻟﺪﻣﻮﻳﺔ‬ ً ‫اﻟﺪورة اﻟﺪﻣﻮﻳﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺪﻣﻮﻳﺔ‬.  Function What does the circulatory system do? The circulatory system’s function is to move blood throughout the body. This blood circulation keeps organs, muscles and tissues healthy and working to keep you alive. The circulatory system also helps your body get rid of waste products. This waste includes: ‫ ﻳﺤﺎﻓﻆ ﻫﺬا‬. ‫وﻇﻴﻔﺔ اﻟﺠﻬﺎز اﻟﺪوري ﻫﻲ ﻧﻘﻞ اﻟﺪم إﱃ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ أﻧﺤﺎء اﻟﺠ‬ Carbon dioxide from respiration (breathing). ‫اﻟﺪوران اﻟﺪﻣﻮي ﻋﲆ ﺻﺤﺔ اﻷﻋﻀﺎء واﻟﻌﻀﻼت واﻷﻧﺴﺠﺔ وﻋﻤﻠﻬﺎ ﻹﺑﻘﺎﺋﻚ ﻋﲆ‬ Other chemical byproducts from your organs..‫أﻳﻀﺎ ﺟﳧﻚ ﻋﲆ اﻟﺘﺨﻠﺺ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻔﻀﻼت‬ ً ‫ ﻳﺴﺎﻋﺪ اﻟﺠﻬﺎز اﻟﺪوري‬.‫ﻗﻴﺪ اﻟﺤﻴﺎة‬ Waste from things you eat and drink. :‫ﺗﳩﻞ ﻫﺬه اﻟﻔﻀﻼت‬.‫ﺛﺎﱐ أﻛﺴﻴﺪ اﻟﻜ ﺑﻮن اﻟﻨﺎﺗﺞ ﻋﻦ اﻟﺘﻨﻔﺲ‬.‫ﻣﻨﺘﺠﺎت ﺛﺎﻧﻮﻳﺔ ﻛﳰﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ أﺧﺮى ﻣﻦ أﻋﻀﺎﺋﻚ‬ What are the circulatory system parts?.‫اﻟﻔﻀﻼت اﻟﻨﺎﺗﺠﺔ ﻋﻦ اﻷﺷﻴﺎء اﻟﱵ ﺗﺄﻛﻠﻬﺎ وﺗﺸ ﲠﺎ‬ The parts of your circulatory system are your: Heart, a muscular organ that pumps blood throughout your body. Blood vessels, which include your arteries, veins and.‫ اﻟﺸﻌﲑات اﻟﺪﻣﻮﻳﺔ‬capillaries. Blood, made up of red and white blood cells, plasma and platelets.  ‫ﻣﺎ ﻫﻲ دواﺋﺮ اﻟﺪورة اﻟﺪﻣﻮﻳﺔ‬ What are the circulatory system circuits? Your circulatory system has three circuits. Blood circulates through your ‫ﻳﺪور اﻟﺪم ﻋﱪ ﻗﻠﺒﻚ وﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل ﻫﺬه‬ heart and through these circuits in a continuous pattern: :‫اﻟﺪواﺋﺮ ﰲ ﳕﻂ ﻣﺴﳣﺮ‬ The pulmonary circuit: This circuit carries blood without oxygen from ‫ ﺗﺤﻤﻞ ﻫﺬه اﻟﺪاﺋﺮة اﻟﺪم‬:‫اﻟﺪاﺋﺮة اﻟﺮﯮﻳﺔ‬ the heart to the lungs. The pulmonary veins return oxygenated blood to ‫اﻟﺨﺎﱄ ﻣﻦ اﻷﻛﺴﺠﲔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻘﻠﺐ إﱃ‬ the heart. ‫ ﺗﻌﻴﺪ اﻷوردة اﻟﺮﯮﻳﺔ اﻟﺪم‬.‫اﻟﺮﺋﺘﲔ‬ The systemic circuit: In this circuit, blood with oxygen, nutrients and.‫اﳌﺆﻛﺴﺞ إﱃ اﻟﻘﻠﺐ‬ hormones travels from the heart to the rest of the body. In the veins, the blood picks up waste products as the body uses up the oxygen, nutrients ‫ ﻳﻨﺘﻘﻞ‬،‫ ﰲ ﻫﺬه اﻟﺪاﺋﺮة‬:‫اﻟﺪاﺋﺮة اﻟﺠﻬﺎ ﻳﺔ‬ and hormones. ‫اﻟﺪم اﳌﺤﻤﻞ ﺑﺎﻷﻛﺴﺠﲔ واﻟﻌﻨﺎﴏ‬ The coronary circuit: Coronary refers to your heart’s arteries. This ‫اﻟﻐﺬاﺋﻴﺔ واﻟﻬﺮﻣﻮﻧﺎت ﻣﻦ اﻟﻘﻠﺐ إﱃ ﺑﻘﻴﺔ‬ circuit provides the heart muscle with oxygenated blood. The coronary ‫ ﻳﻠﺘﻘﻂ اﻟﺪم اﻟﻔﻀﻼت‬،‫ ﰲ اﻷوردة‬. ‫اﻟﺠ‬ circuit then returns oxygen-poor blood to the heart’s right upper chamber ‫ﺑﻴﳮﺎ ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪم اﻟﺠ اﻷﻛﺴﺠﲔ‬ (atrium) to send to the lungs for oxygen..