GEOG 1290 Section B F2024 Physical Geography PDF

Section B. Physical Geography and Spatial Inquiry Introduction to Physical Geography GEOG 1290 Department of Environment and Geography University of Manitoba...

Section B. Physical Geography and Spatial Inquiry Introduction to Physical Geography GEOG 1290 Department of Environment and Geography University of Manitoba Janna Wilson and Lisa Ford © Janna Wilson & Lisa Ford, 2024. Further electronic or hard copy reproduction and or distribution of this content in part or in whole is strictly prohibited.  Copyright Lecture slides, course notes, and educational resources are copyright-protected and made available to you for your personal educational use and private study only. Unless stated otherwise, further copying and distribution of these materials is strictly prohibited. © Janna Wilson & Lisa Ford, 2024. Further electronic or hard copy reproduction and or distribution of this content in part or in whole is strictly prohibited. © Janna Wilson & Lisa Ford, 2024. Further electronic or hard copy reproduction and or distribution of this content in part or in whole is strictly prohibited. Section B. Physical Geography and Spatial Inquiry B.1 Tools in Geography B.2 Imaging Earth © Janna Wilson & Lisa Ford, 2024. Further electronic or hard copy reproduction and or distribution of this content in part or in whole is strictly prohibited.  B.1 Tools in Geography Learning Objectives Compare & contrast the components of Earth’s geographic grid. Discuss the concepts of map projection & scale & why they are important when designing maps. © Janna Wilson & Lisa Ford, 2024. Further electronic or hard copy reproduction and or distribution of this content in part or in whole is strictly prohibited.  Tools in Geography Geographers deal with spatial phenomena (location) Use unique tools to represent: Location Determining location: GPS Cartography Geographic Grid Map Scale Imaging Earth Remote sensing Geographic information systems (GIS) Models and statistics © Janna Wilson & Lisa Ford, 2024. Further electronic or hard copy reproduction and or distribution of this content in part or in whole is strictly prohibited.  Location Absolute location is a precise system of locating a place in space, usually using latitude and longitude Relative location is referencing a place in comparison to another place © Janna Wilson & Lisa Ford, 2024. Further electronic or hard copy reproduction and or distribution of this content in part or in whole is strictly prohibited. Determining Location: Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) System of satellites and receivers Determine location in the geographic grid 24 satellites orbit Earth every 12 hours Signals from up to four satellites overlap to pinpoint location Global Positioning System (GPS) in US & Canada Figure 2-15 , Global Positioning System (GPS) satellites orbiting 20,200 kilometres (12,600 miles) above Earth (Hess and Finch, 2022, p. 42) © Janna Wilson & Lisa Ford, 2024. Further electronic or hard copy reproduction and or distribution of this content in part or in whole is strictly prohibited.  The Geographic Grid & Georeferencing Spatial reference points Equatorial plane (Equator) Parallel of 0 degrees latitude Rotation Axis Figure 1-10 Earth rotation axis (Hess and Finch, 2022, p. 14) North and South Poles natural reference points for measuring and describing locations on Earth’s surface Figure 3.2 Latitude, longitude, and the Earth’s graticule (http://giscommons.org/earth-and-map-preprocessing/) © Janna Wilson & Lisa Ford, 2024. Further electronic or hard copy reproduction and or distribution of this content in part or in whole is strictly prohibited.  Latitude Latitude (angle): 90° N - 0° - 90 °S Parallels (lines): north or south of Equator (0 o) 1° = 111 km Figure 2.4 Calculating Latitude (Arbogast et al., 2018, p. 16) © Janna Wilson & Lisa Ford, 2024. Further electronic or hard copy reproduction and or distribution of this content in part or in whole is strictly prohibited.  Seven Significant Latitudes Figure 1-14 Seven Significant Latitudes (Hess and Finch, 2022, p. 17) © Janna Wilson & Lisa Ford, 2024. Further electronic or hard copy reproduction and or distribution of this content in part or in whole is strictly prohibited.  World Latitude Zones Winnipeg: Midlatitudes Figure 2.5 Important lines of latitude on Earth and general latitude zones (Arbogast et al., 2018, p.16) © Janna Wilson & Lisa Ford, 2024. Further electronic or hard copy reproduction and or distribution of this content in part or in whole is strictly prohibited.  