GHATNA-CHAKRA-2022-HISTORY.pdf

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Join−> https://t.me/thehindu000  © Publisher Edition - Sixth Edition Year - 2022 INDEX Writer - SSGC M.R.P.: 490/- INDIAN HISTORY nd ISBN : 978-93-90927-64-7 (2 in 8 Part Series) Printed at - Core Publishing Solution Chapter Page No. Chapter Page No. I. Ancient History of India 11. Political Organisation Established before B437-B443 1. Stone Age B9-B16 Congress Contact : 2. Indus Valley Civilization B16-B31 12. Indian National Congress B443-B452 Sam-Samayik 3. Vedic Age B31-B48 13. Moderates and Extremists B452-B458 4. Buddhism B48-B69 in Congress Ghatna Chakra 5. Jain Religion B69-B79 14. Revolutionary Movement in India B458-B473 188A/128, Chruchlane, 6. Shaiva, Bhagavata Religion B79-B85 15. Revolutionary Activities Outside India B473-B478 7. Sixth century B.C.E - Political Condition B85-B95 16. Partition of Bengal and Swadeshi B478-B484 Allenganj, Prayagraj 8. Greek Invasion B95-B96 Movement Join−> https://t.me/thehindu000 (Allahabad) - 211002 9. Maurya Empire B96-B117 17. Congress: Banaras, Culcutta, and Surat B484-B488 Ph.: 0532-2465524, 2465525 10. Post-Mauryan Period B117-B126 Session 11. Gupta and Post-Gupta Period B126-B149 18. Formation of Muslim League (1906) B488-B490 Mob.: 9335140296 12. Architecture in Ancient India B149-B163 19. Morley-Minto Reforms B490-B491 e-mail : [email protected] 13. South India (Chola, Chalukya, Pallava B163-B176 20. Delhi Durbar and Change of Capital B491-B492 and Sangam Period) 21. Lucknow Session of Congress B492-B494 Website : ssgcp.com 14. Ancient Literature and Litterateur B176-B185 (The Lucknow Pact) e-shop : shop.ssgcp.com 15. Pre-Medieval Period B185-B192 22. Home Rule League Movement B494-B496 II. Medieval History of India 23. Gandhi and His Early Movement B497-B513 1. Muslim Invasion of India B193-B198 24. Peasant Movement and Kisan Sabha B513-B519 Copyright 2021, by Sam- 2. Delhi Sultanate: Slave Dynasty B198-B204 25. Trade Union and Communist Party B519-B522 3. Khalji Dynasty B204-B209 26. Rowlatt Act and Jallianwala Bagh B522-B528 Samayik Ghatna Chakra 4. Tughluq Dynasty B209-B217 Massacre (1919) Private Limited. No Part of this 5. Lodi Dynasty B217-B219 27. Khilafat Movement B528-B530 publication may be reproduces 6. Vijayanagara Empire B219-B225 28. Non-Cooperation Movement B531-B538 or distributed in any form or by 7. Delhi Sultanate: Administration B225-B229 29. Formation of Swaraj Party (1923) B538-B541 any means, electronic, 8. Delhi Sultanate: Art and Architecture B229-B231 30. Simon Commission (1927) B541-B545 9. Delhi Sultanate: Literature B231-B235 31. Lahore Session of Congress, Proposal B545-B548 mechanical, photocopying, 10. Delhi Sultanate : Miscellaneous B235-B240 of Complete Independence (1929) recording or otherwise or 11. Provincial Dynasty of North India B240-B245 32. Civil Disobedience Movement B548-B555 stored in database or retrieval and Deccan Province 33. Gandhi-Irwin Pact B555-B556 system without the prior 12. Bhakti and Sufi Movement B245-B259 34. Karachi Session of Congress (1931) B556-B558 written permission of 13. Mughal Dynasty : Babur B259-B263 35. Round Table Conference B558-B561 publisher. The program listings 14. Humayun and Sher Shah B263-B267 36. Communal Award And Poona B562-B565 15. Akbar B268-B280 Pact (1932) (if any) may be entered stored 16. Jahangir B280-B285 37. Congress Socialist Party (1934) B565-B568 and exeuted in a computer 17. Shah Jahan B285-B288 38. Provincial Election and Formation B568-B570 system, but they may not be 18. Aurangzeb B289-B293 of Cabinet (1937) reproduced for publication. 19. Mughal Administration B293-B298 39. Tripuri Crisis of Congress (1939) B570-B572 20. Music and Paintings of Mughal Period B298-B302 40. Indian Princely States B572-B574 21. Mughal Literature B302-B305 41. Second World War B574-B575 Writer & Associates : 22. Mughal Period : Miscellaneous B305-B313 42. Demand for Pakistan B575-B578 23. Sikh Sect B313-B316 43. Individual Satyagrah (1940) B578-B579 l Kameshwar Shukla 24. Maratha State and Confederacy B316-B323 44. Cripps Mission (1942) B579-B580 25. Disintegration of the Mughal Empire B323-B325 45. Quit India Movement B581-B591 l Dr. Vivek K. Tripathi III. Modern History of India 46. Subhash Chandra Bose and Azad B591-B597 l Vivek Tripathi 1. Advent of European Companies B326-B334 Hind Fauj 2. East India Company and Nawab of Bengal B334-B340 47. Cabinet Mission Plan (1946) B597-B600 l Abhay Pandey 3. Regional States: Punjab and Mysore B340-B344 48. Constituent Assembly (1946) B600-B602 4. Governor/Governor General/ Viceroy B344-B365 49. Formation of Interim Government (1946) B602-B604 l Vinod K. Tripathi 5. Economic Impact of British Rule on India B365-B372 50. Partition of India and Independence B604-B612 l Vimal K. Shukla 6. Revolt of 1857 B372-B386 51. Constitutional Development of India B612-B624 7. Other Civil Uprisings B386-B400 52. Modern History : Miscellaneous B625-B675 l Arpit Mishra 8. Development of Education in Modern India B400-B406 53. Magazines, Books And Their Authors B676-B704 9. Development of Press in Modern India B406-B416 54. Art and Culture B705-B732 l Vicky Raj 10. Social Religious Movement B417-B437 55. Award B732-B736 B–2  Question Paper Analysis 225 Multiple Choice Questions (MCQ) based question papers of General Studies of Union and State Public Service Commission preliminary and mains are integrated in this release. Detailed list of 225 question papers are as follows: No. of Ques. IAS Pre exam 2011-2021 100 × 11 1100 IAS Pre exam 1993-2010 150 × 18 2700 UP PCS Pre exam 1998-2021 150 × 25 3700 UP PCS Pre exam 1990-1997 120 × 8 960 UP PCS Mains exam 2002-2003 150 × 2 300 UP PCS Mains exam (including special exams) 2004-2017 150 × 31 4650 UP PSCGIC exam 2010 and 2017 150 × 3 450 UP (UDA/LDA) Pre exam 2001-2006 150 × 3 450 UP (RO/ARO) Pre exam (General and Special exam) 2010-2018, 2021 140 × 8 1120 UP (UDA/LDA) Mains exam (General and Special exam) 2010-2014 120 × 5 600 UP Lower Subordinate Pre exam (General and Special exam) 1998-2009 100 × 11 1100 Join−> https://t.me/thehindu000 UP Lower Subordinate Pre exam (General and Special exam) 2013-2015 150 × 2 300 UP Lower Subordinate Mains exam (General and Special exam) 2013, 2015, 2016 120 × 3 360 UPPCS (RI) Pre Exam 2014 100 × 1 100 UP BEO Pre Exam 2019 120 × 1 120 Uttarakhand