Geo 135 Study Guide PDF

Life expectancy: A figure indicating how long, on average, a person may be expected to live Environmentalism: A social movement dedicated to protecting life support systems for all species Sustainable solutions: Reduce, reuse recycle. Types of energy: solar wind and hybrid Natural capital: Natura...

Life expectancy: A figure indicating how long, on average, a person may be expected to live Environmentalism: A social movement dedicated to protecting life support systems for all species Sustainable solutions: Reduce, reuse recycle. Types of energy: solar wind and hybrid Natural capital: Natural resources and natural services that keep us and other species alive and support our economies Natural resources and natural services: Materials and energy in nature that are essential to humans. Processes in nature which help support life Ecological deficit: Ecological footprint is larger than the biological capacity to replenish resources and absorb wastes and pollutions Poverty: - Causes harmful environmental and health effects - Environmental degradation caused by need for short term survival - Malnutrition - Inadequate sanitation and lack of clean drinking water - Sever respiratory disease - High rates of premature death for children under the age of 5 years Do prices of goods and services include harmful environmental and health costs? No Different views about environmental problems and their solutions: - individual environmental views - Environmental ethics - Planetary management Big ideas toward a more sustainable society: - Rely more on renewable energy(sun) - Protect our resources - Biodiversity, prevent degradation - Restoration - Maintain a level of quality TFR- total fertility rate: The average number of children born to women in a population during their reproductive years (2.1 is a good number) What can TFR be impacted by(4): Importance of child labor, cost of raising and educating of public pension systems, urbanization Two methods to include harmful costs of goods and services: Environmentally harmful to beneficial gov subsides, tax pollution and waste heavily while reducing taxes on income and wealth. Migration: The movement of people into (immigration) and out of (emigration) specific geographic areas. Population age structure and how it helps us make projections\" People pre reproductive age (0-14) reproductive age(15-44) and post reproductive( 45+) and we can track this by looking at numbers of people who are of reproductive age, there are more seniors now than ever(ex. Baby boom) IS population growth evenly distributed: No, 99 percent of people added each year are to middle-low income countries Neolithic revolution: Plant and animal domestication (debate over when/how this started)=population increase 3 things found in industrial revolution sanitation wise: improved water and sewer system, soap, microscope Slowing down population growth: - reduce poverty - Elevate the status of women - Encourage family planning and reproductive health care Demographic transition: - preindustrial, transitional, industrial, postindustrial Urban sprawl: the growth of low-density development on the edges of cities and towns, is eliminating surrounding agricultural and wild lands causes environmental issues (ppl drive everywhere, destroys environments, central cities die) Bad things urbanization: Unsustainable systems(Vegas and plants/water), lack vegetation, water problems What do cities concentrate: Health and pollution (air pollution, water pollution, waste, diseases) How do cities effect local climates: Heat by cars/ factories, etc. and artificial light Good things about urbanization(4): Better medical care, recycling, transportation(bikes, walking), Preserve biodiversity Spatial integration: Integration of new cultures into an area, climates frontier settlement U.S and Canada: - heavy users of fossil fuels - Big importers - Attempts to decrease dependence based off efficiency, public education, and economic interests Cultural carrying capacity: The maximum number of people who could live in reasonable freedom and comfort indefinitely, without decreasing the ability of the earth to sustain future generation. Family planning: The practice of regulating the number or spacing of offspring through the use of birth control Natural resources: Materials found in nature that are used by living things Natural services: Processes of nature, such as purification of air and water and pest control, which support life and human economies. 3 ways to slow population growth: Reduce poverty, elevate women, encourage family planning and reproductive health care What three important urban trend so scientists see: Increased percentage of the worlds people live in urban areas, numbers and size of urban areas mushrooming, poverty is becoming increasingly urbanized Sustainable yield: Highest rate at which a renewable resource can be used indefinitely without reducing its available supply. Birth and death rate: births/deaths per 1,000 people per year Affluence: Ability to acquire personal possessions + stuff+ consume: Can be poor ppl that consume a lot (buy, consume, use) Spatial evolution: Shift in how things are built. Sustainability: The ability to keep in existence or maintain. A sustainable ecosystems is one that can be maintained. Cultural Hearth: Locations on earths surface where specific cultures first arose French long lots: lots owned by Canadians in Quebec, very elongated, allowed you to only have enough land for yourself. Allowed for water access and boosted local economic agriculture-to gain for the purpose of economic accessibility. Demographic Momentum: This is the tendency for growing population to continue growing after fertility decline because of their young age distribution. This is important because once this happens a country moves to a different stage in the demographic transition model. The influence of big event or people have o