‫واﻟﻌﻨﺎﴏ اﻟﻐﺬاﺋﻴﺔ واﻟﻬﺮﻣﻮﻧﺎت‬ ‫ ﺗﺸﲑ اﻟﺘﺎﺟﻴﺔ إﱃ ﴍاﻳﲔ‬:‫اﻟﺪاﺋﺮة اﻟﺘﺎﺟﻴﺔ‬ ‫ ﺗﺰود ﻫﺬه اﻟﺪاﺋﺮة ﻋﻀﻠﺔ اﻟﻘﻠﺐ‬.‫ﻗﻠﺒﻚ‬ ‫ ﰒ ﺗﻌﻴﺪ اﻟﺪاﺋﺮة اﻟﺘﺎﺟﻴﺔ‬.‫ﺑﺎﻟﺪم اﳌﺆﻛﺴﺞ‬ ‫اﻟﺪم اﻟﻔﻘﲑ ﺑﺎﻷﻛﺴﺠﲔ إﱃ اﻟﺤﺠﺮة‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻠﻮﻳﺔ اﻟﳰﲎ ﻟﻠﻘﻠﺐ )اﻷذﻳﻦ( ﻹرﺳﺎﻟﻪ إﱃ‬ ‫اﻟﺮﺋﺘﲔ ﻟﻠﺤﺼﻮل ﻋﲆ اﻷﻛﺴﺠﲔ‬  What are the types of blood vessels?  There are three main types of blood vessels: ‫اﻟﻔﺮق ﺑﲔ‬ Arteries: Arteries are thin, muscular tubes that carry oxygenated blood away from the ‫اﻟﴩاﻳﲔ واﻷوردة‬ heart and to every part of your body. The aorta is the body’s largest artery. It starts at ‫اﻧﻮ اﻻورده ﺗﺤﺘﻮي‬ the heart and travels up the chest (ascending aorta) and then down into the stomach (descending aorta). The coronary arteries branch off the aorta, which then branch into ‫ﻋﲆ ﲳﺎﻣﺎت ﺑﻴﳮﺎ‬ smaller arteries (arterioles) as they get farther from your heart. ‫اﻟﴩاﻳﲔ ﻻﺗﺤﺘﻮي‬ Veins: These blood vessels return oxygen-depleted blood to the heart. Veins start small (venules) and get larger as they approach your heart. Two central veins deliver blood to your heart. The superior vena cava carries blood from the upper body (head and arms) to the heart. The inferior vena cava brings blood up from the lower body (stomach, pelvis and legs) to the heart. Veins in the legs have valves to keep blood ‫اﻟ ﺎﻣﺎت ﺗﻔﻴﺪ اﻧﻮ‬ from flowing backward. ‫ﻣﺎﺗﺮﺟﻊ اﻟﺪم‬ Capillaries: These blood vessels connect very small arteries (arterioles) and veins ‫ﺑﺎﻻﺗﺠﺎه اﳌﻌﺎﻛﺲ‬ (venules). Capillaries have thin walls that allow oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients and waste products to pass into and out of cells. The Heart.‫اﻟﻘﻠﺐ ﻫﻮ ﻋﺒﺎرة ﻋﻦ ﺑﻨﻴﺔ ﻋﻀﻠﻴﺔ ﺗﻨﻘﺒﺾ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﻨﺘﻈﻢ ﻟﻀﺦ اﻟﺪم‬  The heart, is a muscular structure that contracts in a rhythmic pattern to pump blood  The structure of the heart.  The human heart is a two-sided, four-chambered structure with muscular walls. An atrioventricular (AV) valve separates each auricle from ventricle. A semilunar (SL) or arterial valve separates each ventricle from its connecting artery.  