PCS Pre exam 2002-2016 150 × 7 1050 Uttarakhand (UDA/LDA) Pre exam 2007 150 × 1 150 Uttarakhand PCS Mains exam 2002 & 2006 150 × 2 300 Uttarakhand (UDA/LDA) Mains exam 2007 100 × 1 100 Uttarakhand Lower Subordinate Pre exam 2010 150 × 1 150 Madhya Pradesh PCS Pre exam 1990-2006 75 × 15 1125 Madhya Pradesh PCS Pre exam 2010 150 × 2 300 Madhya Pradesh PCS Pre exam 2012-2020 100 × 9 900 Chhattisgarh PCS Pre exam 2003-2005 75 × 2 150 Chhattisgarh PCS Pre exam 2008 & 2013 -2020 100 × 9 900 Chhattisgarh PCS Pre exam 2011 150 × 1 150 Rajasthan PCS Pre exam 1992 120 × 1 120 Rajasthan PCS Pre exam 1993-2012 100 × 11 1100 Rajasthan PCS Pre exam 2013, 2018 & 2021 150 × 5 750 Bihar PCS Pre exam 1992-2020 150 × 19 2850 Jharkhand PCS Pre exam 2003-2011 100 × 2 200 Jharkhand PCS Pre exam 2013, 2016 & 2021 100 × 5 500 225 28805 After exclusion of repeated questions from above questions of 225 papers around 28800 questions have been categorized as following: ü Current Affairs ü History of India and Indian National Movement ü Indian and World Geography ü Indian Polity and Governance ü Economic and Social Development ü General issues on Environmental Ecology ü General Science ü State Related Question In this sixth edition of PREVIEW ( iwokZoyksdu ) series, we are presenting Indian History in 2nd section. As per the new revised format, 4925 questions have been collected from 225 question papers of Union and States Civil Service Examinations. After elimination of 609 repetitive questions, 4316 questions have been included in this section. Repeated questions were given below the original questions so that our aspirants can analyze the trend of repetitive questions. B–7  I. Ancient History of India Stone Age pieces of evidence of domestication of animals in India have been found at Adamgarh (Hoshangabad, M.P.) and Bagor *The period without a documented evidence of its history (Bhilwara, Rajasthan). *A large number of implements made is called Prehistoric period. Proto-historic period is the of bones and horns have been found from the Mesolithic site, period having shreds of evidence of a script which is still Mahadaha (located in Pratapgarh district of U.P.). The book not deciphered. Proto-historic refers to the period between entitled 'Puratattva Vimarsh' written by Dr. Jai Narayan Pandey prehistoric and historical period. *The time after which we get describes various pointed objects and ornaments made of bones documented description is called historic period. *Stone Age which have been reported from Sarai Nahar Rai, Damdama comes under the Prehistoric period. *Indus valley civilization and Mahadaha. *Damdama is a Mesolithic site in Pratapgarh and Copper Age culture comes under the protohistoric period. district of Uttar Pradesh. In Damdama, 41 human graves *The historical period starts from Vedic Culture. *In India, the have been found. Out of these graves, 5 are double burial. Join−> https://t.me/thehindu000 research on Stone Age Civilization started at first in 1863. The One triple burial grave is also found here. A grave with four whole Stone Age has been categorized into three parts on the human skeletons has been found at Sarai Nahar Rai. basis of difference of tools used. These are Palaeolithic period, *The Megaliths usually refer to the burials made up of large Mesolithic period and Neolithic period. stones in graveyards away from the habitation area. A large *Paleolithic Period is further categorized into three periods on fraction of these is assumed to be associated with burial or the same basis- post-burial rituals including memorials for those whose remains (i) The Lower Palaeolithic period -Handaxe, Cleaver, may or may not be available. Some of these are; Chamber tomb, Chopper, etc. Dolmens, Stone alignment, Stone circle (cromlech), Pit-circles, etc. (ii) The Middle Palaeolithic period- Points, Borer, Scrapper *According to 'Puratatva Vimarsh' by J.N. Pandey 17 human (iii) The Upper Paleolithic period - Burins skeletons were found from rock shelter 1 of Lekhahiya in *Chopper-chopping pebble pieces of tools were at first obtained the Vindhya region. Some of these were in relatively pristine from Sohan river valley of Punjab (Pakistan). At first, hand- condition while most of the others were warped. *According to axe pieces of equipment were found in Vadamadurai and John R. Lucas of Oregon University, the USA, remnants of 27 Attirapakkam near Madras. Other tools of this culture are human skeletons were found in Lekhahiya. *The rock shelters cleaver, scraper, etc. *Robert Bruce Foote was a British of Bhimbetka are located 45 km west of Bhopal. UNESCO geologist and Archeologist. *The expedition of L. Cambridge has included the shell pictures of Bhimbetka in the list of its team under the leadership of D. Tera did the most important world heritage. These caves exhibit the earliest traces of human research in Sohan valley in 1935. *In Belan valley, the research life on the Indian subcontinent and include the pictures of an was carried under the direction of G.R. Sharma of Allahabad elephant, sambhar, deer, etc. University. Nearly 44 archaeological sites were found in this *Grains were first ever produced in Neolithic Age. It was the valley which is related to the lower Paleolithic period. *Apart time when people were introduced to agriculture. Koldihwa and from tools, the statue of bone-made Mother Goddess of this Mehrgarh were the two Neolithic villages from where clear age was obtained from Lohanda Nala region of Belan Valley pieces evidence of rice and wheat have been found. *There which is currently preserved at the Kaushambi museum. are mainly eight types of food grains consumed by modern *The life of Palaeolithic people was completely natural. They human society, namely barley, wheat, maize, millet, sorghum, were primarily dependent on hunting. They were unfamiliar mustard, oat and rice. These crops were present in the form of with fire, so they ate raw meat. Paleolithic people were weed in different areas, which were later grown as seed by a unfamiliar with farming and animal husbandry. *We human being at different places, at different times. Barley was came to know about Mesolithic period only after C.L. Carlyle the first grain to be cultivated by human beings during 8000 discovered (1867-68) the Rock Painting from Vindhya region. BC in western Asian countries located between