the region or economic trends around then Ex. Baby boomers Environmental conditions are...geographically dependent U.S and Canada share: longest unarmed/unoccupied border 3 different about Canada: Stricter gun control, universal gun control, loonies not dollars Canada is larger but has a smaller- than us: population Canadian shiel(3): Stable, old, raw minerals Geological barrier: Appalachian highlands-old eroded(fertile solid fill valleys), low elevation, rivers/streams Appalachian trail(3): Hiking, van life, off grid Rocky mountains:(young, rugged) Loss erosion, higher(multiple mountain ranges) upward pressure, rock folding, breaks allow for passage Pacific coastlines(3 main topics 3 small points with one topic): System of mountains and valleys, interior mountain ranges, water erosion(valleys, fertile, flat), geologically active What is biggest driver of change Midwest and why: Glaciation, flattens land and water fills as glacier recedes. Climate: focused on precipitation and temp Tobers law: places are connected closer ones more so than farther ones example: houses in the same neighborhood tend to be more similar that houses across town Shift in demographics: influence populations Disease and immigration restriction: Preventing immigrants from coming into the country and carrying diseases from other countries across the globe IPAT: impact = population x Affluence x Technology Tragedy of the commons: Situation in which people acting individually and in their own interest use up commonly available but limited resources, creating disaster for the entire community, Culture: Briefs, customs, and traditions of a specific group of people Capitalism: An economic and political system in which a country\'s trade and industry are controlled by private owners for profit rather than by state Human and environmental factors that influence population throughout the world: - Natural resource depletion - Poverty - Clean water and electricity availability - High fertility rates in developing countries Population distribution within the U.S is in part a product of the environment : true The U.S is an environmentally homogenous region, meaning one biome or region: false Population are driven by the following factors: Birth, death, migration Reduce availability and access is a key component to a regions development and growth: true Geography is about: geographic time and space The U.S has which type of economic system: organic Development is dependent on: population distribution, cultural acceptance, resource availability Throughout most of human history (millennia) population has been low: true An example of point source pollution: smokestack or effluent pipe Orographic effect: Cooling effect that occurs when air is forced to rise over a mountain(because of ocean), resulting in a wetter side by water- water cools condenses and rains on side by ocean, and a drier leeward side. Perpetual resource: continuously renewed/expected to last Renewable resource: replenished in days to several hundred years No renewable resource is: coal Ecological footprint: Amount of biologically productive land and water it takes to support a person Per capita ecological footprint: Average ecological footprint of individual in a given country or area Ecological deficit: footprint is larger than biological capacity for replenishment Point source population: Smokestack Non point source: Lawn runoff How is human population growth expanding: At a fixed percentage exponentially How does affluence help drive education, scientific research, and technological solutions: Abundance of wealth means more education, research, and solutions for benefits of people/ improvements in water quality for example Two things environmentally sustainable societies do: Increase reliance on renewable resources, protect earths natural capita Slums: poor, run-down urban neighborhoods Squatter Settlements/shantytowns: Areas of poverty in which the people do not own the land, little planning, no public services or infrastructure Two things Mexico city did: Ban cars in central area and buy green space Motor vehicle advantage: Economy Motor vehicle disadvantage: largest growing course of climate changing CO2 emissions, take up land How can urban areas become more environmentally sustainable: Control sprawl, villages in cities, Vauban Germany banned cars and uses passive solar energy on houses What is climate defined by: Latitude and longitude( wind direction, Mountain ranges, size of land mass and distance from ocean) Continentality: Due to size and configuration, we are in the middle of a big chunk of land so when it gets cold it stays cold a long time and vice versa Humid subtropical spring and summer: Hot and humid from gulf of Mexico Humid subtropical fall and winter: cold, dry from north, little snow but frequent rain Mediterranean Climate: Cali, cool summer, warm winter, seasonal drought, winter storms, nearby ocean limits extreme temps Marine west coast climate: Things Oregon, warm winter, cool summer , due to ocean, rainy, muggy, overcast, orographic Rain shadow: a region having little rainfall because it is sheltered from prevailing rain-bearing winds by a range of hills Steppe(climate): product of rain shadow, great plains, dry but well still for shrubs and grasses not trees, cold winter, hot summer. Dessert Climate: Dry, hot summers, little precip, cacti Polar subarctic: cold, long winters, low precip, summer rain Spatial evolution: patterns of settlement- cultural hearths are the center for cultural innovation, diffusion process spreads phenomena across landscape, settlement frontiers is new settlement that promotes a cultural trait Spatial integration: Integration of new cultures into an area, eliminates frontier settlement Friction of distance: How much time it takes to move to point a to point b, decrease as tech evolves Ag belt: Large area of a set enviro condition that promotes a specific crop over theirs