Travelling and Hospitality: A Detailed Overview PDF

Travelling is Travelling is more commonly motivated by physiological needs during the early times. As pre- historic civilizations and governance emerged, travel became more motivated by trade, military activities and governement adminisration of large empires such Travel has always depended up...

Travelling is Travelling is more commonly motivated by physiological needs during the early times. As pre- historic civilizations and governance emerged, travel became more motivated by trade, military activities and governement adminisration of large empires such Travel has always depended upon technology to provide the means or mode of travel. Then, the invention of the wheel and the sail provided new modes of tr Caravan - travel using animals for businesses. - Caravanserai. Pausanias - one of the earliest guides, a Greek which a 10 volume Guide to Greece for Roman tourists in 170 A.D. Tourism - collection of activities, services and industries that delivers a travel experience, including transportation, accommodations, eating and drinking establishments World Tourism Organization (WTO) - mother of all tourism organization. They claim that tourism is currently the world's largest industry with an annual revenues of over 3 trillion dollars or roughly a The contributions of tourism to the economic growth of a place or even a country are widely credited by many credited by many economic experts all across Geologists Sheikh Mohammed bin Rashid al Maktoum, the Vice- President & Prime Minister of United Arab Emirates and the Emir of Dubai resorted tourism as the answer to the potential economic meldown his city is facing While tourism is one of the oldest organized travel activities in the world, its counterpart, hospitality is one of the organized industries. Hospitality industry - first business to cater to the needs of customers along the road. - Is related to our words "hotel" as well as "hospital" and "hospice" Summerians - first to offer hospitality. Tourism - is the concept of the movement of people entering a strange land to visit their sited, see their landmarks, share in their culture and sample their goodies. Hospitality - is the process that enables an excellent tourist stream. Distinctive Characteristics of Tourism and Hospitality Sector 1. Perishability - the products/services are consumed as they are produced. 2. Incosistency - Products of tourism industry always differ. Rational product attributes like price, nights of stay, and additional services can only be compared to a minor degre 3. Investment and Immobility - talking about hotels and other accommodations, there is usually a big capital lockup in the assets - hotels have furniture, restaurants, Tv-sets, laudry service, pools, sauna, etc. - invested capital that has to pay off. 4. People-Oriented - the intercation between the staff and the customer determines the perceived product quality. 5. Inseparability - most travel products are first sold and the produced and consumed at the same time. 6. Intangibility - tourism is all about the time spent and the experience made. 7. Inflexibility - travel products are fairly inflexible in terms of fluctuation. 8. Imitability - offers and products by tourism companies are generally easy to copy. Stakeholders in the Tourism and Hospitality Industry The tourism and hospitality industry is very broad industry which also includes service sectors such as restaurants, lodging, event management, theme parks, t Analyzing the stakeholder's role within Tourism and Hospitality Industry Stakeholders - individuals, organizations or groups that have interest or stake in an organization. The organizations or individuals who have put capital or efforts in the establishment or development of the industry. Businesses in tourism, government and communities can have stake in tourism and hospitality. Tourists cannot be considered as actual stakeholders because they do not make significant money through the industry. Government - the most important stakeholders because policies and regulations of the tourism and hospitality industry are shaped by the government. Industrialists - it include travel agencies, organizations in the industry, and the transport agencies. The organizatons in the industry include hotels, restaurants, and shopping Customers/Tourists - they demands value, quality and high customer care. Employees - they are the internal stakeholders that have high level interest in the internal policies of the industry. Local Communities - they attract tourists and impact on their intentions of visiting a particular place. Structure of the Tourism Industry According to Bhatia (2006), tourism consists of various components incluing accomodation, transport, attractions, and support services. Supported services include travel insurance, travel trade press, and marketing etc., which are cooperated as tourism products for tourists needs. Supply Chain Management - is the integration of key business process to end users through original suppliers offering services and information, adding value for customers and the other s Tourism supply chain - to response with different services to relevant customer needs such as transportation service, catering service, hotel service, and relaxing service. Two types of process: Service Flow Information Flow Impact of External Factors in the Tourism and Hospitality Business  Leisure time Enabling factors Technology factors Income Demographic 1. Leisure time - the reason why for the increase in leisure time is people has more time off from work or school holidays. 