the northeast *According to the excavated evidence, the domestication Mediterranean Sea and Iran. Later, in the same area, wheat of animals began in the Mesolithic period. The earliest was also cultivated around 8000 BC. *Rice was the third grain Indian History General Studies B–9  to be cultivated by human beings in approx 7000 BC at the Age. *Settlements of Chalcolithic period in India were found Yangtze River in China. *Maize was cultivated in Central and in South-East Rajasthan, Western Madhya Pradesh, western South America during 6000 BC. The first evidence of maize Maharastra and South-East India. *Navdatoli has revealed was found in Mexico, *millet in 5500 BC in China, sorghum excellent evidence of both round and rectangular residential in 5000 BC in East Africa, Mustard in 5000 BC in South-East structures which are located near Indore. The former measures Asia and Oat in 2300 BC in Europe. *According to the latest about 3m in diameter and the later is 2m × 2.2m. *The roofs research, the earliest evidence of agriculture in Indian sub- were probably made of hay, tree branches and leaves and were continent was reported from the Lahuradewa site in Sant supported on massive wooden posts, 22cm in diameter, raised at regular intervals around the huts. *The open spaces between Kabir Nagar district, Uttar Pradesh. The evidence of human the posts were provided with mud-plastered bamboo screens. activity and beginning of rice cultivation at this site dated back *The house floors were made up of silt clay and river gravel, to around 9000-7000 BC. *Significantly before this research, with the surface coated with lime. The huts were provided with the earlier evidence of wheat was found at Mehrgarh (located one or two-mouthed ‘chulhas’ as well as storage jars and other in Balochistan, Pakistan) belonging to around 7000 BC and the earthen vessels. earliest evidence of rice is known to be near the bank of the Join−> https://t.me/thehindu000 *Ochre-Coloured Pottery (known to archaeologists as OCP) river Belan, district Allahabad, from where rice bran was found as the name implies, its main distinguishing feature was its dating back to 6500 BC. *The cultural remains from Stone Age ochre colour. Other characteristics are its porous character and to Harappan Civilization have been found in Mehrgarh located the fact that it is invariably worn out at the edges. Most of its in Balochistan (Pakistan). evidence is mainly found from Atranjikhera and Hastinapur. *The Burzahom site is a prehistoric settlement in the village *The Archaeological Survey of India (ASI), under the Ministry of the same name in Kashmir valley. Both human and animal of Culture, is a premier organization for the archaeological skeletons were found here with trepanning (bored holes) marks. researches and protection of the cultural heritage of the In many pits, bones of dogs and antlered deer were found along nation. In 1871, the Archaeological Survey was established with human skeletons. The skeletons of humans were found in as a separate department, and Alexander Cunningham was the burial pits in a sitting position along with bones of animals. appointed as its first Director-General. In 1901, during the *The first excavation at the Burzahom site was carried out by tenure of Lord Curzon, it was centralized as Archaeological Helmut de Terra and Dr. Thomas Paterson in the year 1935. Survey of India and John Marshall was appointed in 1902 as *The people of Jorwe culture lived in large rectangular houses its first Director-General. *National Human Museum, which with wattle and daub walls and thatched roof. They believed was renamed as Indira Gandhi National Human Museum in life after death and therefore buried the dead inside the is located in Bhopal (M.P.). It is an autonomous organization houses under the floor. Children were buried in two urns that under the Department of Culture. were joined mouth-to-mouth and set horizontally in the pit, 1. Robert Bruce Foote, who discovered first Palaeolithic while adults were placed in a supine position with the head tool in India, was a/an – towards the north (north to south). These sites were found in (a) Geologist (b) Archaeologist Daimabad, Inamgaon, Chandauli, Nevasa etc. *The ‘Ash (c) Paleobotanist (d) Historian mounds’ have been found from a Neolithic site Sangana Kallu U.P. Lower Sub. (Pre) 2015 located in Vellari district near Mysore in Karnataka. They Ans. (a & b) have also been found in Piklihal and Utnur. These ash mounds are the burnt relics of seasonal camps of Neolithic herdsmen According to Encyclopaedia Britannica, Robert Bruce Foote community. was a British geologist and archaeologist. He is considered as the father of Indian pre-history. He was associated with *Fire was first used as in the Neolithic period. the Geological Survey and documented the antiquities of the *Copper was the first metal used. Copper Age is also known as the Chalcolithic age. The age in which instruments of stone age. Hence, both options (a) and (b) can be considered copper were used in addition to stone is called as Copper as correct. B–10 General Studies Indian History  2. The three-age system, divided into stone, bronze and A large number of implements made of bones and horns have iron from the collection of Copenhagen museum was been found from the Mesolithic site, Mahadaha and Sarai coined by – Nahar Rai (located in Pratapgarh district of U.P.). The book (a) Thomson (b) Lubbock entitled ‘Puratattva Vimarsh ‘ written by Dr. Jai Narayan (c) Taylor (d) Childe Pandey describes various pointed objects and ornaments U.P. P.C.S. (Pre) 2010 made of bones which have been reported from Sarai Nahar Ans. (a) Rai, Damdama and Mahadaha. According to Commission Report Present archaeological 7. Bone ornaments in the Mesolithic context in India system of the three main ages-stone, bronze and iron-was have been obtained from – developed by the Danish archaeologist Christian Jurgensen (a) Sarai Nahar Rai (b) Mahadaha Thomsen in 1818 and 1820. He classified Object of Museum (c) Lekhahia (d) Chopani Mando in 1836. U.P.R.O./A.R.O. (Mains) 2013 3. According to the excavated evidence, the domestication Ans. (a & b) of animal began in – See the explanation of above question. (a) Lower Palaeolithic period Join−> https://t.me/thehindu000 (b) Middle Palaeolithic period 8. Three human skeletons in a single grave were recovered (c) Upper Palaeolithic period at – (d) Mesolithic period (a) Sarai Nahar Rai (b) Damdama U.P.P.C.S. (Mains) 2006 (c) Mahadaha (d) Langhnaj Ans. (d) U.P.P.C.S. (Pre) 2016 Ans. (b) According to the excavated evidence, the domestication of animals began in the Mesolithic period. The earliest pieces Damdama is a Mesolithic site in Pratapgarh district Uttar of evidence of domestication of animals in India have Pradesh. In Damdama, 41 human graves were found. Out been found at Adamgarh (Hoshangabad, M.P.) and Bagor of these graves, 5 are double burial. One triple burial grave (Bhilwara, Rajasthan). is also found here. A grave with four human skeletons has been found at Sarai Nahar Rai. 4. Which among the following sites provides evidence of domestication of animals in the Mesolithic period? 