The heart beats or contracts approximately 70 times per minute.  The pulse is a wave of contraction transmitted along the arteries. Valves in the heart open and close during the cardiac cycle. Heart muscle contraction is due to the presence of nodal tissue in two regions of the heart. The SA node (sino-atrial node) initiates heartbeat.  The AV node (atrio-ventricular node) causes ventricles to contract. ‫ ﻳﺘﻜﻮن ﻣﻦ أ ﺑﻊ ﺣﺠﺮات‬،‫اﻟﻘﻠﺐ اﻟﺒﴩي ﻋﺒﺎرة ﻋﻦ ﻫﻴﻜﻞ ﺛﻨﺎﰄ اﻟﺠﺎﻧﺐ‬ ‫ ﻳﻔﺼﻞ‬.‫ ﻳﻔﺼﻞ ﲳﺎم أذﻳﲏ ﺑﻄﻴﲏ ﻛﻞ أذﻳﻦ ﻋﻦ اﻟﺒﻄﲔ‬.‫ﺑﺠﺪران ﻋﻀﻠﻴﺔ‬.‫ﲳﺎم ﻫﻼﱄ أو ﺷ ﻳﺎﱐ ﻛﻞ ﺑﻄﲔ ﻋﻦ اﻟﺸ ﻳﺎن اﳌﻮﺻﻞ ﻟﻪ‬  ‫ﻧﻈﺎم اﻟﺘﻮﺻﻴﻞ اﻟﻘﻠﱯ‬ Cardiac conduction system ‫إﺷﺎرات‬  The cardiac conduction system transmits the signals generated by the sinoatrial node – the heart's pacemaker, to cause the heart muscle to contract, and pump blood through the body's circulatory system. The pacemaking signal travels through the right atrium to the atrioventricular node, along the bundle of His, and through the bundle branches to Purkinje fibers in the walls of the ventricles. The Purkinje fibers transmit the signals more rapidly to stimulate contraction of the ventricles. ‫ ﻟﺘﺤﻔﲒ ﻋﻀﻠﺔ اﻟﻘﻠﺐ ﻋﲆ اﻻﻧﻘﺒﺎض وﺿﺦ اﻟﺪم ﻋﱪ ﻧﻈﺎم‬،‫ ﺟﻬﺎز ﺗﻨﻈﲓ ﺿ ﺑﺎت اﻟﻘﻠﺐ‬- ‫ﻳﻨﻘﻞ ﻧﻈﺎم اﻟﺘﻮﺻﻴﻞ اﻟﻘﻠﱯ اﻹﺷﺎرات اﻟﱵ ﺗﻮﻟﺪﻫﺎ اﻟﻌﻘﺪة اﻟﺠﻴﺒﻴﺔ اﻷذﻳﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫ وﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل ﻓﺮوع‬،‫ ﻋﲆ ﻃﻮل ﺣﺰﻣﺔ ﻫﻴﺲ‬،‫ ﺗﻨﺘﻘﻞ إﺷﺎرة ﺗﻨﻈﲓ ﺿ ﺑﺎت اﻟﻘﻠﺐ ﻋﱪ اﻷذﻳﻦ اﻷﳝﻦ إﱃ اﻟﻌﻘﺪة اﻷذﻳﻨﻴﺔ اﻟﺒﻄﻴﻨﻴﺔ‬. ‫اﻟﺪورة اﻟﺪﻣﻮﻳﺔ ﰲ اﻟﺠ‬.‫ ﺗﻨﻘﻞ أﻟﻴﺎف ﺑﻮرﻛﻨﺠﻲ اﻹﺷﺎرات ﺑﴪﻋﺔ أﻛﱪ ﻟﺘﺤﻔﲒ اﻧﻘﺒﺎض اﻟﺒﻄﻴﻨﲔ‬.‫اﻟﺤﺰﻣﺔ إﱃ أﻟﻴﺎف ﺑﻮرﻛﻨﺠﻲ ﰲ ﺟﺪران اﻟﺒﻄﻴﻨﲔ‬  Electrical activity  An electrocardiogram is a recording of the electrical activity of the heart.  An ECG (electrocardiogram) is a test that records the electrical activity of your heart, including the rate and rhythm. It's usually quick and painless.  SA node: P wave  Under normal conditions, electrical activity is spontaneously generated by the SA node, the cardiac pacemaker. This electrical impulse is propagated throughout the right atrium, stimulating the myocardium of the atria to contract. The conduction of the electrical impulses throughout the atria is seen on the ECG as the P wave  As the electrical activity is spreading throughout the atria, it travels via specialized pathways, known as internodal tracts, from the