2. Enabling factors New Money - bring with it the capital to achieve long held dreams, so it should be no surprise that many newly wealthy individuals are choosing international travel. Affordable Airfare - ticket prices are dropping thanks to a blend of factors, from lower fuel prices, carrier competition and a rise of low-cost airlines. Corporate Travel - industry consolidation pressure to book directly instead of through online travel sites, and stricter cancellation policies help hotel capture a greater share of eve Experiential Travel - focuses on experiences rather than consumer goods, for instance offering travelrs the chance to create once-in-a- lifetime memoris through a cultural exchange or wildlife encounter. 3. Technology Factors - better communication, transport, and safety have encouraged new customers to the industry. 4. Income - economists argues that there are a variety of factors (other than the price of tourism) that could affect the demand for touris: income of consumers, taste of th 5. Demographic - major demographic trends at the global level - rising populations, increased life expectancy, urbanization, migration, changing family structures, present fresh challenges for the tourism sector. Trends in the Tourism and Hospitality Industry - Philippines DIY is still a thing - Do-it-Yourself or DIY trips are also becoming more and more popular, with blogs, vlogs, and books (e- books & tangible) that let you do your trip your way. Sustainability is the way to go - rehab (short for rehabilitation) is apparently a new buzzword for local tourism industry. Camping and glamping - Camping is when you get a sleeping bag or tent, bring your own food and find a place to sleep while glamming is camping leveled up. Farm tourism is a thing - what you do is you visit a farm, you learn what it's about, what the farmers do, and what-not. Pilgrimage - the Philippines is predominantly Catholic ergo its handful of centuries old churches, basilicas and cathedrals that have stood the test of time both in the big cty Trends in the Tourism and Hospitality Industry Local Experience - getting to grips with is the desire for tourists or travelers to enjoy local experiences. Healthy and organic food and drinks - there has been something of a cultural shift, with people becoming more aware of the things they are putting in their bodies, leading to a healthy food and dri Sustainability - increasingly, customers are concerned with environmental issues and want to know that the businesses the deal with are behaving ethically. Personalization - a growing number of hotel guests want to be treated as individuals, rather that just another anonymous customer. Smart hotels - is a hotel that makes us of internet enabled devices, which are capable of sending data to one another. Artificial Intelligent - the role is to improve customer service. Robots - machines built to carry out complex tasks, either autonomousy or semi-autonomously. Bleisure travel by millenials - 'Bleisure' is the name given to trips which combine business travel with leisure activities, and it is increasingly popular, especially among the millenial generatio Virtual Reality - hotels might use VR technology as part of their booking processes, allowing users to experience a highly realistic digital version of their hotel rooms before bo Augmented Reality - is similar to virtual reality technology in many ways, but rather than creating a new digital environment for users, it is concerned with enhancing real- world environments through graphical and informational overlays. Travel Motivators and its Influences Age can affect the ability to travel either through health restrictions, or through financial limitations. Stage in the family cycle: Travelers may have the money and the time at their disposal, but family commitment may preclude travelling. Political stability and peace: Although this issue may not prevent travelling; it may limit the tourists' choice of destinations. There may be restrictions that may Physical - Refreshment of body and mind or health purposes; participation in sports; pleasure or fun; excitement; romance; shopping and entertainment; among others. Cultural - Curiosity about foreign countries, people and places; interest in art, music, folklore and architecture; interest in historical places (remains, monuments and chu Personal - visiting friends and relative; meeting new people and seeking new and different experiences in different environments; escaping from one's own permanent so Prestigious and Status - pursuit of hobbies; continuation of education and learning; seeking of business contacts and professional goals; conferences and meetings; ego enhancement Employment Opportunities in the Tourism and Hospitality Sector Hotel Operations: 1. Banquet and Conferences - a demanding yet high energy career working in hotels, resorts and conference centers setting up room and servicing events. 2. Food and Beverage Management - Responsible fo all things related to food and beverage from ordering products to hiring staff and balancing profit and loss sheets. 3. Front Office Reception - from the very first moment of a guest's arrival, the front office serves as the face of the company and its standards of service. 4. Resort Management - Oversee all operations departments from the front desk and security to housekeeping and food and beverage. 5. Restaurant Management - A dynamic position leading a restaurant manage servicing food and beverage. 6. Spa and Wellness Management - Responsible for the day-to-day operation of a health or beauty spa. Events Management: 1. Concerts, Festivals and Exhibitions - this role involves studying the brand, identifying the target audience, devising the event concept and coordinating all the technical aspects before launching o 2. Wedding Coordination - brides want to have confidence in their wedding coordinator and in doing so, this individual needs to be extremely organized and loved executing special even Other Areas: 1. Airline - jump on board and travel the world as a flight attendant. 