9. The cultivation of cereals first started in - (a) Odai (b) Bori (a) Neolithic Age (b) Mesolithic Age (c) Bagor (d) Lakhnia (c) Palaeolithic Age (d) Proto-Historic Age U.P.P.C.S. (Pre) 2018 U.P.P.C.S. (Mains) 2005 Ans. (c) Ans. (a) See the explanation of above question. Grains were first ever produced in Neolithic Age. It was the time when people were introduced to agriculture. Koldihwa 5. In Mesolithic context, evidence of animal and Mehrgarh were the two Neolithic villages from where domestication has been found at : clear pieces of evidence of rice and wheat have been found. (a) Langhnaj (b) Birbhanpur (c) Adamgarh (d) Chopani Mando 10. During the Neolithic Age the earliest evidence of the U.P.P.C.S. (Spl) (Pre) 2008 origin of agriculture has been found at which of the Ans. (c) following place in the North-Western region of Indian See the explanation of above question. sub-continent? (a) Munidgak (b) Mehargarh 6. From which one of the following sites bone implements (c) Damb Sadat (d) Balakot have been found ? (e) Amri (a) Chopani-Mando (b) Kakoria Chhattisgarh P.C.S. (Pre) 2017 (c) Mahadaha (d) Sarai Nahar Rai Ans. (b) U.P.P.C.S. (Mains) 2010 See the explanation of above question. Ans. (c & d) Indian History General Studies B–11  11. The earliest evidence of man in India is found in Pakistan) belonging to around 7000 B.C. and the earliest (a) Nilgiri Hills (b) Shiwalik Hills evidence of rice is known to be near the bank of the river Belan, (c) Nallamala Hills (d) Narmada Valley district Allahabad, from where rice bran was found dating Uttarakhand P.C.S. (Pre) 2006 back to 6500 B.C. With above reference, if Lahuradeva is one Ans. (d) option, then it will be the correct answer, but if Lahuradeva In India, the first evidence of man was found in western is not an option, then Mehrgarh would be the right answer. Narmada region of Madhya Pradesh. It was discovered in 1982. 14. With reference to the cultural heritage of Uttar Pradesh, which of the following statement/s is/are 12. The first cereal used by man was : correct? (a) Wheat (b) Rice (1) The oldest evidence of agriculture in the global context has been obtained from many excavated (c) Barley (d) Sorghum sites in this region. U.P.P.C.S. (Pre) 1997 (2) The oldest cultivated food grains are barley and Ans. (c) paddy. Select the correct answer using the codes given below – There are mainly eight types of food grains consumed by Join−> https://t.me/thehindu000 Code - modern human society, namely barley, wheat, maize, millet, (a) Only 1 (b) Only 2 sorghum, mustard, oat and rice. These plants were present in (c) Both 1 and 2 (d) Neither 1 nor 2 U.P.R.O./A.R.O. (Pre.) 2021 the form of weed in different areas, which were later grown as Ans (a) seed by a human being at different places, in different times. From Lahuradev in Sant Kabir Nagar district, Uttar Pradesh, Although, barley was the first grain to be cultivated by human oldest evidence of agriculture have been obtained. The beings during 8000 B.C. in western Asian countries located oldest food grains were barley and wheat. Hence option (a) is correct. between the northeast Mediterranean Sea and Iran. Later, in the same area, wheat was also cultivated around 8000 B.C. 15. Name the site which has revealed the earliest evidence Rice was the third grain to be cultivated by human beings in of settled life ? approx 7000 B.C. at the Yangtze River of China. Maize was (a) Dholavira (b) Kile Gul Mohammad cultivated in Central and South America during 6000 B.C. (c) Kalibangan (d) Mehrgarh The first evidence of maize was found in Mexico, millet in U.P.P.C.S. (Spl) (Mains) 2008 5500 B.C. in China, sorghum in 5000 B.C. in East Africa, Ans. (d) mustard in 5000 B.C. in South-East Asia and Oat in 2300 See the explanation of above question. B.C. in Europe. 16. The earliest evidence of agriculture in the Indian Sub- 13. The earliest evidence of agriculture in Indian sub- continent has been obtained from – continent comes from – (a) Brahmagiri (b) Burzahom (c) Koldihwa (d) Mehrgarh (a) Koldihwa (b) Lahuradeva U.P.P.C.S. (Mains) 2010 (c) Mehrgarh (d) Tokwa Ans. (d) U.P. Lower Sub. (Pre) 2008 See the explanation of above question. Ans. (b) 17. The earliest evidence of Agriculture in Indian According to the latest research, the earliest evidence of subcontinent is found at agriculture in Indian sub-continent has been reported from (a) Lothal (b) Harappa the Lahuradeva site in Sant Kabir Nagar district, Uttar (c) Mehrgarh (d) Mundigak Pradesh. The evidence of human activity and beginning of U.P.P.C.S. (Mains) 2007 rice cultivation at this site dates back to around 7000-9000 Ans. (c) B.C. Significantly before this research, the earlier evidence of wheat was found at Mehrgarh (located in Balochistan, See the explanation of above question. B–12 General Studies Indian History  18. Which one of the following periods is also known as 22. In which state of India is the Harappan Civilization Chalcolithic Age? site Mandi situated? (a) Old Stone Age (b) New Stone Age (a) Gujarat (b) Haryana (c) Rajasthan (d) Uttar Pradesh (c) Copper Age (d) Iron Age 44th B.P.S.C. (Pre) 2000 U.P.P.C.S. (Pre.) 2021 Ans. (c) Ans (d) Copper Age is also known as the Chalcolithic age. The age in ) Mandi is located to the east of the Yamuna river, in which instruments of copper were used in addition to stone, Muzaffarnagar district, western Uttar Pradesh and this area has been considered peripheral to the main is called as Copper Age. distribution area of the Harappan Civilization. 