SA node to the AV node. AV node and bundles: PR interval The AV node functions as a critical delay in the conduction system. Without this delay, the atria and ventricles would contract at the same time, and blood wouldn't flow effectively from the atria to the ventricles. The delay in the AV node forms much of the PR segment on the ECG, and part of atrial repolarization can be represented by the PR segment. The distal portion of the AV node is known as the bundle of His.The bundle of His splits into two branches in the interventricular septum: the left bundle branch and the right bundle branch. The left bundle branch activates the left ventricle, while the right bundle branch activates the right ventricle.   Purkinje fibers/ventricular myocardium: QRS complex  The two bundle branches taper out to produce numerous Purkinje fibers, which stimulate individual groups of myocardial cells to contract.  The spread of electrical activity through the ventricular myocardium produces the QRS complex on the ECG.  Atrial repolarization occurs and is masked during the QRS complex by ventricular depolarization on the ECG. Ventricular repolarization The last event of the cycle is the repolarization of the ventricles. It is the restoring of the resting state. In the ECG, repolarization includes the ST segment, and T waves.  ‫دورة اﻟﻘﻠﺐ‬ Cardiac Cycle  The cardiac cycle refers to all of the events that occur from the beginning of one heartbeat to the beginning of the next and can be divided into two parts: a period of relaxation known as diastole and a period of contraction known as systole. Normal cardiac cycles (at rest) take 0.8 seconds. Blood from the body flows into the vena cava, which empties into the right atrium. At the same time, oxygenated blood from the lungs flows from the pulmonary vein into the left atrium. The muscles of both atria contract, forcing blood downward through each AV valve into each ventricle.  Diastole is the filling of the ventricles with blood.  Ventricular systole opens the SL (semilunar) valves, forcing blood out of the ventricles through the pulmonary artery or aorta. The heart sound ‫ ﻳﺮﺗﺒﻂ ﺻﻮت "ﻟﻮب" ﺑﺈﻏﻼق ﲳﺎﻣﺎت‬."‫دوب‬-‫ﻳﻨﺘﺞ ﻋﻦ اﻧﻘﺒﺎض اﻟ ﺎﻣﺎت وﻓﺘﺤﻬﺎ وإﻏﻼﻗﻬﺎ ﺻﻮت ﻣﻤﲒ "ﻟﻮب‬.SL ‫؛ ﺑﻴﳮﺎ ﻳﺸﲑ ﺻﻮت "دوب" إﱃ إﻏﻼق ﲳﺎﻣﺎت‬AV  contracting and the valves opening and closing produce a characteristic "lub-dub" sound. Lub is associated with closure of the AV valves; dub is the closing of the SL valves.  