2. Amusement parks - manage the overall operations as a member of the leadership team or be ready to welcome amusement park goers behind the desk selling tickets, supervising 3. Casinos - Someone interested in this career may work as a dealer. Slot machine attendant, pit boss or an overall operations manager dealing with the activities, in addit 4. Catering - A mash up of sales, project management, and food and beverage, this is a fun and vigorous career. 5. Cruises - work in sales, food and beverage, housekeeping, maintenance or security. 6. Consulting - whether in hotels, restaurants or travel, becoming an expert in your trade will allow you to give the soundest guidance. 7. Trainers/Assessors/Educators/Instructors - teaches in tourism and hospitality discipline areas in which the person has specific training competence. 8. Start your own business - with a little ingenuity, business sense and creative genius you can start a company of your own and scale to great magnitudes. The Value Chain of Tourism Tourism Value Chain - Refers to a series of interrelated activities which create value that are experienced by tourist during their trip. The two (2) approaches to value chain in tourism 1. Destination Logic - the destination is analyzed as a composition or sequence of services that the tourist can benefit from during their entire holiday. 2. Supply Chain Logic - Business and Production Logic. - Refers to the structured approach of managing and optimizing the flow of goods, services, information, and resources from suppliers to end consumers. It ensu effectiveness, and customer satisfaction while addressing factors like demand, production, and delivery. Destination Value Chain - refers to the interconnected activities and services that contribute to delivering a memorable and satisfying tourism experience. - it involves all stakeholders - such as transportation providers, accommodation operators, local attractions, and service providers - working together to add value to the destination for visitors while generating benefits for the local community. Supply Value Chain - is a description of the full range of activities required to bring a product or service through the different phases of production (including physical transformation - Effective collaboration among stakeholders and a focus on quality and sustainability are essentail for creating a positive tourism experience for visitors. Tourism Multiplier Effect - the term "multiplier" is derived from the fact that the value of expenditure is multiplied by some estimated factor in order to determine the total economic imp - can be estimated by using ratios that reflect either the direct plus indirect effects or the direct plus indirect plus induced economic effects of tourism spending Tourism Sectors - play a vital role in fostering global economic growth, cultural exchange, and sustainable development. By creating jobs, generating revenue, and promoting int being of communities worldwide. Tourism - is the process, activities, and outcomes arising from the relationships and the interactions among tourists, tourism suppliers, host communities, and surroundi Accommodation sector - is the cornerstone of the tourism industry, providing travelers with essential services that ensure comfort, safety, and an ehanced travel experience. From luxur friedly hostel, the sector caters to diverse need and preferences, fostering economic growth and creating employment opportunities. Adventure/Outdoor Sector - represents a dynamic and fast- growing segment of the tourism industry, offering travelers the chance to explore the world through thrilling, immersive, and nature- focused activities. It promotes personal growth, cultural exchange, and environmental stewardship, connecting people with the natural world in meaningful way - As a catalyst for sustainable tourism, the sector must prioritize safety, responsible practices, and the preservation of local ecosystems and communities to ens Attraction Sector - Serves as the heart of the tourism industry, drawing visitors with its unique cultural, historical, natural, and recreational offerings. - It not only enhance the travel experience but also play a vital role in preserving heritage, celebrating local identities, and driving economic development. As ste term benefits for both travelers and host communities, safeguarding these treasures for future generations. Event Sector - A dynamic and integral part of the tourism industry, creating unique experiences that bring people together for cultural, business, entertainment, and social pu - To ensure long-term success, the sector must embrace innovation, inclusivity, and sustainability, while prioritizing the safety and well- being of participants and host communities. Food and Beverage Sector - A vital pillar of the tourism industry, offering visitors a taste of local culture and hospitality while enhancing their overall travel experience. From traditional cuis - By prioritizing quality, sustainability, and inclusivity, this sector plays a crucial role in creating memorable and meaningful connections between travelers and d Tourism Services Sector - Backbone of the travel industry, providing essential support and guidance to ensure seamless, enjoyable, and enriching experiences for travelers. Encompassin - By embracing innovation, customer- centric approaches, and sustainable practices, this sector plays a pivotal role in fostering global exploration and supporting the growth of the wider tourism eco Transportation Sector - The lifeline of the tourism industry, enabling seamless movement of travelers to and within destinations across the globe. From