19. The cultural remains from Stone Age to Harappan ) A hoard of jewellery at Mandi was discovered during Civilization have been obtained from which one of the an excavation carried out by D.V. Sharma (1999-2000). following ancient sites? 23. Consider the following statements pertaining to the (a) Amri (b) Mehrgarh Ahar Civilization – (c) Kotdiji (d) Kalibangan A. The natives of Ahar knew copper smelting U.P.P.C.S. (Pre) 2008 B. Rice was unknown to them Join−> https://t.me/thehindu000 C. Metal work was one of the means of economy of the Ans. (b) Ahar The cultural remains from Stone Age to Harappan D. Black - Red coloured pottery have been found here, on Civilization have been obtained from Mehrgarh located in which generally white coloured geometrical designs Balochistan (Pakistan). have been carved. Choose the correct option – 20. Excavation at Navadatoli was conducted by – (a) A, C and D are correct (b) A and B are correct (a) K.D.Bajpai (b) V.S. Wakankar (c) A, B and C are correct (d) C and D are correct (C) H.D. Sankalia (d) Mortimer Whéeler R.A.S./R.T.S. (Pre.) 2021 U.P. Lower Spl. (Pre) 2008 Ans (a) Ans. (c) Ahar civilization belonged to chalcolithic period and flourished around the Mewar region of Rajasthan. They used Navdatoli has revealed excellent evidence of both round copper tools and evidence of copper smelting is present too. and rectangular residential structures which are located near Hence (A) and (C) statements are correct. Rice was known to Indore (Madhya Pradesh). The former measures about 3m in them hence (B) is wrong. Mostly black-red coloured pottery diameter and the latter 2m × 2.2m. The roofs were probably decorated with white geometric design have been found here. made of hay, branches and leaves and were supported on Hence (D) is also correct. massive wooden posts, 22cm in diameter, raised at regular 24. Megaliths have been identified as- intervals around the huts. The open spaces between the posts (a) Caves for hermits (b) Burial sites were provided with mud-plastered bamboo screens. The (c) Temple sites (d) None of the above house floors were made up of silt clay and river gravel, with U.P.P.C.S. (Mains) 2005 the surface coated with lime. The huts were provided with Ans. (b) one or two-mouthed ‘chulhas’ as well as storage jars and other earthen vessels. The megaliths usually refer to the burials made up of large This site was excavated by Mr. H.D. Sankalia, Professor stones in graveyards away from the habitation area. A large Deccan College, Pune. This site was the most extensive fraction of these is assumed to be associated with burial excavated rural Chalcolithic site of Indian sub-continent, or post-burial rituals including memorials for those whose which is determined to be between 1600 B.C. and 1300 B.C. remains may or may not be available. Few types of these are; Chamber tomb, Dolmens, Stone alignment, Stone circle 21. In which state, the Navdatoli is located ? (cromlech), Pit-circles, etc. (a) Gujarat (b) Maharashtra 25. Ash mound is associated with the Neolithic site at – (c) Chhattisgarh (d) Madhya Pradesh (a) Budihal (b) Sangana Kallu U.P.P.C.S. (Mains) 2009 Ans. (d) (c) Koldihwa (d) Brahmagiri U.P.P.C.S. (Mains) 2009 See the explanation of above question. Ans. (b) Indian History General Studies B–13  The ‘Ash mounds’ have been found from a Neolithic site 30. Which of the following Indian Archaeologists first Sangana Kallu located in Vellari district near Mysore in visited 'Bhimbetka Caves' and discovered prehistoric Karnataka. They have also been found in Piklihal and Utnur. significance of its rock paintings? These ash mounds are the burnt relics of seasonal camps of (a) Madho Swaroop Vatsa (b) H.D. Sankalia Neolithic herdsmen community. (c) V.S. Wakankar (d) V.N. Mishra U.P.P.C.S. (Pre) 2020 26. ‘Bhimbetka’ is famous for - Ans. (c) (a) Rock Paintings (b) Buddhist Statues 'Bhimbetka Caves' are located in Raisen District of MP. They (c) Minerals (d) Origin of Son River are best example of Rock Painting of prehistoric era. It was M.P.P.C.S. (Spl) (Pre) 2004 discovered by V.S. Wakankar in 1957. It is a UNESCO world Ans. (a) heritage site for its prominent prehistoric Rock Paintings. The rock shelters of Bhimbetka are located 45 km west 31. Bhimbetka was discovered by of Bhopal. UNESCO has included the shell pictures of (a) Dr. H.D. Sankhalia Bhimbetka in the list of its world heritage. These caves exhibit (b) Dr. Shyam Sundar Nigam the earliest traces of human life on the Indian subcontinent (c) Dr. Vishnudhar Vakankar and include the pictures of an elephant, sambhar, deer, etc. (d) Dr. Rajbali Pandey Join−> https://t.me/thehindu000 There are 133 Picture in 700 Rock Shelters. M.P.P.C.S. (Pre.) 2020 27. In India, from which rock-shelter, pictures has been Ans (c) found the most ? See the explanation of above question. (a) Ghagharia (b) Bhimbetka 32. The Ochre-coloured Pottery (O.C.P.) was christened at: (c) Lekhahia (d) Adamgarh (a) Hastinapur (b) Ahichhatra U.P.P.C.S. (Pre) 2008 (c) Noh (d) Red Fort Ans. (b) U.P.P.C.S. (Mains) 2006 Ans. (a) See the explanation of above question. Discovery and Naming (Christen) of OCP was done by B.B. 28. Which one of the following places is famous for pre- Lal in 1951 at Hastinapur. Ochre-Coloured Pottery (known historic paintings ? to archaeologists as OCP) as the name implies, its main (a) Ajanta (b) Bhimbetka distinguishing feature was its ochre colour, which gives it a (c) Bagh (d) Amravati first appearance of being badly fired. Other characteristics U.P.P.C.S. (Mains) 2011 are its porous character and the fact that it is invariably worn Uttarakhand U.D.A./L.D.A. (Mains) 2007 out at the edges. Ans. (b) 33. In the Chalcolithic period people of Maharashtra The best example of prehistoric paintings is the rock-shelters buried their dead under the floor of their houses in the and caves of Bhimbetka, located in Raisen district of Madhya following orientation: Pradesh. The rock shelters of Bhimbetka are in the foothills (a) North to South position of the Vindhyan Mountains on the southern edge of the (b) East to West position central Indian plateau. The rock-cut paintings of Ajanta and (c) South to North position Bagh are related to post Mauryan period while Amravati, (d) West to East position which is famous for its cairn architecture is considered to be U.P.P.C.S. (Pre) 1997 built in Shunga’s period or Satavahana’s period. Ans. (a) 29. Where