Longitude Longitude (angle) 180 °E - 0 ° - 180 °W Meridians (lines) connect the poles Prime Meridian (0° longitude) east or west of Greenwich Furthest apart at equator, closest at poles 1° = 111 km at equator 1° = 0 km at poles Figure B.1.a Longitudinal Centre of Canada Figure 2.7a & b: Calculating longitude (Arbogast et al., 2018 p. 18) (J. Wilson, 2020) © Janna Wilson & Lisa Ford, 2024. Further electronic or hard copy reproduction and or distribution of this content in part or in whole is strictly prohibited.  Differences between parallels and meridians Parallels Meridians o o o o Range from 0 - 90 N or S, Range from 0 - 180 E or W, o Equator - natural baseline Prime Meridian: 0 o (0 ) International Date Line: 180o Equidistant and never meet Furthest apart at the Equator or cross Converge at the poles o o 1 of latitude = 111 km 1 of longitude varies: Equator: 111 km o 40 N or S: 85 km o 80 N or S: 19 km o 90 N or S: 0 km Figure 1-20 The complete grid system (Hess and Finch, 2022, p. 17) © Janna Wilson & Lisa Ford, 2024. Further electronic or hard copy reproduction and or distribution of this content in part or in whole is strictly prohibited.  International Date Line The line falls on the 180th meridian Exception: it meanders to ensure two island groupings aren’t split apart in their schedules (e.g. Aleutian or South Pacific Islands) Figure 1-27 The time zones of the world (Hess and Finch, 2022, p. 24) © Janna Wilson & Lisa Ford, 2024. Further electronic or hard copy reproduction and or distribution of this content in part or in whole is strictly prohibited.  Mapping Earth: The Science of Spatial Awareness “Two important characteristics of maps should be noticed. A map is not the territory it represents, but, if correct, it has a similar structure to the territory, which accounts for its usefulness.” - Alfred Korzybski Science and Sanity: An Introduction to Non-Aristotelian systems and General Semantics (1958) © Janna Wilson & Lisa Ford, 2024. Further electronic or hard copy reproduction and or distribution of this content in part or in whole is strictly prohibited.  Maps - The Basic Tool of Geographers Cartography: art and science of map making Cartographer: focuses on ways to display spatial information so it can be used and understood efficiently A globe is the most visually complete and accurate way to represent the Earth © Janna Wilson & Lisa Ford, 2024. Further electronic or hard copy reproduction and or distribution of this content in part or in whole is strictly prohibited.  Thematic Maps A thematic map shows one or a limited number of types of information, or themes e.g. a map of soils and a map of COVID-19 October 15, 2022 Figure B.1.b Soil Order Map of Canada https://soilsofcanada.ca Figure B.1.c Covid Map of Canada( Government of Canada, 2022) © Janna Wilson & Lisa Ford, 2024. Further electronic or hard copy reproduction and or distribution of this content in part or in whole is strictly prohibited.  Isoline Map Isolines: lines connecting points of equal value on a map Isobars: atmospheric pressure Isotherms: temperature Isohyets: precipitation Contours: elevation (topographic map) Isopleth Map Figure 2.12 Isolines showing average annual precipitation in Africa (Hess and Finch, 2022, p. 41) © Janna Wilson & Lisa Ford, 2024. Further electronic or hard copy reproduction and or distribution of this content in part or in whole is strictly prohibited.  Topographic Maps Elevation Contours Spot Elevations Figure B.1.c Contour lines and topographic profile (GISGeography, 2022) © Janna Wilson & Lisa Ford, 2024. Further electronic or hard copy reproduction and or distribution of this content in part or in whole is strictly prohibited.  Map Scale The relationship between the length measured on a map and the actual distance that length represents on Earth Scale is relationship between area on map and area on Earth Need map scales to help understand areal distances on maps Map scale = Map Distance Earth Distance © Janna Wilson & Lisa Ford, 2024. Further electronic or hard copy reproduction and or distribution of this content in part or in whole is strictly prohibited.  Types of Map Scale 1. Graphic map scale Figure 2.24 Graphic scale (Arbogast et al. 2018, p. 31) 2. Fractional map scale (representative fraction) Map distance : Ground distance No units 1:50,000 1:1,000,000 1:250,000 1:63,360 (denominator equals inches in one mile) 3. Verbal map scale One centimeter is equal to ten kilometers (1 cm = 10 km) 1 inch = mile © Janna Wilson & Lisa Ford, 2024. Further electronic or hard copy reproduction and or distribution of this content in part or in whole is strictly prohibited.  Small and Large Scale Maps Small Scale map (> 1:100,000) Figure 2-2 The three types of map scale, and comparisons of distance and area at various Shows large area (i.e. North America, scales (Hess and Finch, 2022, p. 34) globe) E.g. 1/100,000,000 Things shown are small Few details (generalized) Large Scale map (