air and rail to road and sea, thi - As a key driver of economic growth and environmental impact, this must adopt innovative and sustainable practices to reduce its carbon footprint while ensur Travel Trade Sector - A vital link in the tourism industry, connecting travelers with curated experiences, destinations, and services through its network of travel agents, tour operato - As the industry evolves, this sector must embrace digital transformation, sustainability, and inclusivity to meet the diverse needs of modern travelers while pro Entertainment Sector - Entertainment is a form of activities that take away people's stress basically come from work or school and give them properly amusement to relax. In tourism - Tourists would love to visit some specific places such as movie theatres, water park, Carnival and so on. These establishments will provide them relaxation and The Economic Contribution of Tourism Tourism is a powerful driver of economic growth, contributing significantly to global GDP, job creation, and infrastructure development. By fostering internation To maximize its economic benefits while ensuring sustainability, it is essential to invest in responsible tourism practices, innovation, and community- based initiatives, creating a balanced and resilient foundation for long-term economic prosperity. Direct Contribution to GDP GDP reflects its critical role as a cornerstone of global and national economies. Through the operation of hotels, airlines, attractions, and other core tourism ser Direct Contribution to Employment Vital engine of job creation, directly supporting millions of employment opportunities across diverse sectors, including hospitality, transportation, and attraction By providing accessible jobs for a wide range of skill levels, tourism contributes significantly to reducing unemployment and empowering marginalized groups, Total Contribution to Employment Tourism’s total contribution to employment extends beyond direct jobs, encompassing indirect and induced opportunities across a wide array of sectors such a By driving demand for goods and services throughout the supply chain, tourism amplifies its economic impact and creates employment opportunities at all lev Total Contribution to GDP Tourism’s total contribution to GDP encompasses direct, indirect, and induced impacts, making it a cornerstone of global economic growth. Beyond the revenu By fostering investment, innovation, and sustainable practices, tourism ensures a lasting and comprehensive economic contribution that benefits communities Direct Spending Impacts Direct spending by tourists on accommodations, transportation, food, attractions, and other travel- related services has a significant impact on local economies, generating immediate revenue and supporting a wide range of businesses. This spending drives jo Ensuring that tourism spending is directed responsibly and sustainably can further enhance its positive effects on local communities, promoting long- term economic stability and growth. A pivotal role in spurring broader economic development by creating jobs, stimulating investment, and generating revenue across various sectors. Beyond the By enhancing global connectivity and promoting cultural exchange, tourism encourages innovation and entrepreneurship Visitor Exports - this influx or foreign currency strenghtens national revenue, supports local businesses, and helps balance trade deficits. Domestic Travel and Tourism Spending - Vital component of a country’s economy, as it drives demand for local accommodations, dining, transportation, and attractions. It stimulates regional economi Government Individual Spending - Government investment in infrastructure, marketing, and policy development creates a favorable environment for tourism to thrive, while individual spending b Internal Tourism Consumption - Refers to the spending by residents of a country on domestic travel and related services, plays a vital role in sustaining local economies. This type of spending Business Travel and Tourism Spending - A key driver of economic activity, supporting sectors such as transportation, accommodation, events, and services. Companies invest in travel for meetings, co Leisure Travel and Tourism Spending - Vital economic engine, contributing significantly to the growth of local economies and the broader tourism industry. Tourists spend on accommodations, dinin Indirect and Induced Impacts Capital Investments - Capital investment spending by all sectors directly involved in Travel & Tourism. This also constitutes investment spending by other industries on specific touri Government Collective Spending - General government spending in support of general tourism activity. This can include national as well as regional and local government spending. For example Supply Chain Effects - Purchases of domestic goods and services directly by different sectors of the Travel & Tourism sector as inputs to their final tourism output. Induced Contribution - The broader contribution to GDP and employment of spending by those who are directly or indirectly employed by Travel & Tourism. Economic Advantages of Tourism and Travel 1. Travel and Tourism drives Foreign Trade - Travel and tourism play a crucial role in driving foreign trade by fostering international exchange of goods, services, and investments. As tourists travel between - Moreover, By facilitating cross- border trade and building global connections, the tourism sector enhances economic collaboration, boosts foreign exchange earnings, and strengthens the ove 2. Travel and Tourism Encourages Investment - Serve as powerful catalysts for investment, attracting both domestic and foreign capital into infrastructure, hospitality, and related sectors. The growth of touri term