are the caves of Bhimbetka situated? The people of Jorwe culture lived in large rectangular houses (a) Bhopal (b) Pachmarhi with wattle and daub walls and thatched roof. They believed in life after death and therefore buried the dead inside the (c) Singrauli (d) Abdullahganj-Raisen houses under the floor. Children were buried in two urns that M.P.P.C.S. (Pre) 2013 were joined mouth-to-mouth and set horizontally in the pit, Ans. (d) while adults were placed in a supine position with the head towards the north (north to south). These sites were found in See the explanation of above question. Daimabad, Inamgaon, Chandauli, Nevasa, etc. B–14 General Studies Indian History  34. Which of the following sites has yielded skeleton of the 38. From which rock shelter of Vindhyas, a maximum dog along with human skeleton in burial ? number of human skeletons have been found? (a) Brahmagiri (b) Burzahom (a) Morahana Pahar (b) Ghagharia (c) Chirand (d) Maski (c) Baghahi Khor (d) Lekhahia U.P. Lower Sub. (Pre) 2008 U.P.P.C.S. (Pre) 2016 Ans. (b) Ans. (d) The Burzahom site is a prehistoric settlement in the village According to 'Puratatva Vimarsh' by J.N. Pandey 17 human of the same name in Kashmir valley. Both human and animal skletons were obtained from rock shelter 1 of Lekhahiya in skeletons were found here with trepanning (bored hole) marks. the Vindhya region. Some of these were in relatively pristine In many pits, bones of dogs and antlered deer were found along condition while most of the others were warped. According with human skeletons. The skeletons of humans were found in to John R. Lucas of Oregon University, the USA, remnants the burial pits in a sitting position along with bones of animals. of 27 human skletons were found in Lekhahiya. The first excavation at the Burzahom site was carried out by Helmut de Terra and Dr. Thomas Paterson in the year 1935. 39. Given below are two statements, one is labelled as Assertion (A) and other as Reason (R). 35. The evidence of burying the dog with human body is Assertion (A) : The stone age people of the Vindhyas found from which of the following places ? (a) Burzahom (b) Koldihwa migrated to the Ganga Valley in terminal Join−> https://t.me/thehindu000 (c) Chaupani (d) Mando Pleistocene period. Uttarakhand P.C.S. (Pre) 2010 Reason (R) : Due to climatic change, it was dry phase Ans. (a) in this period. Choose the correct answer from the code given below. See the explanation of above question. Code : 36. The evidence of pit dwelling has been obtained from – (a) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct (a) Burzahom (b) Koldihwa explanation of (A) (c) Brahmagiri (d) Sanganakallu (b) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is not the correct explanation of (A) U.P.P.C.S. (Mains) 2011 (c) (A) is true but (R) is false Ans. (a) (d) (A) is false but (R) is true See the explanation of above question. U.P.R.O./A.R.O. (Mains) 2016 Ans. (a) 37. Consider the following pairs : (Historical place) (Well-known for) Stone age people of the Vindhyas migrated to the Ganga 1. Burzahom Rock-cut shrines Valley in terminal pleistocene period because of climatic 2. Chandra-ketugarh Terracotta art change Vindhyan Valley had become dry. 3. Ganeshwar Copper artefacts Which of the pairs given above is/are correctly 40. Which of these departments/ministries deals with matched? Archaeological Survey of India as an accessory office ? (a) 1 only (b) 1 and 2 (a) Culture (c) 3 only (d) 2 and 3 (b) Tourism U.P.R.O./A.R.O. (Pre.) 2021 (c) Science and Technology Ans (d) (d) Human Resource and Development Burzahom is a Neolithic site in Kashmir valley. The site Jharkhand P.C.S. (Pre) 2011 is famous for pit dwelling and neolithic tool industry and Ans. (a) not for rock cut shrines. Hence pair 1 is not correctly matched. Chandraketugarh is located in the Ganga delta in The Archaeological Survey of India (ASI), under the Ministry West Bengal. In early historic times, Chandraketugarh was connected to the Ganga by the Vidyadhari river, and must of Culture, is a premier organization for the archaeological have been an important centre of trade, and possibly also researches and protection of the cultural heritage of the a political centre. Chandraketugarh was a major centre of nation. In 1871, the Archaeological Survey was established terracotta craft. Various kinds of artefacts have been found at the site over the years, including coins, pottery, seals and as a separate department, and Alexander Cunningham was sealings and figurines made of ivory, wood and bronze. Hence appointed as its first Director-General. In 1901, during the pair 2 is correctly matched. The Ganeshwar-Jodhpura culture tenure of Lord Curzon, it was centralized and designated as was located in the north-eastern part of Rajasthan. Hundreds of copper objects have been found at this site. Hence pair 3 Archaeological Survey of India. In 1902 John Marshall was is correctly matched. appointed as its first Director General. Indian History General Studies B–15  41. Where is National Human Museum situated ? *The Harappan culture covered parts of Punjab, Sindh, (a) Guwahati (b) Bastar Baluchistan, Gujarat, Rajasthan and the fringes of western Uttar Pradesh. It extended from Manda (Jammu and Kashmir) (c) Bhopal (d) Chennai in the north to the Daimabad (Maharashtra) in the South, and M.P. P.C.S. (Pre) 1997 from the Sutkagen Dor of Baluchistan in the West to Alamgir Ans. (c) Pur Meerut (Utter Pradesh) in the north. The area formed a National Human Museum, which was renamed as Indira triangle and accounted for about 13 lakhs square kilometers Gandhi National Human Museum is located in Bhopal (M.P.). which is larger than Pakistan and certainly bigger than ancient It is an autonomous organization under the Department of Egypt and Mesopotamia. Culture. *As the evidence stands, the population of Mohenjodaro, was a mixture of at least four species – Indus Valley Civilization 1. Proto-Australoids (Caucasian) 2. Mediterraneans The Indus Valley Civilization is also known as the Harappa 3. Alpines Civilization. *Archaeologists use the term “culture” for a group 4. Mongoloids of objects, distinctive in style, that are usually found together *Founders of Indus valley civilization based on the assessments Join−> https://t.me/thehindu000 within a specific geographical area and at a period of time. *In of various archaeologists - the case of Harappan culture, these distinctive objects include S.N. Archaeologists Founder seals, beads, weights, stone blades and even baked bricks. *The Harappan seal is possibly the most distinctive artefact 1. Dr. Laxman Swaroop Arya of the Harappan or Indus valley civilization. *Seals were 2. V. Gordon Childeand Sumerians discovered at Harappa by archaeologists Daya Ram Sahni Wheeler in the early decades of the 20th century (in 1921). *Another 3. Rakhal Das Banerji Dravidians (Dravid) archaeologist, Rakhal Das Banerji found similar seals at Mohenjodaro, leading to the conjecture that these sites were *The cities excavated in Indus valley area can be categorized part of a single archeological culture. *Based on these finds, in the following groups. John Marshall, Director-General of the ASI, announced the 1. Central city discovery of a new civilization in the Indus valley to the world. 