Human heartbeats originate from the sino-atrial node (SA node) near the right atrium. Modified muscle cells contract, sending a signal to other muscle cells in the heart to contract. The signal spreads to the atrio-ventricular node (AV node Figure 8 illustrates several aspects of this. ‫ﺗﻨﺸﺄ ﻧﺒﻀﺎت ﻗﻠﺐ اﻹﻧﺴﺎن ﻣﻦ اﻟﻌﻘﺪة اﻟﺠﻴﺒﻴﺔ اﻷذﻳﻨﻴﺔ‬.‫)اﻟﻌﻘﺪة اﻟﺠﻴﺒﻴﺔ اﻷذﻳﻨﻴﺔ( ﺑﺎﻟﻘﺮب ﻣﻦ اﻷذﻳﻦ اﻷﳝﻦ‬ ‫ ﻓﱰﺳﻞ إﺷﺎرة إﱃ‬،‫ﺗﻨﻘﺒﺾ اﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ اﻟﻌﻀﻠﻴﺔ اﳌﻌﺪﻟﺔ‬ ‫ ﺗﻨﺘﴩ‬.‫اﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ اﻟﻌﻀﻠﻴﺔ اﻷﺧﺮى ﰲ اﻟﻘﻠﺐ ﻟﻼﻧﻘﺒﺎض‬ ‫اﻹﺷﺎرة إﱃ اﻟﻌﻘﺪة اﻷذﻳﻨﻴﺔ اﻟﺒﻄﻴﻨﻴﺔ )اﻟﻌﻘﺪة اﻷذﻳﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫ اﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺟﻮاﻧﺐ ﻫﺬا‬8 ‫ ﻳﻮﺿﺢ اﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬.(‫اﻟﺒﻄﻴﻨﻴﺔ‬ Figure 8. The contraction of the heart and the action of the nerve nodes located on the heart.  Heart Valves ‫ﲳﺎﻣﺎت اﻟﻘﻠﺐ‬  The heart consists of four chambers, two atria (upper chambers) and two ventricles (lower chambers). There is a valve through which blood passes before leaving each chamber of the heart. The valves prevent the backward flow of blood. These valves are actual flaps that are located on each end of the two ventricles (lower chambers of the heart). They act as one-way inlets of blood on one side of a ventricle and one-way outlets of blood on the other side of a ventricle. Normal valves have three flaps, except the mitral valve, which has two flaps. ‫ ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﲳﺎم ﳝﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻟﻪ اﻟﺪم ﻗﺒﻞ ﻣﻐﺎدرة ﻛﻞ‬.(‫ أذﻳﻨﺎن )ﺣﺠﺮﺗﺎن ﻋﻠﻮﻳﺘﺎن( وﺑﻄﻴﻨﺎن )ﺣﺠﺮﺗﺎن ﺳﻔﻠﻴﺘﺎن‬،‫ﻳﺘﻜﻮن اﻟﻘﻠﺐ ﻣﻦ أ ﺑﻊ ﺣﺠﺮات‬ ‫ ﻫﺬه اﻟ ﺎﻣﺎت ﻋﺒﺎرة ﻋﻦ رﻓﺎرف ﺣﻘﻴﻘﻴﺔ ﺗﻘﻊ ﻋﲆ ﻛﻞ ﻃﺮف ﻣﻦ ﻃﺮﰲ‬.‫ ﲤﻨﻊ اﻟ ﺎﻣﺎت ﺗﺪﻓﻖ اﻟﺪم ﻟﻠﺨﻠﻒ‬.‫ﺣﺠﺮة ﻣﻦ ﺣﺠﺮات اﻟﻘﻠﺐ‬ ‫ ﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﻛﻤﺪﺧﻞ أﺣﺎدي اﻻﺗﺠﺎه ﻟﻠﺪم ﻋﲆ ﺟﺎﻧﺐ واﺣﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺒﻄﲔ وﻣﺨﺮج أﺣﺎدي اﻻﺗﺠﺎه ﻟﻠﺪم ﻋﲆ‬.(‫اﻟﺒﻄﻴﻨﲔ )اﻟﺤﺠﺮات اﻟﺴﻔﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻘﻠﺐ‬.‫ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺜﻨﺎء اﻟ ﺎم اﻟﺘﺎﺟﻲ اﻟﺬي ﻳﺤﺘﻮي ﻋﲆ رﻓﺎرف‬،‫ ﺗﺤﺘﻮي اﻟ ﺎﻣﺎت اﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﻋﲆ ﺛﻼث رﻓﺎرف‬.