economic development. By creating a favorable environment for businesses and entrepreneurs, tourism fosters innovation, builds competitiveness, and p 3. Travel and Tourism Develops Infrastructure and Investment - Demand for Travel & Tourism - both international and domestic - stimulates investment. Travel & Tourism also drives infrastructure improvements that collectively benefit tourists, local residents, and the wider economy. Grow - Travel & Tourism drives the development of collective investments in public utilities and transportation infrastructure including roads, airports, harbors, electric 4. Travel and Tourism Spurs Broader Economic Development - A pivotal role in spurring broader economic development by creating jobs, stimulating investment, and generating revenue across various sectors. Beyond the By enhancing global connectivity and promoting cultural exchange, tourism encourages innovation and entrepreneurship  Transportation links tourist with various tourist attractions. Tourism sector is one of the main important sectors of the economy. There is a general agreement tha tourism expands more when there are better transportation systems. Transportation needs for tourism promotion and tourism development among others, to be maintenance of the existing roads, construction of more roads/ra It is important for all its stakeholders to take part to develop tourism in their regions (the government, and other stakeholders of tourism) The development of transportation, transportation vehicles, infrastructure and using new technologies in this sector speed up the development of tourism. If Effective Factors in Choosing Transportation Mode Time Limit Distance Status Benefit Price Geological Position Comfort Security Competition Negative Effects of Traffic due to World Tourism Growth Congestion - means delays which leads to waste of time and energy. Safety and security - making sure that the transportation mode is safe and secure is a basic and important requirement for tourism. Environment - an increase in traffic may have disastrous effect on the environment if that area does not have the carrying capacity for additional tourist. Seasonality - seasonal patterns of travel demand create overcrowding at certain times. Air Transportation Air travel has made significant changes in people's minds concerning time and distance. In order to meet the demand which increases every day, the airline companies spend billions of dollars and apply new technological innovations. The world's airline industry numbers 1,629 airlines, 27,271 aircraft, 3,733 airports, 29.6 million scheduled departures a year, and carries 2.7 billion of passenge Fastest mode of transportation. History of Air Transportation Sector or the Aviation Industry Archaic Origins In Greek mythology there is the legend of Daedalus and Icarus, the father and son who created wings by combining feathers and wax. In 852 AD, Armen Firman of Spain covered his body with feathers and created wing-like garments that he attached to his arms. Kites , which had been invented in China sometime in the 5th century, are known as the first aircraft made by man. Man-lifting kites where were also utilized in China and Japan for military and inventing hot air balloons (3rd century BC) and rotor wings (400 BC). The Renaissance in Europe, from the 14th to 17th century, witnessed a creative explosion in architecture, art, music, politics, and science. Lighter-Than-Air Aviation On June 4, 1783, brothers Joseph-Michel and Jacques-Etienne Montgolfier exhibited their umanned hot air balloon which flew over Annonay, France. By August 27 of the same year, brothers Anne-Jean and Nicolas-Louis Robert, along with Jacques Charles, flew their unmanned hydrogen- filled balloon over Champ de Mars, Paris. On October 19, the Montgolfier brothers sent up a maned flight with a tethered hot air balloon piloted by Giroud de Villette, Jean-Baptiste. Novemeber 21, the brothers launched their first untethered flight with Pilatre de Rozier and Francois d'Arlandes onboard. The invention of airships, otherwise known as dirigibles or zeppelins, solved an issue. Dirigibles derive lift from hydrogen or helium gas instead of from heat. T Airships are classified into 3 categories: 1. Non-rigid - also known as bimps, they lack a solid wood or metal framework. They basically consist of enveloped filled with gas, with a small gondola attached below. 2. Semi-rigid - As airship with a solid supporting structure that only runs on the bottom part of the ship's interior. 3. Rigid - these airships have a full internal framework, usually constructed from wood or some type of metal, covered with an envelope. One or more gasbags inside pro Heavier-Than-Air Aviation On October 9, 1890, French inventor Clement Ader made one of the first powered flights. ON December 17, 1903, Orville and Wilbur Wright made four flights in their Flyer, the longest of which lasted 59 seconds and covered 852 feet. The world's first scheduled passenger air service began in Florida on January 14, 1914 operated between St. Petersburg and Tampa. Revolutionary aircraft designs such the Douglas DC-3 - a reliable all-metal passenger airplane - helped make air travel more accessible and comfortable for the public. Post World - War II Civil Aviation Civil aviation experienced rapid growth during this period, as military aircraft were repurposed as airlines or personal planes. In 1944 the Convention on International Civil Aviation, aka the Chicago Convention, was established. Europe-based Airbus, U.S. Based Boeing, Brazil-based Embraer, Russia-based United Aircraft Corporation and Canada- based Bombardier are five of the top aircraft maufacturers today. The Era of Digital Aviation During the 1970s, computer-aided design and computer-aided