2. Coastal city and dockyards *Harappa is located in the Montgomery district (currently it is 3. Other cities and towns Sahiwal district) of Punjab province, Pakistan. *Mohenjodaro is located on the right bank of the Indus River in Larkana *The three major cities of Indus valley civilization- Harappa, District, Sindh, Pakistan. *According to the Stuart Piggott, Mohenjodaro and Dholavira were the large towns. *The vast the two cities, Harappa and Mohenjodaro were “Twin capital mounds were first reported by Charles Masson in 1826. of an Extensive Kingdom”. *Harappa is located at the left *During 1920-21, Mr. R.B. Dayaram Sahni surveyed the bank of Ravi River. *The carbon-14 (C14) dating process indicates the Harappan Harappa culture in the Montgomery district (currently in period to be from 2300 BC to 1700 BC which is highly Sahiwal) of Punjab on the left side of Ravi river and in 1923 accepted. During the period 2300 BC to 1900 B.C., the growth excavation process started with continuity. In the year 1920- of this civilization was at its peak. Mesopotamia and Egyptian 21 and 1933-34, Mr. Madhav Swaroop Vats and in 1946. civilization are contemporary to the Indus civilization. The Mr. Mortimer wheeler had started the excavation process on a timeline of the Indus valley civilization by various researchers – large (extensive) scale. *Harappa had two mounds, the eastern Researcher Timeline John Marshall 3250 B.C. -2750 B.C. side mound was known as city mound and the western one Ernest Mackay 2800 B.C. – 2500 B.C. was called as castle mound. The remnants of Granary were Madhav Swaroop Vats 3500 B.C. – 2500 B.C. available in the form of 12 rooms, which were arranged in C.J. Gadd 2350 B.C. – 1700 B.C. the form of two rows each, having six rooms each. *The first Mortimer wheeler 2500 B.C. – 1700 B.C. artefact uncovered in Harappa was a unique stone seal carved Walter A. Fairservis 2000 B.C. – 1500 B.C. with a unicorn and an inscription. Similar seals with different B–16 General Studies Indian History  animal symbols and writings have been found throughout the This site was discovered by B.B. Lal in 1961. *Ploughed field region. Although the writing has not yet been deciphered, surface has been found at this site. The pieces of evidence of evidence found during the early archaeological excavations Mesopotamian seals, wheels of a toy cart, fire altars are is the major source to know about the Harappan culture. *The found here. pictures of elephant, rhinoceros, tiger, deer, sheep, etc. are *Dholavira, which is the second largest site of Harappan depicted on the seals and terracotta arts of Harappan culture. Civilization in India (after Rakhigarhi) is located in Rann of But the cow was not depicted on the seals and terracotta art of Kutch (Gujarat). R.S. Bisht and his colleagues excavated it in the Harappan cultures. 1990-91. *Dholavira is one of the most prominent archaeological *Mohenjodaro has been variously interpreted as “Mound of sites of Harappa, which gives us important information about the dead men” in Sindhi language. Mohenjodaro is located right of the Indus River in Larkana district, Sindh, Pakistan. great bath and reservoir which was of 7 metres in depth and 79 Mohenjodaro was discovered by Rakhal Das Banerjee in 1922. metres long. *The town was built in a rectangular shape. It was *The most important public place of Mohenjodaro seems to divided into three parts - fort, central town and lower town. be Great bath. This great bath seems to have been used for People of Dholavira were familiar with the advanced water Join−> https://t.me/thehindu000 ritual bathing. *In Mohenjodaro, a large building, in the form management system. From the earliest evidence, people used of ruins, has been obtained. This is in the northeast direction to store water in this reservoir by building dams. of great bath, with the dimension 70.1 × 23.77 meters. This *Surkotada is located in Kutch district of Gujarat. The building, perhaps meant for the residence of a very high official, evidence of horse bones and pot burials has been found here. possibly the high priest himself, or a college of priests. *The *Daimabad is situated on the left bank of the Pravara River in main quality of Mohenjodaro was their roads. The main road Ahmednagar district of Maharashtra. This site was discovered had a width of 9.15 meters, which was known as Rajpath. The by B.P. Bopardikar in 1958. Daimabad is famous for the straight roads intersect each other at the right angle and the recovery of many bronze goods, some of which were influenced parted roads form square and quadrangle shapes. *The artefacts by Harappan culture. *Rakhigarhi is situated in the Hisar found from Mohenjodaro are mother goddess idol, dancing girl statue, a seated male soapstone (Priest-King), Pashupati district of Haryana. This site is located in the Ghaggar-Hakra (Shiva) seal, bones of elephants, and skeleton in the wells, River plain. This site was discovered by Surajbhan in 1969. teeth of horse, evidence of cotton cloth, etc. This site is the largest site of Indus Valley civilization in *The Chanhudaro situated 130 km southeast of India. *Ropar (Punjab) is located on the left bank of the river Mohenjodaro was discovered by N.G. Majumdar in 1931 Satluj. The current name of this city is Rupnagar. `This city and excavated on a large scale by E.J.H. Mackay in 1935- was discovered by B.B. Lal in 1950. This site was excavated by 36. *Remnants