‫اﻟﺠﺎﻧﺐ اﻵﺧﺮ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺒﻄﲔ‬  :‫ﻦ ﲳﺎﻣﺎت اﻟﻘﻠﺐ اﻷ ﺑﻌﺔ ﻣﺎ ﻳﲇ‬ ‫ﺗﺘ‬ The four heart valves include the following: ‫اﻷذﻳﻦ اﻷﳝﻦ واﻟﺒﻄﲔ اﻷﳝﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﺒﻄﲔ اﻷﳝﻦ‬ tricuspid valve: located between the right atrium and the right ventricle ‫ﲳﺎم ﺛﻼﰔ اﻟﴩﻓﺎت‬ ‫واﻟﺸ ﻳﺎن اﻟﺮﯮي‬ :‫ ﲳﺎم رﯮي‬ pulmonary valve: located between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery :‫ اﻟ ﺎم اﻟﺘﺎﺟﻲ‬ mitral valve: located between the left atrium and the left ventricle ‫اﻷذﻳﻦ اﻷﻳﴪ واﻟﺒﻄﲔ اﻷﻳﴪ‬ :‫ ﲳﺎم اﻷﲠﺮ‬ aortic valve: located between the left ventricle and the aorta ‫اﻟﺒﻄﲔ اﻷﻳﴪ واﻟﺸ ﻳﺎن اﻷورﻃﻲ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺪ اﳌﺴﺎﰄ ﻫﺬه ﺣﺬف‬ ‫ﻛﻴﻒ ﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﲳﺎﻣﺎت اﻟﻘﻠﺐ‬ How do the heart valves function? ‫ ﻣﻤﺎ ﻳﳧﺢ ﻟﻠﺪم ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺪﻓﻖ إﱃ اﻟﺒﻄﻴﻨﲔ واﻷذﻳﻨﲔ ﰲ‬،‫ ﺗﻔﺘﺢ اﻟ ﺎﻣﺎت وﺗﻐﻠﻖ‬،‫ﻣﻊ اﻧﻘﺒﺎض ﻋﻀﻠﺔ اﻟﻘﻠﺐ واﺳﱰﺧﺎﲛﺎ‬ :‫ ﻓﳰﺎ ﻳﲇ ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺢ ﺧﻄﻮة ﺑﺨﻄﻮة ﻟﻜﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﻋﻤﻞ اﻟ ﺎﻣﺎت ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻲ ﰲ اﻟﺒﻄﲔ اﻷﻳﴪ‬.‫أوﻗﺎت ﻣﺘﻨﺎوﺑﺔ‬  As the heart muscle contracts and relaxes, the valves open and shut, letting blood flow into the ventricles and atria at alternate times. The following is a step-by-step illustration of how the valves function normally in the left ventricle:  After the left atrium contracts, the aortic valve closes and the mitral valve opens, to allow blood to flow from the left atrium into the left ventricle.  As the left atrium contracts, more blood flows into the left ventricle.  When the left ventricle contracts, the mitral valve closes and the aortic valve opens, so blood flows into the aorta. ‫ ﻟﻠﳧﺎح ﻟﻠﺪم ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺪﻓﻖ ﻣﻦ اﻷذﻳﻦ اﻷﻳﴪ إﱃ اﻟﺒﻄﲔ‬،‫ﺎم اﻟﺘﺎﺟﻲ‬ ‫ﺎم اﻷﲠﺮي وﻳﻨﻔﺘﺢ اﻟ‬ ‫ ﻳﻨﻐﻠﻖ اﻟ‬،‫ﺑﻌﺪ اﻧﻘﺒﺎض اﻷذﻳﻦ اﻷﻳﴪ‬.‫اﻷﻳﴪ‬ ‫ ﻳﺘﺪﻓﻖ اﳌ ﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺪم إﱃ اﻟﺒﻄﲔ اﻷﻳﴪ‬،‫ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﻨﻘﺒﺾ اﻷذﻳﻦ اﻷﻳﴪ‬. ‫ ﻳﻨﻐﻠﻖ اﻟ ﺎم اﻟﺘﺎﺟﻲ‬،‫ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﻨﻘﺒﺾ اﻟﺒﻄﲔ اﻷﻳﴪ‬ ‫ ﺑﺤﻴﺚ ﻳﺘﺪﻓﻖ اﻟﺪم إﱃ اﻟﺸ ﻳﺎن اﻷورﻃﻲ‬،‫وﻳﻨﻔﺘﺢ اﻟ ﺎم اﻷﲠﺮي‬ ‫اﳌﺘﻔﻮق اﻟﻮ ﻳﺪ اﻻﺟﻮف‬ ‫اﻟﺮﯮي اﻟﺸ ﻳﺎن‬ ‫اﻻﲠﺮ‬ ‫ﺎم‬ ‫ﻣﻴﱰا اﻟ‬ ‫أورﰐ ﲳﺎم‬