manufacturing (CAD/CAM) software enabled the creation of better aircraft designs. Digital systems have found their way inside the modern aircraft, rendering most mechanical and analogue instruments obsolete. An example of this is the "gla The Men and Women of Aviation Jean-Francois Pilatre de Rozier - He is credited with being the first man to ascend in a free- flying hot air balloon over Paris, in November 1783. De Rozier is generally considered to have been the first true balloonist and aviator. The Wright brothers (Orville and Wilbur) - were two American brothers, who are generally credited with inventing, building, and flying the world's first successful airplanes. They made the first controlled than-air aircraft on 17th December, 1903 four miles south of Kitty Hawk, North Carolina. Louis Bleriot - known for designing the first practical headlamp for cars, he used the profits from that venture to finance his attempts to build the first manned aircraft and, w Lawrence Sperry - on, 18th June, 1914, autopilot was demonstrated in Paris for the first time on an aircraft. He is also known for founding a "club" that many have aspired to join o Robert Hutchings Goddard - he was an American engineer, professor, physicist, and building the world's firts liquid- fueled rocket. Goddard never lived to see his dream of a rocket travelling into space. He died twelve years before the launch of the Russian satellite, Sputnik. Charles Lindbergh - he was the first man to cross the Atlantic Ocean solo, flying from New York to Paris in May 1927, in a special- built monoplane. On 20th May, Lindbergh took off in the Spirit of St. Louis from Roosevelt Field, near New York City. He landed at Le Bourget Field, near Paris, o Amelia Earhart - was the first woman to fly solo across the atlantic in 1932. After Charles Lindbergh's solo flight the interest in having a woman fly across the Atlantic grew. On t Jimmy Doolittle - an innovator and speed racer who set many speed records in the 1930s, he was probably best known for his spectacular and daring raid on Tokyo in April of 19 way mission to Japan. He also performed the first successful outside loop-the loop in history - a maneuver considered to be fatal by aviators at the time. Wiley Post - he was a famed American aviator during the interwar period, the first pilot to fly solo around the world. In 1930 Hall bough a later version of the Lockheed Vega C again nicknamed the Winnie Mae. In 1931, he flew around the world in the Winnie Mae with his navigator, Harold Gatty. Geraldine Jerrie Mock - after a few major mishaps including a broken HF radio, bad weather, as well as faulty brakes and antenna motor, she returned to Port Columbus Airport on 17t The Aviation System and Support Industries The aviation system can be seen in a framework where social, economic, technological, ecological, and political feathers create a platform of the air transport The social and political systems profit from aviation. The economic system deals with demand and supply in the air transport market. The technological system focuses on a better performance of for example engines and aerodynamics. The environmental system mainly deals with natural resources and the fact that resources are for free (e.g oxygen, CO emissions, airspace, etc.) These system represent the framework in which the air transportation market works. The market consists of a supply system and a demand system. Airlines generate their revenues from the market. The whole supply system is being paid from these revenue from the market. The aviation system is vast and made up of thousand entry points. In most parts of the world, it consists of two main parts: (1) airports, aircrafts, and supporti The airline industry is characterized by fierce competition. Top ten best airports in the World 2024: 1. Singapore Changi Airport (SIN) - Singapore 2. Incheon Airport (ICN) - South Korea 3. Doha Hamad International Airport (DOH) - Qatar 4. Tokyo Haneda Airport (HND) - Japan 5. Hong Kong Intenational Airport (HKG) - Hong Kong 6. Munich International Airport (MUC) - Germany 7. Dubai International Airport - (DXB) - Dubai 8. Zurich Airport (ZRH) - Switzerland 9. London Heathrow Airport (LHR) - UK 10. Amsterdam Schiphol Airport (AMS) - Netherlands Airports - provide facilities and services to many organizations involved in air transportation. - Is a facility where exchange takes place between land transportation and the air mode of transportation. - Marketing people would view an airport as a commercial enterprise whose mission is to provide passengers and merchants with facilities and services that me - Airlines are complemented by airports, which are providers of grounds infrastructure (e.g runways and terminals). Airports have an extremely high specificity o - pursue different business models that depend on their sizes, functions, and locations. Airport Classification: 1. Landside - the technological advancements to alleviate this problem could be, interdiction of dedicated rail links between the city and the airport use of intra- airport automated people movers and automated pay equipment in parking lots etc. The landside facilities can also be used for adding additional revenue to th 2. Terminal - is the place where passengers, luggage and freight change takes place between the land mode and the air mode. Aviation security did not become an issue u 3. Airside - Air Traffic Control (ATC) was created when the density of air traffic increased, especially on and around airports: there was need for some sort of order to keep Airport Operations: 1. Representation of Airlines - this sector mainly involves the administration of the airport. Contact negotiation, supervision, evaluation of contact compliance, inventor management are all a 2. Management of inventory - Inventory warehousing, controls, budgeting and purchasing are all managed by this sector. 