of Jhukkar and Jhangar culture were Yashdatt Sharma 1953-55. *Rangpur is located in Saurashtra found at this site. This place may have been a industrial hub where shell making, bangle making, bead making took region of western India, on the coast of Arabian Sea in Gujarat place. Ornamented elephant, toys, the vestige of a dog that state. On the basis of large vegetative remains, it can be said followed a cat, lipsticks, etc have been found at this site. that these people used to cultivate Rice, Bajra and Millet. *Lothal is situated on the Bhogava River in Ahmedabad district *Dadheri was a pre-historic excavation site of Govindgarh, of Gujarat. It was discovered by S.R. Rao in 1954. Along the district Ludhiana (Punjab). Dadheri is known for its painted eastern side of the town was a brick-basin, which has been grey ware culture, which is supposed to be associated with identified as dockyard by its excavator. Lothal city on the basis of planning and material goods seems to be micro Harappa or the arrival of the Aryans. micro Mohenjodaro city. The evidence of Rice husk, metal Major sites of Indus Valley Civilization and related rivers – workers, shell ornament makers, bead makers shop, fire Sites Rivers altars, terra cotta figurine of a horse, a terracotta model Harappa Ravi of a ship, Persian seal, painted jar, etc has been found here. Mohenjodaro Indus *Kalibangan is located in Hanumangarh district of Rajasthan. Indian History General Studies B–17  this age were not familiar with iron. *The drainage system was Kalibangan Ghaggar advanced and covered with slabs. *The trade and commerce Lothal Bhogwa were in an advanced stage. The pieces of evidence of both Ropar Sutlej internal and external trade have been found. *Many pieces of Manda Chenab evidence of worshipping of Mother Goddess from Indus Valley Daimabad Pravara have been found. Alamgirpur Hindon *Marshall identified the figure which he found during excavation as an early form of the Hindu God Shiva (or Rudra) Sutkagendor Dasht or Pashupati (lord of animals) from the excavation of Harappa. Bhagwanpura Sarasvati The Pashupati seal in which the three faced male God is *Alamgirpur is located in Meerut district of Uttar Pradesh. shown sitting in a yogic posture, surrounded by a rhino and a It is situated along the Hindon River. A small terracotta bead- buffalo on one side and an elephant and a tiger on the other like structure coated with gold and evidence of cloth was side, make the historian conclude that the people of those days found at this site. Utensils with triangle, peacock and squirrel worshipped Lord Shiva and cylindrical stones show that the impressions were found here. people worshipped Lingam, the symbol of Lord Shiva. *Cotton *Hulas is located in Saharanpur district of Uttar Pradesh. Hand was first cultivated in India for clothing. The evidence of Join−> https://t.me/thehindu000 made and wheel made pottery with geometric or naturalistic the earliest cotton cultivation was found in excavation in designs painted in black, chert blades, bone points, etc. have India. From India, it reached to Greece where it was called been found here. *Banawali is located in the Fatehabad district as “Hindon”. The cotton cultivation in India started in 3000 of Haryana. Clay figures of the mother goddess and toy plough BC while it was cultivated in Egypt in 2500 BC. *Indus have been found here. Valley Civilization is considered to be a secular civilization *Bhagwanpura is located in Kurukshetra district, Haryana. with no trace of theocratic or organized religion. *No temple It is located on the Southern bank of river Saraswati. The site or place of worship has been found after excavation from was excavated by J.P. Joshi. *Manda is situated on the bank of Indus Vally Civilization till date. The only religious source river Chenab in Jammu and Kashmir. It was excavated by J.P. from this civilization is statues made of mud and stone Joshi in 1982. It is considered a site used to procure wood from and seals which were found here. By this, it is known that Himalayan regions and send them downstream to other towns female deities, Shiva or Pashupati and animals like snake, of the Indus valley civilization. *Sonauli is an archaeological elephant were worshipped. Worship of plant and trees, or site located in Baraut Tehsil, Baghpat district, Uttar Pradesh, inanimate stone or other objects in the form of ‘Linga’ or where 125 graves belonging to Indus Valley Civilization were ‘Yoni’ symbols was famous during that period. found. These graves are oriented in a North-South direction Major metals and their production site – and most are identified as primary human burials. Some of the Metals Production sites burials are found with animal bones, gold, copper and bangles. Copper Khetri(Rajasthan) and Balochistan *Harappans were known to silver. The evidence of its proper use has been found from Mohanjodaro and Harappa. These Lazurite Badakhshan (Afghanistan) people used to get silver from mines of Zawar and Ajmer in Turquoise Iran Rajasthan. Other sources of silver for Harrapa and Mohenjodaro Silver Jowar in Rajasthan and mine of Ajmer were Afghanistan and Iran. Lead Afghanistan *The Harappan pottery is bright or dark red and uniformly Shilajit Himalaya sturdy and well baked. It consists of wheel-made wares, both Garnet stone Gujarat plain and painted. The plain wares are usually of red clay with or (Gomed) without a fine red slip. The painted pottery was of red and black colours. Several methods were used by people for the decoration *Ancient Egyptian Civilization flourished along the banks of of pottery. Polychrome pottery was rare and mainly comprised the river Nile for almost 3,000 years. Nile river is known as small vases decorated with geometric patterns, mostly in red, ‘lifeline of Egypt.’ The Nile is a major north-flowing river in black and green and less frequently in white and yellow. The northeastern Africa, generally regarded as the longest river in colour- scheme adopted for painting was light black, chocolate the world. Indus Valley Civilization (India) and Mesopotamian or light red over buff or greenish- buff background. *The Indus civilisation of Egypt are the contemporary civilizations. The Valley Civilization was a Bronze age Civilization. People of correct sequence of the civilizations from North to South is: B–18 General St