3. Financial responsibility - Prepayments & deposits, reconciliation of vendor invoices and airport escrow accounting services are the financial responsibilities of an airport. Services to be 4. Staffing of an airport - All the operations require particular staff for taking care of it. Majority of staffing is required by passener check in (or ticket) counters and gate personnel. 5. Coordination - a problem at one stage for a passenger affects the further stages. Proper coordination between the operations are required because of the operations are inte related in a way or other. 6. Catering - it is the service that provides food and beverages for the passengers and the crew. It has to take care of services such as menu & vendor section, supplies. 7. Customer Service - airport, one for the emergency and protection of passenger baggage and the other for reservations. 8. Ground Services - are those operations that have to be take care by the airport around the runways, taxiways and apron. 9. Flight Operations - apart from landslide, few airside managed by an airport. They are tracking of aircrafts, communication, support services and load control. Airport Operations Management - Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) 1. Pavement Management - pavement refers to the top most part (surface) of a runway or taxi. It is either made of asphalt or concrete. 2. Safe Inspection - to maintain the safety of airport operations timely inspections are importance.The inspections have to be carried upon areas such as aircraft parking (Apron), r 3. Aircraft Rescue and Fire Fighting (ARFF) - it is a mandatory service to be provided by all airports. The main motto of ARFF is to save lives. 4. Control of Ice and Snow - the presence of ice snow on the surface of runway or taxiway or on the aircraft itself will affect the ride of aircraft i.e., it will affect the friction between the aircr 5. Bird/animal hazard management - birds flying in and around airports have been a serious threat to aircrafts. They cause huge damage to the aircrafts which may lead to loss of human life. 6. Notice to Airmen (NOTAM) - is present to update information about any hazards or change in component. 7. Traffic and wind direction indicators - need to be setup to provide wind surface direction to pilots. The Phases of Flight: 1. Taxiing to the runway - taxing is that stage in which the aircraft moves to the runway under its own engine power. Taxi lines are always marked by a yellow color. 2. Performing Takeoff roll - After lining up to the runway, the pilots wait for takeoff clearance. 3. Takeoff - At reaching the VI speed or the rotation speed, the nose of the aircraft is lifted up in the air and the aircraft takes off from the runway. 4. Climb - now starts the climb phase. The landing gears are retracted, and the thrust is reduced to climb power. 5. Cruise - This is the longest phase of a fight. Here an aircraft gets the maximum fuel economy. 6. Descent - After completion of the cruise phase, it starts the descent phase. In this phase, the aircraft starts reducing its altitude step by step. 7. Final Approach - This is the second last phase of the aircraft's flight. Here the aircraft is lined up with the runway and descended further. 8. Landing - the phase of a fight where all the wheels of the aircraft touches the runway and Spoilers and Reverse Thrust is engaged. Civil Aviation International Civil Organization (ICAO) classifies civil aviation activities as commercial air transport services and general aviation. General air traffic - is all flights conducted in accordance with the rules and procedures of ICAO. 1. Commercial operations - A commercial operation is any operation of which is available to public or when not made available to the public, which is performed under a contract betwee 2. Specialized Operations (SPO) - is any operation other than CAT where the aircraft is used for specialized activities such as: agriculture, construction, photography surveying, observation and 3. Non-commercial Operations - any operation that does not fall within the definition of commercial operation is non- commercial. These operation are divided into: Non-commercial with complex motor-powered aircraft (NCC) Non-commercial with other-than-complex motor-powered-aircraft (NCO) Flight Types and Routes 1. Connecting flights - do just that join the passengers from one city to another. There will be a change of aircraft along with different boarding passes and different seats. May also in 2. Direct flight - connects the passenger between cities also, but the difference lies in the itinerary. - includes a stop, but the passenger technically do not have a change in flight number of aircraft. 3. Non-stop flight - once they are on the flight, there's no stopping the passengers. The plane takes off and when the aircraft lands, the passengers are at their destination. Classification of Airlines: 1. Major airlines - these are the heavyweights of the airline industry, and you will often hear about them in the news. 2. National airlines - these airlines might serve certain regions of the country but may also provide long- distance routes and some international destinations. They operate medium and large-sized jets. 3. Regional airlines - these airlines service particular regions of a country, filling the niche markets that the major and national airlines may overlook. Airline Business Models 1. Full-service carrier (FSC) - is defined as an airline company developed from the former state- owned flag carrier, through the market deregulation process, into an airline company. 2. Low-cost carrier (LCC) - the concept originated in the United States with Southwest Airlines at the beginning of the 1970s. An LCC is defined as an airline company designed to have a 3. Charter carrier (CC) - it can be split into 4 different types such as Thomas Cook Group, part vertically integrated carriers, non- vertically integrated carriers, ACMI (aircraft, crew, maintenance, insurance) operators. Airline Hubs and Spokes The Hub-and-spokes system - was developed as one of the results from the Us airline deregulation. - The concept was to concentrate traffic to one airport- the major hub - from smaller national airports (known as the spokes) of other means of transport, and then the gathered group of passengers would be transported from the m Airline Criteria for Planning New Routes 1. Demand Forecasting - Before starting a new route, airlines want to know how many passengers will travel on their flight. By knowing the average traffic flow per day, airlines will dete 2. Connectivity at the hub - Most airlines have one or more hubs where they operate most of their flights. The job of the Network Planning team at an airline is to ensure that most passen 3. Aircraft availability - An airline will have to source an aircraft when deciding to fly to a new destination. A major airline with a large fleet of aircraft might be able to find a spare aircr 4. Matching the competition - Opening a new route that is already flown by another air carrier is not unusual since there are thousands of airlines operating in the world. The route between Airline and Airport Codes The International Air Transport Association (IATA) - is an international industry trade group of airlines headquartered in Montreal, Quebec, Canada, where the International Civil Aviation Organization is also head The International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) - (French: Organisation de l'aviation civile internationale, OACI), is a specialized agency of the United Nations. It codifies the principles and techniques of interna crossing procedures for international civil. Types of Aircrafts 1. Commercial airlines 1.1 Jumbo Passenger Jets - The Boeing 747 was the first wide- body commercial jet to earn the moniker "Jumbo Jet.” Airbus is Boeing's only major rival in Jumbo Jet sales. 1.2 Mid-size Passenger Jets - such as the Airbus 350- 1000, have a narrower body. Although they can still carry over 350 passengers, these planes can't match the 600- passenger capacity of a Boeing 747 in a single class configuration. 1.3 Light Passenger Jets - the seating for passengers is typically 60 to 100. The Embraer 175 can travel 1,800 miles at a cruising speed of 545 miles per hour. The smaller size of light pas 1.4 Passenger Turbo Props - Although turboprops are not as reliable as jet engines, aircraft are much safer than ground transportation because they are built for reliability. Turboprop engin efficient than jet engines, however. - can also operate and take off from shorter runways. 1.5 Cargo Airplanes - have a larger scope than any of the other types because they are a conversion of the subtypes. As stated, the Boeing 747 can be converted into a cargo plane 2. Private Jets 2.1 Very Light Jets (VLJ) - are primarily for short trips to regional destinations. They typically offer seating for up to eight passengers. The advantage of these jets is that you can hire a si 2.2 Light Business Jets - While the typical VLJ and light jet carry a maximum of six passengers, a mid- size business jet offers comfortable seating for up to 10 passengers. You will find that the luxuries and amenities grow with each class. 2.3 Heavy Business Jets - These jets are often converted from larger commercial jets into luxury liners. The advantage a heavy business jet is the ability to conduct full- scale meetings and conferences. They accommodate anywhere from 10 to passengers and are able to fly at high altitudes above the weather for maximum com 2.4 Military Jets - are among the best performance airplanes on the market. Most military jets are supersonic fighter jets that are used to engage with enemy combatants or to secret mission. These jets cost billions of dollars to develop. They are deployed from air force bases and navy carriers. 3. Propeller Planes 3.1 Private Single Engine - Over 27 percent of the flights are still by propeller- driven airplanes. This is because over 80 percent of U.S. domestic flights are only one to two hours long. These are especially popular in remote areas of the cou 3.2 Twin Turboprops - Most can also be flown with just a single pilot. The turboprop engine is a lot more like a jet engine. 3.3 Aerobatic - These planes are fast and perform stunts in the air, such as dives and rolls. Because they are light and easy to maneuver, they are often involved in choreograp 3.4 Amphibious - are specially designed to take off and land in fresh water lakes and seas. Some planes can even be fitted with keels that are reinforced to handle a landing on t 3.5 Military Turboprops - The military is still developing and using turboprop planes for cargo transport and light attack fighters. The turboprops also perform much better at lower altitu Types of Airline Service 1. Economy Class - seats, commonly called travel or coach class, offer basic accommodations when a passenger flies and are usually purchased by leisure travelers traveling for bu 2. Premium Class - seats, which are a slight improvement over standard economy seats and usually provide more distance between the rows of seats and occasionally may includ 3. Business Class - also called executive class seats, which are usually purchased by those traveling for business and which are usually a higher quality of seats. 4. First Class - seats, which offer the most comfortable accommodations available and are generally more expensive than all other types of seats.